A

Project Report On
Study Of Constituents Of Alloys

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of

CBSE for CLASS XII : CHEMISTRY
By
R. AravinthPandian
ROLL NO. : 02

Under the supervision of

MRS.V.MARIAMMAL
PGT CHEMISTRY

ARUMUGHAM PALANIGURU MODERN SCHOOL

(Hi – Tech Senior Secondary CBSE School)
Chatrapatti
2022-23
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that R. AravinthPandian (Roll No.:

_________) of Class XII – A (Science),
ArumughamPalaniguru Modern School, Chatrapatti, has
completed the project under my guidance. He had taken
proper care and showed sincerity in completing this project
work. I certify that, this project is up to my satisfaction and as
per the guidelines issued by the Central Board of Secondary
Education 2021-2022.

Internal Examiner Principal External

Examiner

(School’s Seal)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to our management

for encouraging me to complete this project.
I would like to express my special thanks to my teacher
Ms.V.MARIAMMAL as well as our principal
Mr.S.SATHYA MOORTHY who gave me this golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
“STUDY OF CONTITUENTS OF ALLOY ”, which also
helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know
about so many new things.
I would like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalising this project within the
limited time frame.
CONTENT:
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ THEORY
➢ AIM
➢ APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ COMMON ALLOYS
➢ PREPARATION OF ALLOYS
➢ INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF
ALLOYS
➢ ANALYS IN DIFFERENT ALLOYS
1.BRASS
2.BRONZE
3.DUARLUMIN
➢ RESULT
➢ CONCLUSION
➢ BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION:
An Alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a
non-metal.
An alloy of mercury with another metal is called amalgam.
Alloys are usually harder than their components but very
often less ductile and less malleable. Thus the hardness of
gold is increased by addition of copper to it. The melting point
of an alloy is always lower than the melting points of the
constituent metals. Other properties such as reactivity towards
atmospheric oxygen and moisture, mechanical strength,
ductility, colour etc. also under goes a change when an alloy
is made from its constituents (metals). This change of
properties is very useful and makes an alloy beneficial.
Project Report on Composition of Alloy : Some of the alloys
along with their composition is given below.
THEORY:
i) To modify chemical reactivity :-
When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reactive to be
used but its alloy with mercury, called sodium amalgam can
be safely used as reducing agent.
ii) To increase hardness :-
Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to it. Also
zinc is added to copper to make copper hard in form of brass.
iii) To increase tensile strength :-
Nickeloy, an alloy of Nickel (1%), Copper (4%) and
aluminium (95%) has high tensile strength.
iv) To lower the melting point :-
Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn(30%) and Pb(70%) has
very less melting point as compared to melting points of Sn
and Pb.
v) To modify the colour :-
Aluminium bronze an alloy of Cu and Al has a beautiful
golden colour.
vi) To resist corrosion:-
Iron gets rusted and corroded. Its corrosion takes place with
time but for stainless steel, an alloy of iron (98%) and carbon
(2%) to not get rusted.
AIM:
To analyse a sample of brass qualitatively.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
➢ CHINA DISH

➢ TEST TUBE FUNNEL

➢ FILTER PAPER

➢ COMMON LABORATORY REAGENTS

SOME COMMON ALLOYS:
1. BRASS
Brass is a non-ferrous, red metal and an alloy that is
composed of copper and zinc. The proportions of copper and
zinc can be varied in order to achieve different desired
mechanical and electrical properties. Brass contains atoms of
the two constituent elements that may replace each other
within a single crystalline structure, and hence is referred to as
a substitutional alloy.
Brass was discovered around 500 BC. Although it is primarily
made up of zinc and copper, it may contain other elements, as
is sometimes the case with bronze. There are several
similarities between brass and bronze, with brass being
recognized by its large percentage of zinc and the absence of
tin, although in the case of tinned brass alloys this may at
times be even more difficult to distinguish.
Lead is commonly added to brass to increase
its machinability, along with other unique elements that are
built into the different brass alloys.
Brass is a good conductor of heat with a low melting point. It
is a soft metal that tends to be used for applications where
there must be a low chance of sparks to form when the metal
is struck.

2. BRONZE
Bronze is a metal alloy made by adding tin to copper,
although if required it may contain additional side elements.
Bronze was one of the earliest metals to be discovered, around
3500 BC (the Bronze Age), and before chemical parameters
had been put in place for the alloying of this metal. However,
in present times bronze is seen as a copper alloy with specific
working properties and alloying elements being well defined.
Elements such as lead, manganese, nickel, silicon, zinc and
others are added to improve bronze and produce a wide array
of bronze grades to choose from.
Bronze's high copper content makes it possible for it to
oxidize in air, giving it a distinct mottled patina. This
oxidation also prevents bronze from corroding, especially
when in a saltwater environment. However, chlorine
compounds that react with bronze trigger “bronze disease,”
which starts when corrosion breeds more corrosion and slowly
destroys the alloy over time.

3. DUARLUMIN
duralumin, strong, hard, lightweight alloy of aluminum,
widely used in aircraft construction, discovered in 1906 and
patented in 1909 by Alfred Wilm, a German metallurgist; it
was originally made only at the company Dürener
Metallwerke at Düren, Germany. (The name is a contraction
of Dürener and aluminum.) The original composition has been
varied for particular applications; it may contain about 4
percent copper, 0.5–1 percent manganese, 0.5–1.5
percent magnesium, and, in some formulations, some silicon.
After heat treatment and aging, these alloys are comparable to
soft steel in strength.
Duralumin alloys are relatively soft, ductile, and workable in
the normal state; they may be rolled, forged, extruded, or
drawn into a variety of shapes and products. Their light
weight and consequent high strength per unit weight
compared with steel suit them for aircraft construction.
Because aluminum loses corrosion resistance when alloyed, a
special laminated sheet form called alclad is used for aircraft
construction; it has thin surface layers of pure aluminum
covering the strong duralumin core.
PREPARATION OF ALLOY:
There are four commonly employed methods for the
manufacture of alloys: the fusion method, the electro-
deposition method, the reduction method, and powder
metallurgy.

The Fusion Method

This method uses alloying elements in a fixed proportion and
fuses them together in a refractory melting pot or in a brick-
lined crucible. The component metal with a higher melting
point is melted first and then the other component with a
lower melting point is added to the melt. Both metal
components are mixed well and allowed to melt further. The
molten mass is covered by powdered Carbon to avoid
oxidation of the molten alloy components because they are
very reactive to the surrounding atmospheric oxygen. The
resulting molten mass is allowed to cool at room temperature.

The Electro-Deposition Method

This method involves simultaneous deposition of different
component metals from the electrolytic solution containing
their salts solution mixture by passing direct electricity.

The Reduction Method

Metal may exist in the form of compounds. Reduction is a
chemical process in which a compound of one component can
be separated from another component, to get a pure metal.
This method is performed in an electric furnace.

Powder Metallurgy

Powder metallurgy may be defined as the art of producing

fine metal powders and then making articles from individual
metal powders or alloyed metal powders
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF ALLOY:
Alloys have been used in industries for a long time. Few
widely used applications are:

• Stainless Steel is used in wire and ribbon forms for

applications, such as screening, staple, belt, cable,
weld, metalizing, catheter, and suture wire.

• Alloys of Gold and Silver are used in the preparation

of jewelry. White Gold, which is an alloy of Gold,
Silver, Palladium, and Nickel is used as cheap
alternative of Platinum. A wide selection of alloys is
used in welding applications by numerous industries.

• Some alloys function as corrosion-resistant materials

and are used in moisture rich-environments.

• High temperature alloys have been used for many

aerospace and petrochemical applications. In addition,
they have been used for welding wire, where elevated
temperatures and harsh environments are routinely
encountered. These alloys have been used in
applications where corrosion resistance and high
strength must be maintained at elevated temperatures.

• Magnetic alloys are used for magnetic cores and dry

reed switches. Quality control measures include
 magnetic testing to maintain consistently high
standards of uniformity and performance.

• Alloys are also used to produce internal and external

leads.

• Nickel-Chromium, Nickel-Chromium-Iron, and Iron-

Chromium-Aluminum alloys have been used for high-
temperature heating elements.

• Some alloys are used as resistance elements to

control or measure electric current. Applications
have included wire-wound resistors, rheostats,
potentiometers, and shunts.

• Thermocouple alloys have found a wide-range of

use in temperature sensing and control.

• Alloys are also used as thermostat metals, radio

and electronic devices, precision devises in
aircraft controls, telecommunications, automotive
applications
ANALYS IN DIFFERENT ALLOY:
1. BRASS:

Theory :
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

Composition :
Cu = 60-90% and Zn. = 10-40%.
Thus Cu and Zn. form the main constituents of brass. Both
these metals dissolved in 50% of nitric acid due to
formation of nitrates which are soluble.
3 Cu + 8HNO3 (Dil) 3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
or
Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3– 3 Cu+2 + 2NO + 4H2O
4Zn + 10HNO3 (Dil) 4 Zn (NO2)2 + N2O + 5H2O
4Zn + 2NO3– + 10H+ 4 Zn+2 + N2O + 5H2O
The solution is boiled to expel the oxides of nitrogen and the
resulting solution is tested for Cu2+ and Zn+2 ions.

Procedure :
1. Place a small piece of brass in a china dish and heat this
with minimum quantity of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the
piece completely.
2. Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is
obtained.
3. Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter. Add
distilled water to the filtrate.
4. Pass H2S gas through the filtrate. A black precipitate of
copper sulphide is obtained. Separate the black ppt. and keep
the filtrate for the test of Zn+2 ions Dissolve black ppt. by
heating them with 50% HNO3. To this solution add
ammonium hydroxide solution. Appearance of deep blue
colouration in the solution shows the presence of copper ions
in the solution.
5. To test Zn+2 ions, boil the filtrate to remove H2S gas, then
add solid NH4Cl to this and heat to dissolve NH4Cl. Add
excess of NH4OH so that a solution is ammoniacal. Now pass
H2S gas through this ammoniacal solution. Dirty white or
grey precipitation indicate zinc. Separate the precipitates and
dissolve it in minimum amount of dil. HCl. Boil to expel H2S
gas and add potassium Ferro cyanide solution, white or bluish
white ppt. confirm Zn+2 ions in the solution.

Result :
The given sample of brass contains copper and zinc. metals as
the main constituents.
 2. BRONZE:

Theory :
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.

Composition :
Cu = 88-96% and Sn. = 4-12%.
Thus copper and zinc. form the main constituents of bronze.
Both these metals dissolved in nitric acid.
3 Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3– 3 Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
4Sn + NO3– + 10 H+ 4 Sn+2 + NH4+ + 3H2O
(Cold and Dil. Acid)
Sn + 4NO3– + 4H+ H2Sn O3 + 2NO2 + H2O
(Conc. acid) (Metastannic Acid)
Excess of nitric acid is removed by heating the solution. The
resulting solution now would contain Cu+2 ions and
metastannic acid. This solution is acidified with dil. HCl and
H2S gas is passed when the sulphides of copper and tin are
formed.
Cu+2 + S2- CuS (Black ppt.)
H2SnO3 + 2H2S SnS2 (Black ppt.) + 3H2O
The sulphides are separated by boiling the ppt. with yellow
ammonium sulphide when SnS2 goes into solution as
thiostannate where as CuS is not affected.
SnS2 + (NH4)2S (NH4)2 SnS2 (Soluble)
Ammonium thiostannate.
CuS + (NH4)2S CuS (Unaffected)
Black ppt.
The soluble black ppt. is tested for Cu+2 ions and the solution
is tested for Sn2+ ions as in elementary qualitative analysis.

Procedure :
1. Take about 1g. of small pieces of bronze in a china dish and
add to it 5-10 ml. of dil. HNO3.
2. Heat the contents slowly to dissolve copper and tin
completely and then boil the contents to a paste to remove
excess of HNO3. All this is carried out in cup board.
3. Dissolve this dry mass in distilled water containing HCl
(1:1) to get a clear solution.
4. Transfer the solution in a test tube and pass H2S in excess
i.e. till the precipitation is complete. Filter and reject the
filtrate.
5. Take the black ppt. in a test tube and add to it 2-3 ml. of
yellow ammonium sulphide and heat. Filter the contents.
Black residue is tested for Cu+2 ions and filtrate is tested for
Sn+2 ions.
6. Analysis of black residue :
Transfer a little of the black ppt. into a test tube. Add to it 2-3
ml. of 50%. HNO3 and boil the contents of the tube. A light
blue or green sol. indicates the presence of Cu+2. Divide this
sol. into two parts.
(a) To one part add excess of NH4OH a deep blue colouration
confirms the presence of Cu+2 ions.
(b) Acidify the second part with acetic acid and add K4 [Fe
(CN)6] i.e. potassium ferrocyanide solution. A reddish brown
ppt. confirms the presence of Cu+2 ions.
7. Analysis of filtrate :
Boil the filtrate with 1 ml. of dil. HCl. A yellow ppt. is
obtained. Dissolve in 1 ml. conc. HCl. To this solution add 0.5
g. of zinc. dust and boil it for 2-3 minutes. Filter and to filtrate
add 1-2 ml. of mercuric chloride solution. A white ppt.
turning grey on standing confirms the presence of Sn+4 ions.

Result :
The given sample of bronze contains - Cu and Sn as the main
constituents.
 3. DURALUMIN:

Theory :
Duralumin is an alloy of copper and tin.

Composition :
Al = 95%, Cu = 4%, Mn = 0.5%, Mg = 0.5%
The alloy dissolves in aqua regia. The solution is tested as in
an elementary qualitative analysis.

Procedure :
1. Take about 1 g. of duralumin in a china dish. Add to it
about 10 ml. of aqua regia (Con. HNO3 : Con. HCl, 1:3)
2. Heat the contents of china dish strongly till the whole of the
alloy dissolves and then slowly to get a paste.
3. Dissolve the paste in dil. HCl in a test tube. Pass H2S gas in
excess through it till the precipitation is complete. A black
ppt. is formed.
4. Filter the solution. Test the black ppt. for copper and filtrate
for aluminium.
5. Test of Black ppt. :
Transfer a little of the black ppt. into a test tube. Add to it 2-3
ml. of 50%. HNO3 and boil the contents of the tube. A light
blue or green sol. indicates the presence of Cu+2. Divide this
sol. into two parts.
a) To one part add excess of NH4 OH - a deep blued
calouration confirms the presence of Cu+2.
b) Acidify the part with acetic acid and add K4[Fe(CN)6] i.e.
potassium ferrocyanide solution. A reddish brown ppl.
confirms the presence of Cu+2 ions.
6) Analysis of filtrate :-
Boil the filtrate till H2S is completely removed. Add a drop of
conc. HNO3 and heat add 1g of solid NH4Cl, warm and cool.
Add NH4OH in excess till the solution smells of ammonia - A
gelatinous white ppt in minimum dil. HCl then add a drop of
blue litmus solution. Add NH4OH solution till it smells of
ammonia (till it is alkaline).
A blue ppt (lake) floating in the colourless solution confirms
the presence of Al3+ ion.

Results
The given sample of duralumin contains - Cu and Al as the
main constituents.
Uses of alloys:
i) To modify chemical reactivity :-
When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reactive to be
used but its allay with mercury, called sodium amalgam can
be safely used as reducing agent.
ii) To increase hardness :-
Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to it. Also
zinc is added to copper to make copper hard in form of brass.
iii) To increase tensile strength :-
Nickeloy, an alloy of Nickel (1%), Copper (4%) and
aluminium (95%) has high tensile strength.
iv) To lower the melting point :-
Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn(30%) and Pb(70%) has
very less meting point as compared to melting points of Sn
and Pb.
v) To modify the colour :-
Aluminium bronze an alloy of Cu and Al has beautiful golden
colour.
vi) To resist corrosion:-
Iron gets rusted and corroded. Its corrosion takes place with
time but stainless steel, an alloy of iron and carbon get not
rusted the composition of stainless steel is :
Iron - 98%
Carbon - 2%.
RESULT:
An alloy consists of two or more elements, either as a
compound or a solution. The components of alloys are
generally metals. However, carbon is an exception to being a
non-metal and an important constituent of steel. Alloys are
usually produced when the mixture of its constituents is
melted.
CONCLUSION:
metallic substance composed of two or more elements, as
either a compound or a solution. The components of alloys
are ordinarily themselves metals, though carbon, a nonmetal,
is an essential constituent of steel. Alloys are usually
produced by melting the mixture of ingredients.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
➢https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering
-Projects/Physics/Study-of-Constituents-of-
Alloys.php#:~:text=Alloys%20usually%20h
ave%20different%20properties,constituent
s%20are%20often%20called%20solutes.
➢http://www.allprojectreports.com/CBSE-
HBSE-School-Projects/Chemistry-Project-
Report/constituents_of_alloys.htm
➢https://www.slideshare.net/pranav1645/che
mistry-project-on-study-of-constituents-of-
alloys
➢https://www.globalspec.com/reference/4687
9/203279/industrial-application-of-alloys
➢https://www.google.co.in/