Missing comma No methods to collect
Missing comma between PUBERTAL TIMING AND RACIAL IDENTITY
elements (see: p88)
Incorrect slash (see: p95)
Correction: ,and
Method Correction: parent or
guardian
Participants
Missing
comma The participants were 217 adolescent females ranging in age
between
elements from 14 to 18 with an average age of 15.7 (SD = 1.2) years. The
(see: adolescents reported their racial/ethnic background as African
p88) American (67%), Afro-Latino (18%), Biracial/multiracial (6%),
Correcti Caribbean Black (7%) and African (2%).1 The participants re-
on: ,or ported that their adult guardian (usually the mother) was either
married/cohabiting (46%), separated/divorced/widowed (30%), or
single/never married (24%). The participants also reported the
following educational levels for this parent/guardian: less than a
high school diploma (8%), high school diploma (23%), 1 year of
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.
college or an associate’s degree (30%), a bachelor’s degree (29%),
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.
a graduate degree (8%), or missing (2%). Household composition
was reported as married (37%), female headed (41%), male
headed (2%), parent/extended family (5%), grandparent/extended
family
(6%), other (1%) or missing (8%).
Procedure
The current study was part of a larger mixed-methods study of
adolescent experiences and mental health. The primary criteria
were being of African descent and enrolled in high school, and
two separate methodologies were used. Initially, adolescents were
re- cruited from high schools in a southeastern city (N = 87;
40%). Approval was obtained from two school districts, and eight
schools were selected on the basis of the principals’ willingness to
partic- ipate in the research study. Participation was granted if
parental consent forms were returned, and the response rate
ranged from 10% to 30% per classroom with an average response
rate of 20%. The participants signed assent forms, were reminded
that their participation was voluntary and were explicitly told that
the results from their paper-and-pencil questionnaires would
remain confi- dential. The questionnaires were administered by
undergraduate, African American female research assistants.
Completion time ranged from 30 to 60 min, and participants were
compensated $20 and debriefed upon completion.
The second procedure used Facebook to increase the study
sample (N = 130; 60%). A paid advertisement was placed on
Facebook that targeted youth between the ages of 13 and 18 in the
continental United States. The advertisement ran during peak
hours of adolescent consumption, typically Wednesday through
Sunday between 3 PM and 11 PM. An interested adolescent would
click on the advertisement and was directed to the initial page in
SurveyMonkey to assess the adolescent’s race/ethnicity. If the
adolescent was not of African descent, they were informed that
they were ineligible. If the adolescent was of African descent, they
were informed of their eligibility and asked to provide their resi-
dential address. Once this information was provided, all interested
adolescents were mailed a packet containing parental consent
forms, adolescent assent forms, information sheets, and self-
addressed return envelopes. Once adolescents returned the packet,
they were e-mailed a link to complete the questionnaire in Sur-
veyMonkey. The return rate was approximately 30% for the Fa-
cebook recruitment procedure. Upon completion of the survey,
youth were compensated electronically with gift cards or mailed
cash.
between elements 1
data explicitly
(see: p88)
(Interview, Observation
Measures Correction: ,and
etc.)
Demographic information. All adolescents provided infor-
mation regarding their gender, age, race/ethnicity, grade level,
household composition, parental marital status, and parental edu-
cation level.
Pubertal timing. Pubertal timing was assessed using the Pu-
bertal Development Scale (PDS; Petersen, Crockett, Richards, &
Boxer, 1988). The girls indicated the extent to which they had
experienced pubertal growth during the past year with responses
ranging from 1 (has not yet started) to 4 (development completed).
Girls reported on their growth spurt, body hair, skin changes, and
breast development. The total PDS scores for the four items were Methods to co
averaged to maintain the original metric with acceptable reliability (Interview, Ob
etc.). See p31
( a= .60). The average PDS scores for this sample of Black girls
was 3.40 (SD = .49). The PDS scores were standardized within
each age (14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 years), which generated a
variable, pubertal timing, with a mean of zero and a standard
deviation of one. Higher scores indicated earlier maturation
relative to same- age peers. Participants also indicated the age at
which they began menarche.
The Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI).
A shortened version of the MIBI was utilized to assess racial
No explicit qua
centrality and racial regard (Martin, Wout, Nguyen, Sellers, & measurement
Gonzalez, 2017). The scale consists of items with responses rang- (Validity, reliab
ing from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The racial See p31
centrality subscale (a = .75) assesses the degree to which being
Black is central to respondents’ self-definition. A sample item is,
“I have a strong attachment to other Black people.” The private
regard subscale (a = .68) measures the extent to which respon-
dents feel positive about being Black. A sample item is, “I feel
good about Black people.” The public regard subscale ( a = .81)
measures respondents’ belief of how others view Blacks. A
sample item is, “In general, others respect Black people.”
Neighborhood racial composition. Each respondent’s resi-
dential address was used to obtain the percentage of African
Americans in their respective block group from the 2010 U.S.
Census. The block group was used because it is the smallest and
most precise unit of analysis (see Collins & Williams, 1999). A
single variable was used from the census data: percentage of Methods to col
African American residents per block group. (Interview, Ob
School racial composition. The ethnic/racial composition of etc.). See p31
each high school was assessed using archival data from the Na-
tional Center for Education Statistics. The percentage of students
classified as African American, White, Hispanic, and Asian/Pa-
cific Islander was obtained for each participant’s respective high
school during the year the study was conducted. A single variable
was used from the archival data: percentage of African American
students per school.
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) No explicit qua
Scale. The shortened 12-item version of the CES-D assessed the measurement
frequency of depressive symptoms experienced within the last (Validity, reliab
week (Roberts, Lewinshon, & Seeley, 1999). The subscale in- See p31
cluded 12 items (a= .82) with responses ranging from 0 (rarely)
1
Given the diversity of terms adolescents chose for racial self-
designation, the term Black will be used for the sample throughout the rest
of the article.
 2 SEATON AND CARTER

to 3 (most or all of the time). A sample item is, “I felt that

each regression path was constrained to be equal across groups. The
everything I did was an effort.”
difference in fit between the unconstrained and constrained models
illustrated whether specific paths were moderated by
Data Analytic Strategy school/neighborhood racial composition. Separate multigroup path
models for school racial composition and neighborhood racial
Path analyses were used to examine the hypothesized relations composition were conducted.
between pubertal timing, depressive symptoms, racial identity,
and school and neighborhood racial composition. All path models
included adolescent age and recruitment method as covariates. Results
Correlated error between adolescent age and pubertal timing were The results indicate variation along the pubertal development
permitted. The fit for all path models was evaluated using multiple dimensions (see Table 1). The average age of menarche was 12.1
indicators of model fit: chi-square, the CFI, and the root mean (SD = 1.7), ranging from age 8 to 16. The means, standard
squared error of approximation (RMSEA). Hu and Bentler (1999) deviations, and zero-order correlations for the study variables
suggest CFI values greater than or equal to .95 and RMSEA were presented in Table 2.
values less than or below .08 represent acceptable model fit. More Already include parentheses.
See p95 Correction: 0.04 –
fo- cused tests were used to examine model fit, namely
Testing Direct Relations 0.14 without breckets
modification indices and standardized residuals testing the
difference between predicted and observed covariances. The The model fit was adequate, y2(6) = 2.73, p = .01, (CFI =
overall chi-square, a statistical test of the lack of fit based on over 0.94; RMSEA = 0.09; 90% CI [0.04 –0.14]), explaining 15% of
identifying restric- tions on the target model, was also reported. the variance in depressive symptoms. The results suggested that
Nonsignificant chi- squares suggest good model fit; however, this late developing adolescent girls were more likely to report depres-
estimation is a function of sample size and is usually significant sive symptoms than average and early developing girls
with large sam- ples. (B = —2.88, p < .01). Adolescent girls with high levels of racial
We conducted the analyses in three stages. The first stage centrality (B = 1.08, p < .05) and low levels of private regard
examined whether pubertal timing and racial identity dimensions reported high levels of depressive symptoms (B = —2.04, p <
(i.e., racial centrality, public regard, and private regard) were .01). Already include parentheses.
related to depressive symptoms. The second stage examined
See p95 Correction: 0.04 –
whether racial identity dimensions moderated the relation between 0.14 without breckets
pubertal timing and depressive symptoms. The analysis for this Testing for Moderated Relations
Percentagestage involved
in words followedmean centering pubertal timing and racial identity
by number Racial centrality. The model fit was good, y2(6) = .414, p =
Correction:dimensions
percentage (without number).
to avoid problems with multicollinearity, to make
See p118
.87, (CFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.01; 90% CI [0.01–0.05]). Exam-
coefficients interpretable (Jaccard, Wan, & Turrisi, 1990). Three ination of the Pubertal Timing × Racial Centrality interaction
product terms were created: Pubertal Timing × Racial Centrality, indicated a significant, negative association between pubertal
Pubertal Timing × Public Regard, and Pubertal Timing × Private timing and depressive symptoms, (B = —2.17, p < .012). This
Regard. The third stage examined whether the relations between interaction was probed at the mean, one standard deviation above
pubertal timing, racial identity, and depression varied as a the mean, and one standard deviation below the mean (Aiken &
function of school and neighborhood racial composition. The West, 1991). The results indicated that high racial centrality levels
school and neighborhood variables used a 60% cutoff such that were related to depressive symptoms among adolescent girls with
neighbor- hoods and schools with percentages 60% or greater late pubertal timing relative to girls with early pubertal timing (see
were consid- ered “majority Black” and neighborhoods, and Figure 1).
schools less than 60% were considered “not majority Black” (see Public regard. The model fit was good, y2(6) = .416, p =
Bower, Thorpe, Rohde, & Gaskin, 2014). Thirty-two percent (n = .87, (CFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.01; 90% CI [0.01–0.05]). Exam-
69) of adoles- cents lived in residential enclaves with Black ination of the Pubertal Timing × Public Regard interaction indi-
densities 60% or greater, and 64% (n = 139) lived in cated a significant, negative association between pubertal timing
neighborhoods with Black densities less than 60%. Fifty-two and depressive symptoms (B = —2.17, p < .012). The results
percent (n = 114) of adolescents attended schools that were indicated that low public regard levels were related to depressive
predominantly Black and 48% (n = symptoms among adolescent girls with early pubertal timing rel-
103) attended schools that were not predominantly Black. The ative to girls with late pubertal timing (see Figure 2).
analysis involved a multigroup strategy, with Majority Black or Not
Majority Black representing two groups. The model was
simultaneously fit to establish a common model form in the groups
with no equality constraints across groups (unconstrained model). Table 1
Two models were run in which the regression weights were Variation in Pubertal Dimensions
constrained (constrained model) to be equal across the groups, and
a model in which the regression weights and covariance’s were Pubertal Not yet Barely Definitely
indicators started started started Completed Missing
constrained to be equal across the groups (fully constrained
model). Comparisons of the nested models were performed such Growth spurt 5% 9% 20% 59% 7%
that a significant chi-square difference would indicate that the Body hair 1% 4% 27% 61% 8%
models varied as a function of the racial composition. To deter- Skin 4% 12% 42% 34% 9%
Breast
mine which parameters are significantly different between groups, 0% 8% 40% 44% 8%
 PUBERTAL TIMING AND RACIAL IDENTITY 3
Table 2
Correlations, Means, and Standard Deviations for the Study Variables

Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. Age
2. Recruita .37××
3. Pubertal timing .00 .02
4. Racial centrality .05 .05 —.01
5. Private regard —.01 —.06 —.11 .55××
6. Public regard —.02 —.18×× —.27×× .21×× .34××
7. Neighborhood composition —.06 —.14 —.06 .04 .09 .05
8. School composition .08 .20×× —.02 —.13 —.07 —.01 .22××
9. Depressive symptoms .06 .13 —.16× —.03 —.26 ××
—.03 .00 —.07
M 15.7 .00 4.7 5.8 3.6 41.7 58.2 13.3
SD 1.2 .99 1.9 1.3 1.3 28.2 34.1 7.1
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.

a
0 = in-schools, 1 = online.
This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.

×
p < .05. ×× p < .01.

Private regard. The model examining private regard indi-

cated no moderation between pubertal timing and depressive
symptoms. No multigroup analyses were conducted for school and
neighborhood racial composition.
Multi-Group Analyses
School racial composition. The first path model evaluated
racial centrality as a moderator of the direct and indirect paths
between pubertal timing and depressive symptoms. The change
chi-square test showed that the constrained and fully constrained
models were significantly different from each other, Ay2(A15) =
37.09, p < .05, indicating that school racial composition moder-
ated one or more parameters (see Table 3). The racial centrality
and pubertal timing interaction on depressive symptoms,
Ay2(A1) = 5.51, p < .01, differed significantly such that the
interaction was stronger for girls attending not majority Black
schools (B = —2.26, p < .001) than for girls attending majority
Black schools (B = —.39, p < .38).
The second multigroup analyses evaluated public regard and the
change chi-square test showed that the constrained and fully con-
strained models were significantly different from each other,
Ay2(A15) = 37.77, p < .05, indicating that school racial compo-
sition moderated one or more parameters (see Table 4). The public
regard and pubertal timing interaction on depressive symptoms,
Ay2(A1) = 4.81, p < .03, differed significantly such that the
interaction was stronger for girls attending not majority Black
schools (B = —1.65, p < .001) than for girls attending majority
Black schools (B = .24, p < .64).
Neighborhood racial composition. The change chi-square
tests showed that the nested models evaluating racial centrality
and public regard as moderators of the direct and indirect paths be-
tween pubertal timing and depressive symptoms were not signif-
icantly different from each other (see Tables 3 and 4). The asso-
ciations between pubertal timing, racial centrality, public regard
and depressive symptoms were not moderated by neighborhood
racial composition.
Discussion
The results bridge empirical research on pubertal timing with
racial identity to understand the puberty-depression link. We ex-
amined whether racial centrality, public regard and private regard
moderated the relation between pubertal timing and depressive
symptoms among Black adolescent girls. These variables have not
been examined together in previous research. The results indicated
that high racial centrality levels were linked to depressive symp-
toms for adolescent girls with late pubertal timing relative to their

Figure 1. Interaction between centrality and pubertal timing.
Rivas-Drake, D., Syed, M., Umaña-Taylor, A., Markstrom, C., French, S.,
Schwartz, S. J., . . . the Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century
Study Group. (2014). Feeling good, happy, and proud: A meta-analysis
of positive ethnic-racial affect and adjustment. Child Development, 85,
Figure 2. Interaction between public regarding and pubertal timing.
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