4. Inst, ng, India Ser. © (April 2021) 102021507. psf. og/10.10077640052-021-00666-y REVIEW PAPER A Review on Vibration-Based Fault Diagnosis Techniques for Wind Turbine Gearboxes Operating Under Nonstationary Conditions Vikas Sharma'@ Received: 23 August 2020/ Accepted: 20 January 2021 / Published online: | February 2021 © The Institution of Engineers (India) 2021 Abstract Numerous studies on vibration-based techniques for fault diagnosis of wind turbine gearboxes. operating under nonstationary conditions have been reported. In spite, a review on vibration-based condition monitoring and fault diagnosis techniques for gearboxes of wind tur- biines operating under nonstationary conditions is unavail- able, Thus, the objective of this review is to discuss filtering, decomposition, entropy, and cyclostationary analysis techniques, as well as summarizing the remaining issues, This review will discuss various vibration-based diagnostic approaches developed for wind turbine gear- boxes under nonstationary conditions, including both sim- ulation and experimental approaches. Studies on dynamic models of gear systems and advanced signal-processing techniques developed for nonstationary conditions are reviewed. Additionally, the importance of multi-sensor and cointegration based approaches is discussed, and intelligent classification methods that have been used to distinguish healthy and faulty gear systems are also reviewed. Finally the remaining research challenges are outlined. Keywords Fault diagnosis » Gears Condition monitoring - Signal processing - Vibration Nonstationary s.vikasiti@gmaileom "Department of Mechanical Mechatronics Engineering, The LLNM Institue of Information Technology, Jaipur, India Introdu ‘With increasing demands of energy and power, installation ‘of wind turbines is also inereasing every year to meet the capacity [1]. For transmitting torque, both planetary and fixed axes gear systems are employed in every wind tur- bine, In real-life conditions, the operating speed/load (or oth) of the gearbox varies frequently [2]. When the behavior of a parameter(s) defining a process shifts from the mean position and fluctuates in its variance, the process is said to be nonstationary [3]. Mathematically, for any integers f, ..., ty and t, a process f(x) is stationary if the following condition is satisfied [4]: Plo Mig) a In a gearbox, if speed or load is time-varying, then the ensuing vibrations will be nonstationary. This variation in speed or load could be nonlinear, or the sensors employed for data acquisition could make the response of the g¢ system nonlinear. Thus, a gearbox vibration signal reflects the nonstationary and nonlinear behavior [5]. An assumption underlying in formulation of most existing theoretical studies is signal to be stationary or quasi- slationary. ‘Therefore, condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of gear systems under real-life (ie. nonstationary) operating conditions become challenging and crucial; ignoring which could lead (o severe and costly faults [6-8] To date, extensive research work has been published on both fixed-axis and planetary gearboxes and many reviews have been reported [4, 6, 9-24]. Preliminary research on a ‘gear pair examined gear dynamics, assuming linear vibra- tion theories [6]. These studies highlight the development of various dynamic models to simulate and predict the behavior of gear systems. Significant factors, such as iq) = Lie D springer