DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, SELENIUM AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL

PARAMETERS IN GROUNDWATER WITHIN IBADAN METROPOLIS

ONI TAIWO OLIWAFUNMILAYO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Ground Water Quality Assessment 1

1.1.1 Significance of Water Quality Assessment 1

1.2 Groundwater Pollution 2

1.2.1 Sources of Water Pollution 5

1.3 Effects of Water Pollution 9

1.4 Sources of Arsenic, Selenium, Antimony in Groundwater 10

1.4.1 Sources of arsenic in groundwater 10

1.4.2 Sources of selenium (Se) in groundwater 12

1.4.3 Sources of antimony in groundwater 12

1.5 Ground Water Quality in Nigeria: Ibadan As Case Study 14

1.6 Aim of the Study 15

1.7 Scope of the Study 15

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW 16
2.1 Occurrences of Selenium, Antimony and Arsenic 16

2.1.1 Occurrence of selenium in natural environment 16

2.2.2 Occurrence of Selenium in soils 18

2.2.3 Occurrence of Selenium in Acquatic Environment 20

2.2.3 Occurrence of antimony in natural environment 22

2.2.5 Antimony (Sb) in soil 22

2.2.6 Antimony in aquatic environment 23

2.2.7 Arsenic in natural environment 24

2.2.8 Arsenic in aquatic environment 24

2.2.8 Arsenic in soil 25

2.3 Physico-Chemical Parameters in Water 26

2.3.1 Temperature 26

2.3.2 pH 26

2.3.3 Alkalinity 27

2.3.4 Dissolved oxygen (DO) 27

2.3.5 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 27

2.3.6 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 28

2.3.7 Sulphate 28

2.3.8Chloride 28

2.3.9 Phosphate 28

2.3.10 Nitrate 29

2.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma/Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP/OES) 29

2.4 Assessment of Limit to Arsenic, Selenium and Antimony in Drinking
Water 29

2.5 Analytical Method in Determining Arsenic, Selenium and Antimony 30

2.5.1 Spectrophotometric methods 30

2.5.2 Electroanalytical methods 31

2.5.3 Atomic fluorescence 31

2.5.4 Plasmic spectrometric method. 32

2.5.5 Chromatographic method 32

2.5.6 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy method 33

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study Location 34

3.2 Sample Design 34

3.3 Sample Collection 35

3.4 Sample Preservation 35

3.5 Sample Preparation 41

3.6 Preparation of Reagents 41

3.7 Determination of Parameters 43

3.9 Instrumental Analysis 44

3.10 Quality Assurance Protocol 49

3.11 Determination Of Heavy Metals Using Inductively Coupled Plasma/Optical Emission

Spectroscopy( ICP-OES). 50

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Characterization of the Sample 51

4.2 Concentration of Arsenic 57

4.3 Concentration of Antimony 58

4.4 Concentration of Selenium 58

4.5. Concentration of Total Alkalinity 59

4.6. Concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 60

4.7. Concentration of Hardness 62

4.8. Concentration of Nitrate 62

4.9. Concentration of pH 62

4.10. Concentration of Phosphate 63

4.11. Concentration of Sulfate. 64

4.12. Concentration of Total dissolved solids TDS 65

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0. CONCLUSION 66

5.1. RECOMMENDATION. 66

REFERENCES 67

APPENDIX