CHAPTERS 5, 6, & 7: REVIEW OF STATISTICS

Name: Jude Wendell O. Vingno

Section: MLS1A
Date submitted: 03/31/22

1. Answer the following:

Page 101, #s 5-1, 5-3, 5-4, 5-5
5-1
(a) Constant errors are the same magnitude regardless of the sample size.
Proportional errors are proportional in size to the sample size.
(b) Random errors - uncertainties resulting from the operation of small
uncontrolled variables that are inevitable as measurement systems are extended
to and beyond their limits. Systematic error - errors that have a known source; they
affect measurements in one and only one way and can, in principle, be accounted
for. Also called determinate error or bias.
(c) The mean is the sum of the measurements in a set divided by the number of
measurements. The median is the central value for a set of data; half of the
measurements are larger, and half are smaller than the median.
(d) The absolute error is the difference between the measured value and the true
value, while the relative error is the absolute error divided by the true value.
5-3
The three types of systematic error are instrumental error, method error, and
personal error.
5-4
Systematic error causes the mean of a data set to differ from the accepted value.
Systematic errors can be detected by measuring already known quantities for it
always affects measurements the same amount or by the same proportion,
provided that a reading is taken the same way each time. An example of a
systematic error is the loss of a volatile analyte while heating a sample.
5-5
Constant Errors
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6-1
(a) The spread, or range, w, is another term that is sometimes used to describe
the precision of a set of replicate results. It is the difference between the largest
value in the set and the smallest.
(b) The coefficient of variation, CV, is the percent relative standard deviation. The
relative standard deviation multiplied by 100% is called the coefficient of variation
(CV).
(c) The significant figures in a number are all of the certain digits plus the first
uncertain digit.
(d) Gaussian distribution - a theoretical bell-shaped distribution of results
obtained for replicate measurements that are affected by random errors.
6-2
(a) The sample standard deviation is
given by:

While the sample variance, S2, is

given by the expression… where
x̅ is the sample mean.

(b) The sample mean x̅ is the

arithmetic average of a limited sample drawn from a population of data. The
sample mean is defined as the sum of the measurement values divided by the
number of measurements. While the population mean μ, in contrast, is the true
mean for the population. the sample mean is symbolized
by x̅ and the population mean by μ.
(c) Accuracy represents the agreement between an experimentally measured
value and true value. Precision describes the agreement among measurements
that have been performed in exactly the same way.
(d) Random errors - uncertainties resulting from the operation of small
uncontrolled variables that are inevitable as measurement systems are extended
to and beyond their limits. Systematic error - errors that have a known source;
they affect measurements in one and only one way and can, in principle, be
accounted for. Also called determinate error or bias.
6-3
(a) In statistics, a sample is a small set of replicate measurements. In chemistry, a
sample is a portion of a material that is used for analysis.
(b)

6-4
The standard error of a mean, sm, is the standard deviation of a set of data divided
by the square root of the number of data points in the set. Because as the sample
size grows, the variance (square of the standard deviation) of the mean
decreases. I.e., when the sample size rises, the variance of the mean among a
number of samples decreases because larger samples tend to more nearly
resemble the true population mean.
2. Supply formula/equation of the following terms
(a) mean

(b) median – is the middle value in a set of data that has been arranged in order
of size, see the example below of how median is calculated:

(c) spread- The spread, or range is another term that is sometimes used to
describe the precision of a set of replicate results. It is the difference between
the largest value in the set and the smallest.
(d) absolute error- E=xi-xt
(e) relative error-

(f) standard deviation-

(g) coefficient of variance-

(h) confidence limit-

(i) variance-