Western Mindanao State University

College of Teacher Education

Integrated Laboratory School
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Zamboanga City

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 1

Corruption: Nationalism in Sports

Tainted and Dishonored

Submitted by:

Akibba, Mohammed Hafidz A.

Halipa, Ladznicarl A.

Jauhali, Khalid A.

Mansan, Walid G.

Mansari, Adawiya K.

Salatun, Mikael T.

Submitted to:

Dr. Riah R. Barcelona

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Table of Contents

Title Page Number

Table of Contents 1

Chapter I INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . 2

Background of the Study . . . . . . . 2

Review of Related Literature . . . . . . . 5

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . 11

Scope and Delimitations . . . . . . . 13

Significance of the Study . . . . . . . 13

Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . 14

Chapter II METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . 16

Research Design . . . . . . . . 16

Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . 16

Sampling Technique . . . . . . . . 17

Sources of Data . . . . . . . . 18

Data Collection Methods . . . . . . . 19

Data Analysis Strategies . . . . . . . 23

References . . . . . . . . . . 25

Appendices . . . . . . . . . . 28

Filipino Athletes Concerning Philippine Sports . . . . 28

Corruption: Nationalism in Sports Tainted and Dishonored . . . 29

Resume . . . . . . . . . . 31
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Corruption in sports here in the Philippines is widely known, just like in politics. Filipinos are

known to be very competitive in every competition we join. It may be any kind of sports,

eSports, or pageants. Recently, the Philippines bagged its first gold medal in the Olympics

courtesy of the weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz. In the other international sports competitions, pole

vaulter Ernest John Obiena and gymnast Carlos Yulo are also dominating, bringing home medals

and trophies in their different competitions. Filipino athletes are facing difficulties in training

here in our country. To generalize, Filipino athletes are facing problems financially. Corruption

in sports is at its finest, robbing money from the athletes starting with taking their salaries and

giving low quality of support. They do not exercise their rights or receive the legal benefits to

which they are entitled. Worse, some national athletes who continue to sacrificially sacrifice not

only their time, but their entire lives are harassed and utilized as a means to other sports officials’

goals of corruption and politics.

Over the past decades, corruption in sport industry has imposed extent challenge in

eliminating consequences. It involves officials who takes every leap, even the sector of sport to

pave their personal agenda by abusing their power. Corruption affects the dominant presence of

sport in society, annihilates the shared concepts among citizens in one nation, and wastes the

entrusted authority for private gains. Conversely, situations where qualified athletes were not

given an opportunity to compete biasedly, still exists. All this can happen because corruption
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affects nationalism in sport and seen as sublimation. Athletes are given much pressure and

treated as ambassadors, but with lack of support. Corruption decreases the sport-governing

assistance, and potential athletes are seen dismissing opportunities which may destroy the

reputation and prosperity of sport.

We suppose our concern for our country sparked our interest in this topic. Because many in

positions of authority are not truly committed to helping the country win and be recognized

internationally, corruption is a serious concern in Philippine sports. Instead, they are more

concerned with their own personal and political interests, such as who will represent the

Philippines in upcoming international contests and whose team will represent the Philippines.

The purpose of this study is: First, provide insights on what is currently happening in the

country as far as sports is concerned. Second, we would like to learn and understand about how

corruption affects the athletes as well as the higher ups may it be positive or negative effects.

Third, this study aims to come up with suggestions and ways to prevent corruption in sports with

hopes of helping the country prosper and grow. And lastly, we want to give proper credits and

serve justice to the athletes who offered their blood, sweat, and tears to represent our country.

Understanding and resolving corruption can greatly develop a country. It can build and define

the character of a nation. It'll be fascinating to see if our sports nationalism turns into actual

devotion. The SEA Games demonstrated the Filipino people's unwavering support for their

athletes and country. Representing a country to a global sport event provides a sense of pride to

the athletes. Manny Pacquiao definitely inspired millions of Filipinos and gives them a lot of

reasons to love the country every time he steps in the boxing ring. His experience as an athlete

solidified his love for the country.

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By continuing to raise awareness about these issues, we hope to prevent corruption in sport

and the abuse of power by higher-ups. We'd be able to do so by: Organizing public awareness

campaigns. Athletes, their entourages, and sport organization administrators would benefit from

awareness-raising campaigns. During these times, it is recommended to continue and expand the

organization of awareness-raising sessions for officials from relevant government entities, sports

organizations, and related stakeholders, using modern teleconferencing technology, such as

social media and other forms of communication, whenever possible. Following our efforts to

promote awareness on social media platforms, we may be able to solicit donations from netizens

to assist us in our efforts to combat corruption and recognize our athletes' efforts.

By conducting this research, we hope that the readers would be able to understand and be

aware of what's happening to our competitive athletes and to our country. By apprehending the

corrupt, our research will benefit the country and the athletes because it is expected that many

competitive athletes will want to compete internationally, and we can help them by supporting

them, financially assisting them so that they have a place where they can train comfortably, and

much more.

Corruption is the main problem, and that is why this study will lead to solving some of the

issues and give way to giving the athletes their rights and getting the benefits they deserve for

serving our country. Giving your support to our athletes can really boost their morale and help

them be at their best when competing, and with this, we can achieve a better future for our sports

society.
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Review of Related Literature

Introduction

When looking at the Philippines’ past in terms of creating top sports, records of performances

at the Southeast Asian Games (SEAG), Olympic Games, and Asian Games show that it has been

a failure. It has no clear status in these games based on its achievements. This is confirmed by

statistics such as placing 18th in 2006 and 19th in 2010 among 46 Asian countries participating.

Furthermore, the national team only won 10 medals during its participation in the Olympic

Games, which began in 1924 in Paris and ended in 2010. But in the two most recent Olympics,

the Philippines acquired 1 medal in the 2016 Rio Olympics and 4 in the recently held Tokyo

Olympics.

With a population of almost 115 million people, the Philippines is the world’s 13th most

populous country and ranks 73rd in terms of land area. Furthermore, while the Philippines has a

stronger economic and geographical position than other Asian countries, it has a weak

foundation and does poorly in international events (such as the Southeast Asian Games (SEAG),

Asian Games, and Olympic Games). In comparison to countries with fewer populations, such as

Taiwan and Thailand, and smaller land areas, such as North Korea, the Philippines’ sporting

achievements at the world level have been disappointing.

Many studies have highlighted economic, population, and geographic factors as contributing

to top sports performance. However, a Filipina athlete stood up and showed everyone how

Filipino athletes have a future ahead in the field of sports. We witnessed an inspiring story of

perseverance by an athlete regardless of the shortness of funds for training and the lack of gyms

and training grounds for them to train and prepare for upcoming international competitions.
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Through the thread of a needle, she showed everyone that if there’s no corruption in sports

organizations here in the Philippines, there is light that shines, and that light symbolizes the best

and most successful future of Philippine sports.

Population, economics, and land size have all been linked to elite sport achievement in

previous studies. For example, in a study conducted by Hogan and Norton (2000), they analyzed

the methods that influenced top sporting success. It was centered on population-based

(community or school-based) activities that showcased the abilities of participants in various

events.

When examining the country’s performance in several international competitions, it is

determined that its status is bad. The factors that contributed to this achievement were studied in

this study. The study was supposed to provide useful information to advise or advocate

improvements to elite sports in the Philippines. Furthermore, a practical application of the

study’s findings could be used to kickstart development in the country’s elite sports.

The Philippines and Sports

Filipinos are naturally amused by the concept of sports. In fact, we are really enthusiastic

about it. Basketball is an excellent example. Almost every street in the Philippines has a

basketball court full of kids and adults enjoying the game's beauty. Most of them aspire to be the

country's next "Jimmy Alapag," the one who will represent the country and make his

countrymen scream for the glory of the Philippines in sports. Leon (2017)

Filipinos have a strong competitive spirit, desire, and motivation to excel in sports. Needless

to say, we have a lot of talented athletes who are giving their all to the sport they love. And, as
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their motto suggests, LABAN PILIPINAS! PUSO! However, heart alone is insufficient. The

government does not provide adequate support to the Philippine national athletics.

Incompetence in Philippine Sports Governance

The Philippine Sports Commission (PSC) and the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) are

once again at odds for the nth time. Yet again, money is at the center of it. According to Aaron

De Leon’s (2017) study, the country's candidacy to host the 2019 Southeast Asian (SEA) Games

has recently been jeopardized due to budgetary constraints. The PSC aims to redirect funding

earmarked for the biennial athletic event to support Marawi's recovery and reconstruction efforts.

The POC, on the other hand, is adamant in pursuing the country's hosting of the 2019 SEA

Games through the generosity of the private sector. Remember that not long ago, these

authorities traded barbs on allegations of PSC corruption against POC. Despite a plethora of

financial backing from numerous private organizations, many national sports organizations are

ironically complaining about funding.

Politics has always been at the heart of why Philippine sports are in such disarray Leon

(2017). Wesley So, the world's No. 2 chess player, recently ceased representing the Philippines

in international competitions. This follows the rejection of the aforementioned sporting

organizations to offer So with any financial assistance or the guaranteed pot money for winning

gold at the World Universiade Games in 2013. This was all the outcome of a power struggle in

basketball leadership at the time between factions of the POC and PSC. Sports are meant to be a

source of pride and entertainment for many Filipinos who have grown tired of hearing about

government corruption. However, it appears that corruption has infiltrated Philippine sports as

well. Unfortunately, the situation worsens as people primarily responsible for the problems in

our national sports organizations continue to hold prominent positions within them.
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Factors that Influence the Motivation of National Athletes

Sports is more than just a physical engagement that revolves around a competitive nature, it is

an athletic activity that possesses physical prowess, abilities, and skills which can be performed

in diverse disciplines. Filipinos’ love for sports are shown at no specific age- from old, adult,

adolescence, and down to young stage has expressed their interest. Sports serves as portrayal of a

society's cultural and national values, and consistently demonstrate nation’s respect, pride, and

commitment (Nalus, 2017).

Furthermore, Nalus (2017) denotes the regressing number of Filipino athletes joining the

Olympics which may hinder the sports and national athletes’ development. Sports sector and the

athletes’ involvement at competitions are seen as paradigms of the nation’s growth. The

expanding scale of challenges concerning the Philippine sports governance are elusive which

may dampen the vast negative impacts towards the national athletes.

How the Government Fails Filipino Athletes

Henson (2016) argues that Philippine sports are reverting its condition back because of the

presence of corrupt factors. These leads to disunity, political influence, poor infrastructure,

negligence of the government, and the absence of leadership. Where delayed property

acquisition exists, potential athletes are seen dismissing matches and omitted from national pool,

lack of attention and poor skills development, and less sustenance from government affecting the

allocated funds for facilities, sport programs, and allowance support. Given this, as an example,

(Deinla, 2021) examined a total of seven athletes regarding their condition in the midst of

preparing for competition. Therefore concluded, that the Philippine government provided
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insufficient allowance for the athletes. But despite of the scarce government funding, the athletes

grab every opportunity including self-support sustenance to proceed in representing our country.

In addition, Henson (2016) highlights the lack of sports services which held back the

development and enhancement of the national athletes’ skills. Although the government

conveyed their interest in forcing the sports industry as a sense of national pride, their applied

proposals and action tells the otherwise. Infrastructures serves not only as a building, but a

system committed for proper management. To illustrate this, a memorial stadium area located at

Rizal are far from cutting-edge as there are no reached conclusion in constructing national

training facilities in late 2016.

Moreover, according to Clarito (2021), athletes has not given a chance to express their earnest

request to establishments, as they are given a sudden entitlement of greed and selfishness. This

tradition prevents them from voicing out their struggles and needed support in order to perform

well in competitions. Irish Magno, a Filipino boxer, revealed publicly the delayed and scarce

financial support from the government, but later on condemned for having a narrow

understanding in failing to consider the current situation. It is true that giving sufficient financial

support for the athletes are inevitable in the midst of health crisis, thus this matter exists even

before pandemic.

To ensure the government support for the sports industry, sport-related governing bodies must

stop corrupt practices, abide the law, and conduct programs in developing the Philippine sport to

harness cooperation- both in public and private sector (Henson, 2016). According to Velasco

(2020), the PSC is in charge of funding and providing initiatives for the development, while the

national sports association must take the lead in planning the structure of each designated sports.

The government should provide more incentives in sports; in this manner, athletes will benefit
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from prioritization in order to perform well. Sicat (2016) recommends identifying the factors and

looking at the past records that causes the downgrade of Philippine sports can be utilized in

improving and providing better management in dealing with these challenges.

Stop Corruption in Philippine Sports

God sent VARGAS, the recently elected head of the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC),

to Philippine sports, Papa (2018). Filipino athletes have suffered in recent years as a result of

corruption, incompetence, and misuse of power. There is an urgent need to break the chain of

corruption that has hindered Philippine sports growth and development. As a result, there is an

urgent need for change. Despite a number of impediments to the proper execution of sports

programs, particularly in swimming, the Philippine Swimming League (PSL) has persevered in

its aim to train young swimmers through its grassroots development program.

Moreover, according to Papa (2018), With new leadership at the Philippine Sports

Commission (PSC), President Rodrigo Duterte's support, and the new face of POC under Vargas,

the PSL is calling for change at the institute level. If the issues are addressed, the barriers to the

development of Philippine swimming will be removed. Patronage and politics should be

eliminated from Philippine sports in general, and swimming in particular. The Philippine Sports

Commission's institutional leadership should be enhanced in order to improve the creation of

effective policies and the determination of objectives and orientations in sports promotion and

development, particularly with regard to grassroots participation.

The PSC should democratize swimming by enacting institutional and policy reforms,

particularly with regard to rulemaking, visitorial, and disciplinary powers over NSAs, Papa

(2018). Finally, the POC authority and NSA functions should be examined to ensure that they
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are responsive and in accordance with the spirit of the legislation and the constitution. With Mr.

Vargas on board as POC president, there is hope that the structure in Philippine sports would be

reformed, as part of President Duterte's game plan, so that athletes obtain equal opportunity for

every athlete. "Sports for All" must be implemented, as I have stated multiple times. Papa (2018)

PSI officials have been breaking the law, and the swimming community has condoned this.

These are the reasons why we have failed to win medals at the Asian and Southeast Asian

Games. According to Papa (2018), PSI has two presidents: the appointed OIC by Joseph, Lani

Velasco, and Ral Rosario, Joseph's former ally. Velasco and Rosario, in my opinion, are unfit to

serve as president or to head the swimming association. Rosario has been a part of Joseph's life

since 1986. He was given adequate time to help the swimming community, but he did not do so.

The change in Philippine sports must come now under the PSC, an agency under the Office of

the President, and the new POC president Vargas.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is: First, provide insights on what is currently happening in the

country as far as sports is concerned. Second, we would like to learn and understand about how

corruption affects the athletes as well as the higher ups may it be positive or negative effects.

Third, this study aims to come up with suggestions and ways to prevent corruption in sports with

hopes of helping the country prosper and grow. And lastly, we want to give proper credits and

serve justice to the athletes who offered their blood, sweat, and tears to represent our country.
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Research Questions:

1. How do Filipino athletes compete in the highest-level despite of the conflicts between them

and the management?

a. How do local sports organizations prepare for national and international competitions?

b. What is the status and progress of the athletes who represented the Philippines in the

recent Olympics?

2. What effects does corruption in sports have on the performance of athletes in the Philippines?

a. What are the preparations being made by the different sports organizations and the

sports committee in line with the upcoming international competitions? (SEA GAMES &

ASIAN GAMES)

b. What does mishandled funds and power struggles between heads of NSAs, the PSC,

and the POC do for the Filipino athletes?

Research Objectives:

1. To identify the preparations that local sports organizations do for national and international

competitions.

a. To determine the effects of bad handling and governing to the athletes.

b. To see the progress of sports programs nationwide

2. To determine the effects of corruption in sports to the performance of Filipino athletes.

a. To compare the perspectives of athletes and officials on sports corruption.

b. To assess the impact of sports corruption on the country.

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Scope and Delimitations

This research intends to promote local players, bring about change, and eliminate corruption

in sports organizations, and if the researchers succeed, it will make a significant difference not

just for the athletes, but also for the rest of the country’s sports industry. This research is

confined to athletes who will represent their city or the entire country and is strictly within the

Philippines only. Data will be gathered nationwide in a span of one month. Data will be gathered

using online platforms such as Google Forms or face-to-face interviews with Filipino athletes.

The study is limited to Filipino athletes only. The respondents will be limited to 30 athletes

from the city and all across the country. Foreign athletes, local athletes who represent clubs and

companies rather than a specific region of the country, and any athlete who is considered a

Filipino mestizo (mixed with native Filipino and any foreign ancestry) are excluded from the

study. The purpose of this study is to be more accurate about the needs and requirements of the

athletes and for the researchers to determine the exact problem both financially and

management-wise. In a span of one month, researchers hope to gather data from around the

Philippines and provide us with more information as to what things should be established and

changed in order for the study to be successful.

Significance of the Study

Understanding and resolving corruption can greatly develop a country. It can build and define

the character of a nation. It'll be fascinating to see if our sports nationalism turns into actual

devotion. The SEA Games demonstrated the Filipino people's unwavering support for their

athletes and country. This research will provide insights on how corruption in sports affect not
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only the athletes, but also on how it affects the country as a whole. Through this research, the

community will further realize how much better the sports world could be if corruption was

never a part of it.

Furthermore, this research would also be able to help the higher-ups learn what is wrong and

help them resolve the problem if they are willing to change current state of the sports

community. The results of this research will surely be a great help to Filipino athletes, and it will

serve them justice for their great contributions for the country. Moreover, the analysis in this

research would be beneficial and will convey valuable information for future research that will

explore the circumstances, in the field of sports, of the country.

Definition of Terms

This section briefly clarifies the presented conceptual terms and aims to provide better

understanding before proceeding on the whole context of the research study.

Athletes - Competitors who wants to represent their country internationally.

Corruption – Is an unethical activity performed in sports sector which affects the prosperity and

development of sports industry affecting its national athletes.

Personal Interest – Refers to the actual corrupt practices and abused power of higher-ups for

private gains.
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Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) – Is appointed as the National Olympic Committee of

the Philippines by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) which focuses on representing

the country on multi-event competitions.

Philippine Sports Commission (PSC) – Provides leadership, formulates policies, and sets

priorities and direction for all amateur sports promotion and development, particularly giving

emphasis on grassroots participation.

Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games) – A multi-sport event prepared every after two years for

Southeast Asian athletes.

Sports Governance – Refers to the Philippine sports organization’s governing bodies who

envisions the sports progress, ensuring its structure in accordance of relevant regulations, and

has set parameters to oversee how performance is monitored such as; athlete skills development,

facilities acquisition, and financial support.

Sports Nationalism – Refers to the nation’s citizen act of commitment, devotion, shared

concepts, and giving honor to the country by setting sports as a sense of national pride.
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CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study is about how corruption in sports affects the nationalism of athletes and people of

the country. The researchers thought that a case study is an appropriate method to use for an in-

depth, detailed examination of the case within a real-world context.

This chapter introduces and describes the methodological approach and procedures best suited

to address the research questions posed in this study. The researchers have chosen to do a case

study for the research design. Qualitative case study is a research methodology that helps in

exploration of a phenomenon within some particular context through various data sources, and it

undertakes the exploration through variety of lenses in order to reveal multiple facets of the

phenomenon (Baxter & Jack, 2008). What follows is a section of the description on who will be

chosen as the participants of this research study. The subsequent section includes the research

data collection methods and procedures, which is then followed by the data analysis strategies.

Respondents of the Study

Participants in the study are selected by the researchers based on what and who they

represent. To be a qualified respondent, he/she should be an athlete who represents a school, a

city, or the whole country itself. The athlete should also be a pure Filipino with no other foreign

heritage or so-called mestizo. Any athlete from different sports is welcome to answer the said
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survey or forms, and for some national athletes who are residing near the researchers, face-to

face interviews will be conducted and scheduled based on the availability of the athlete.

Only Filipino athletes are included in the research. The number of participants will be limited

to ten athletes from throughout the country. The research excludes international athletes, local

athletes who represent clubs and corporations rather than a specific region of the country, and

any athlete who is a Filipino mestizo (mixed with native Filipino and foreign blood).

Researchers intend to collect data from all around the Philippines in a month's time and provide

additional information on what needs be developed in order for the study to be successful.

Sampling Technique

The researchers have chosen a non-probability sampling method which is the Purposive

sampling. With this method of sampling, the researchers may choose only those people who

deem fit to participate in the study, and the researchers can obtain a representative sample by

using a sound judgement, which can result in saving time and finances (Black K., 2010). The

researchers have set their eyes on notable people such as the basketball team of Zamboanga, the

Zamboanga Valientes. The team has participated in various commercial and regional leagues

including the National Basketball Conference in 2006, and the Liga Pilipinas in 2008, which

makes them more than qualified as samples of the study.

The researchers could also use the snowball sampling method can be used to recruit

participants via other participants. Since respondents that fit the requirements are not easily

available and are hard to find given the status and situation of the researchers, this method would

be a good way to get respondents from all over the Philippines with minimal requirements and
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costs. The researchers could ask am acquaintance who is a qualified athlete to participate in the

study, and then ask them to recruit other people until the needed sample size is found.

Sources of Data

In this study, the researchers devised a strategy for collecting data from their respondent. The

researchers will conduct the data gathering through Google survey Forms due to the current

social circumstances because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey shall include queries that

are targeted to acquire the opinions of Filipino athletes. To further explore and widen the scope

of respondents, the researchers shall also conduct face-to-face interviews. Considering that face

to-face interviews are crucial due to the given circumstances, the researchers shall only conduct

face-to-face interviews to certain vaccinated responders to assure the health and safety of both

parties.

The sources of data are designed for presentation and analysis required for collecting the data.

This section describes the types, procedures, methods, and instruments used in the study,

contains the variables’ nature related to the perception of event behavior, and aids the structured

acquisition of necessary information. It plays a crucial role in measuring the applied methods to

keep the content organized, accordingly overviews the points, identifies the selected approaches,

and will therefore provide strategic data components beneficial in acquiring an effective research

work.

Survey research entails asking a group of individual’s questions and analyzing the findings to

learn more about them. The researchers followed these six steps in creating an excellent survey:

• Decide who will take part in the survey.

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• Choose the sort of survey you want to conduct.

• Create a survey with questions and a layout that you like.

• Distribute the questionnaire.

• Investigate the responses.

• Make a report on the findings.

Online Questionnaires

Due to the low cost and flexibility of this method, online surveys are a popular choice for

students conducting dissertation research. Many online survey creation tools are available, such

as Survey Monkey and Google Forms.

Interviews

For smaller sample numbers, oral interviews are a good option. They enable us to collect

more detailed information about people's tastes and opinions. Interviews can be conducted over

the phone or in person. When necessary, we can clarify questions and request additional

information.

Data Collection Methods

Survey Questionnaires

This research study employs a survey questionnaire that consists of a set of queries prepared

for promptly acquiring the data that are intended to be filled out by the target respondents. To

ensure safety in consideration of the present health-crisis, the researchers will conduct the data

gathering in line with the availability of media applications, such as emails and online forms.
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This method is extensively applicable in our research study, as it comprises rich gathered data

relevant in sampling techniques, projected for versatile documenting, and is a well-situated

strategy for acquiring participants’ involvement with minimal usage and costs in concern with

the set parameters.

The survey questionnaires are to be distributed and filled out by the respondents themselves.

At least limited to 10 Filipino athletes are expected to participate in the study. The respondents’

conditions are taken into accountability. Usage of language will be observed to avoid complexity

in understanding the context, utilizes a balanced framing for developing logical order, and

avoiding presenting multi queries at the exact same time that can confuse and affect the validity

of responses obtained from the participants. Piloting the survey questionnaires beforehand

contributes to providing suggestions on adjustments before distributing the instrument to the

respondents to preclude further implications.

The process of distributing survey questionnaires benefits not only the researchers, but also

the respondents. It is an adaptable method fit for the research sampling. Although the

participants' responses will be relatively immediate, the data obtained will be valid and impartial

as a result of their direct involvement. This method allows the respondents to interpret each

question as it is free from any variety of biases. For instance, in doing online-based surveys, they

are regarded to have more flexibility in deciding when and where they are going to complete the

survey questionnaires, and with the enough time given to the respondents, they are seen more

encouraged in boosting the validity percentile of their responses.

This procedure is viewed as a primary convenient process for the researchers, for its cost-free

incentives with a high rate of accessibility. This method is broadly applicable in our study since

it contains sufficiently gathered data relevant in sampling techniques, it is intended for flexible
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records, and a well strategic approach for accumulating respondents' engagement with least

consumptions in regard to the specified guidelines. Aside from its ability to obtain quick

findings, survey research is a great method used for seeking a clear illustration of the perceptions

and attributes of a large group.

In the questionnaires, a series of questions will be asked, and a rating form will also be

included. One of the general questions to be asked is, “Is the support of the government to

local athletes enough?” This is the question that we expect to get among athletes. Also included

in the method are the questions, “What are the improvements you want to see in Philippine

sports?” and “Are the financial, emotional, moral, and material support from the

government enough?”. By asking these questions, we will be able to know the current situation

of our athletes and if the support that they get from our government is enough. A rating form will

also be included, asking you to rate the support from the government on a scale of 1-10, give the

average amount of allowance you receive as an athlete, and rate the effectiveness of training and

the training grounds provided by the government on a scale of 1-10.

The information gathered is the satisfaction rate of the athletes; their needs; their average

allowance and bonus; their sports; their training pattern (this includes the days, time, and

difficulty of training); their opinions and suggestions as to how the government can improve the

service for the Filipino athletes; and lastly, their stand against corruption in sports organizations.

Interviews

Verbal interviews will also be conducted in this research. This will enable the researchers to

collect more detailed information about the athlete’s thoughts and opinions. When necessary, we
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can clarify questions and request additional information. Interviews can be conducted over the

phone or in person. In this research, the interviews will be video recorded.

The Interviews are common data collection methods that involves the researcher and the

subject communicating verbally. In survey research and exploratory and descriptive

investigations, interviews are frequently employed. Interviewing techniques range from fully

unstructured, in which the subject is free to talk about whatever they like, to highly structured, in

which the subject's responses are limited to answering direct questions. This method of data

collection is also convenient and beneficial to the researchers considering their circumstances.

This method will be conducted offline where the researchers would find suitable respondents

in a close area for the interviews and collect data. In this research, the questions that are going to

be asked are “Is the government supporting the local athletes enough?”. To further elaborate,

the researchers will ask the respondents the questions “How do you think can Philippine sports

improve?” and “Are the financial, emotional, moral, and material support from the

government enough?”.

Data from respondent interviews is gathered for research purposes. This researcher will

conduct verbal interviews to at least limited to 10 Filipino athletes who meet the qualifications.

The respondents’ situation and conditions are taken into accountability. The responses they

receive from individuals serve as the data for the researchers' analysis of communication

research. Respondent interviews can be structured or unstructured, and they can generate a wide

range of data.

The methods of survey questioning and gathering information will be conducted through

online platforms. With some athletes who reside nearby, face-to-face interviews will be
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scheduled depending on the availability of the athletes. For the online platforms, we will need at

least 30 days for us to complete the gathering of information. Athletes not just from Zamboanga

City but also from the whole Philippines will be specifically selected and contacted to answer the

survey form. Meanwhile, in the face-to-face interviews, we will schedule interviews with

athletes representing their schools, local athletes who represent the city, and athletes who

represent the Philippines in international competitions.

Figure 1: Flow chart of the Data Collection Procedure

Data Analysis Strategies

This section discusses the data analysis and finding from the opinions of Filipino athletes, and

within a total period of one month, virtual and physical interviews were conducted among the
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respondents of at least 10 Filipino athletes. The purpose of this study is to obtain raw data for

information and let interviewing protocol focus on the controversies of marginalizing the sports

sector through corruption, and therefore will suggest ways on how to eliminate and prevent

consequences of sports corruption to pave our athlete’s recognition for the progression of

Philippine sports. Data gathered in this case study research will be analyzed and interpreted

through thematic analysis which categorizes the building foundation of corruption in sports

nationalism and on how it affects the athletes in financial and development manner, as well as

the government involvement in these practices. This includes the factors that may have affected

the athlete’s condition, together with the annihilated concept of nationalism in the sports sector.
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References

1. Forster, John (2016), Global sports governance and corruption, Palgrave

Communications 2, 15048 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2015.48

2. Seippel, Ørnulf (2017), Sports and Nationalism in a Globalized World, International

Journal of Sociology, 47:1, 43-61, DOI: 10.1080/00207659.2017.1264835

3. De Leon, Aaron (2017), Philippine Sports Governance: Riddled with Incompetence and

Corruption, The Lobbyist, Retrieved from http://www.thelobbyist.biz/perpectives/trend-

blazer/1012-philippine-sports-governance-riddled-with-incompetence-and-corruption

4. Santos, Ana (2019), SEA Games: Medals and controversy for the Philippines, Aljazeera,

https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2019/12/11/sea-games-medals-and-controversy-for-

the-philippines

5. Santos, Ana (2019), Corruption scandals plague Philippines' Southeast Asian Games,

Made for Minds, Retrieved from https://p.dw.com/p/3UA6X

6. Clarito, Ariel Ian (2021), More than just numbers, Rappler, Retrieved from

https://www.rappler.com/sports/more-than-just-numbers/

7. Go, Beatrice (2020), Sports under Duterte: High marks, low blows, Rappler, Retrieved

from https://www.rappler.com/sports/sports-under-duterte-year-4-high-marks-low-blows/

8. Henson, Joaquin (2016), How to fix Philippine sports, The Philippine Star, Retrieved

from https://www.philstar.com/sports/2016/05/24/1586429/how-fix-philippine-sports

9. Andersson, Lars (2016), It’s all about money, power, and politics, Play the game,

Retrieved from https://www.playthegame.org/news/news-articles/2016/0246_its-all-

about-money-power-and-politics/
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10. Deinla, Lemuel (2021), How the Government Fails Filipino Athletes, Institute for

Nationalist Studies, Retrieved from https://ins-ph.medium.com/how-the-government-

fails-filipino-athletes-196456fd185c

11. Pasia, Mark Angelo (2017), The problem with Philippine sports, Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/28714845/The_problem_with_Philippine_sports

12. Nalus, Natassia Marie (2017), Sports development and athlete empowerment in

contemporary Philippines: a study on the current state of Philippine sports and the factors

that influence the motivation of national athletes, Retrieved from

http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph/jspui/handle/123456789/1071

13. Bonilla, Ramon Rafael (2020), Payroll fraud at Philippine Sports Commission unmasked,

Business Mirror, Retrieved from https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/07/14/payroll-

fraud-at-philippine-sports-commission-unmasked/

14. O’Laoire, Ronan (2017), Corruption and sports, United Nations Office on Drugs and

Crime, Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/sports.html

15. Fernando, Sherwin (2019), Fernando: Sports and nationalism, Sunstar, Retrieved from

https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1834877/baguio/opinion/fernando-sports-and-

nationalism

16. Papa, Susan (2017), Breaking the chain of corruption in Philippine sports, The Manila

Times, Retrieved from https://www.manilatimes.net/2017/12/11/sports/columnists-

sports/breaking-chain-corruption-philippine-sports-2/368126

17. Papa, Susan (2018), Stop Corruption in Philippine Sports, The Manila Times, Retrieved

from https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-

times/20180306/282003262929319
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18. Quismundo, Tarra (2016), Pacquiao wants end to corruption, disunity in PH sports,

Philippine Daily Inquirer, Retrieved from https://sports.inquirer.net/219746/pacquiao-

wants-end-to-corruption-disunity-in-ph-sports

19. The Manila Times (2016), Corruption in PH sports prevalent, The Manila Times,

Retrieved from https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/03/08/news/top-stories/corruption-in-

ph-sports-prevalent/249282
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APPENDICES
Research Instruments
Survey Questionnaire Among Filipino Athletes Concerning Philippine Sports

In accordance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012, RA 10173, no personal/sensitive information should be solicited,
disclosed, processed, or stored without your explicit consent. Rest assured that all of your responses in this
instrument will be kept strictly confidential and used only for this study. All processes done will be generated only
by the research team.

https://forms.gle/5RFA5y2umrHSs8my6

State the sport you’re competing in:

Strongly Strongly
Question: Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

Is the government's support for the local athletes

enough?

On a scale of 1-10, rate the government's support on the local athletes.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Strongly Strongly
Question: Disagree Neutral Agree
Disagree Agree

Are the financial, emotional, moral, and material

support from the government enough?

On a scale of 1-10, rate the effectiveness of training and training ground provided by the government.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Give the average amount of allowance you receive as an athlete:

What are the improvements you want to see in Philippine sports?

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Title:
Corruption: Nationalism in Sports Tainted and Dishonored
Research Questions Interview Questions
1. Does our government provide a proper 1. As an athlete, is the support of the
amount of budget for the athletes government enough?
who’ll be competing?
• How often do they provide proper
budget?

2. Does the improper use of budget by the

government affect your games?
• Upon knowing the corruption
happening in sports, what does it do to
you? Be motivated or less motivated?
• How often does that happen?

3. Where do we start in terms of trying to fix

these issues?
• Do you feel depressed or irritable
when you know the fact of corruption?

4. Corruption has always existed in sport but

why do you think we are seeing so much of it
at the moment?
• Do you have a personal experience
you can share?

5. The focus has been on removing corrupt

officials – is that really going to solve the
issue in the long term?
• Do you agree on that?
• Do you have a personal experience
that you can share?

2. How do you think can Philippines 1. In the recent Olympics, Filipino athletes
sports can improve? brought home 4 Olympic Medals, do you
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think this record can be better and surpassed

in the next Olympics?
• What improvements do you suggest
for Filipino athletes and Filipino
sports organizations for them to win
more medals in the International
Competitions?

2. Rate the different sports facilities in the

Philippines (1-10)
• Are the facilities enough and capable
of executing and managing the
different trainings of the athletes?

3. What are your recommendations for the

organizations and government to execute so
that the Philippine Sports will much more
develop?
• Does the government need to host
more competitions and tournaments
for the local athletes? Will it be
beneficial for the athletes, and will it
help them develop more?
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