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Influences of strain rate on yield strength aluminum alloys

Article  in  Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering · April 2005
DOI: 10.1117/12.621751

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 Influences of strain rate on yield strength aluminum alloys

Samsul Rizal1, Hamdani1 Teuku Firdaus1, Razali Thaib 1 and Hiroomi Homma2
1
Research Center for Evaluation & Prevention Failure of Materials
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering
Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam-Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
Fax: +62 0651-52222. E-mail: samsul_r@yahoo.com
2
International Cooperation Center for Engineering Education Development
Toyohashi University of Technology
1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8540, Japan.

ABSTRACT

The simulation of aircraft has often been performing by implementing finite element code on supercomputers. The
reliability an accuracy of simulation depends mainly on the material model as well as on structural model used in
calculations. Consequently, an accurate knowledge of mechanical behavior of materials under impact loading is essential
for safety performance evaluation of structure. Impact tension tests on specimens for aircrafts and automotive structural
applications are conduct by means of the split Hopkinson bar apparatus. Small specimens having diameter 4 mm are use
2 -1 3 -1
in the test. Tensile stress-strain relations at strain rates of 10 s to over 10 s are present and compared with those
obtained at quasi-static strain rates. The limitations on the applicability of apparatus are also discusses. The other
importance of the reference of strain, while studying void growth in elastic-viscoplastic material, is emphasized. In the
present paper, a simplified plane-symmetrical two-dimensional finite element model for a SHPB with a plate specimen
made of an elastic material is first established. The used of strain gage mounted at the specimens to be monitored strain
during the course of impact test. Comparisons may then be made between the numerical predicted and experimentally
observed of load and a specimen strain. This report also describes the apparatus and instrumentation, and also be
discusses the advantages and limitations of experimental technique. Fractograph is taken by scanning electron
microscope on the center of the specimens for judgment of the fracture mechanism and strain rates influences on the
materials.

Keyword: Aluminum alloys, strain rate, Hopkinson bar.

1. INTRODUCTION
In the design of many engineering structure it is often necessary to predict the response of the structure when subjected
to an impact loading or dynamic loading. Much attention has been paid to the rather special stress-strain characteristics
especially of aluminum alloys. Beginning with the pioneering work1, the focus has been on the appearance of tensile
band-type deformation markings that are observed coincident with the appearance of serrated flow in stress-strain curve.
The serrations are the result of dynamic strain aging. Cotreell’s solute locking of dislocations2, originally developed to
explain the yield point phenomenon in steel. For example the resistance of an structure when aircraft for military
maneuvers, aero-engine fan blade to bird strike during take-off, or the successful containment of a fan blade within the
engine following failure at the root is both critical situations where the integrity of the design needs to be carefully
assessed. A thorough understanding of the high strain rates materials behavior is essentially for using this material
efficiently in many application structures. However, the determination of the mechanical response of high strength
3
materials under dynamic loading conditions poses, especially challenges in laboratory experimental design. Kolsky first
developed the modern Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus in 1949.

At present SHPB has been widely used to study the dynamic properties of solid materials. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, a
number of researchers conducted a large amount of theoretical and experimental research work in order to improve the
SHPB technique and extend its usage, but have a question about the accuracy measurement in the compression stress

Third Intl. Conf. on Experimental Mechanics and Third Conf. of the Asian Committee 627
on Experimental Mechanics, edited by Quan, Chau, Asundi, Wong, Lim, Proc. of SPIE
Vol. 5852 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2005) · 0277-786X/05/$15 · doi: 10.1117/12.621751

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 Charger Specimen
Barel Load Transfer Rod
N2
Reservoir
GAS TANK
Projectile
Reduction Valve Solenoid Valve Strain Gage

Bar No 1 Collar Bar 2

2004 Bridge
Circuit

Transient Signal
Converter Conditioner
Personal
IBM PS/2

Computer

Fig. 1. Testing apparatus set-up.

R4

3 M8

10
10 2.5 2,5 10
35

Fig. 2. Specimen dimension (unit:mm)

pulse travel through the cross section shoulder or collar and specimen in an essentially un-dispersed manner and the
impedance mismatch between the specimen and the bars.

In the present paper, a simplified plane-symmetrical two-dimensional finite element model for a SHPB with a plate
specimen made of an elastic material is first established. The used of strain gage mounted at the specimens to be
monitored strain during the course of impact test. Comparisons may then be made between the numerical predicted and
experimentally observed of load and a specimen strain. This report describes the apparatus and instrumentation and
discusses the advantages and limitations of experimental technique.

2. EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE AND MATERIALS TES TING

2.1. Experimental set-up

In order to investigate the influence of high strain rates on the mechanical properties and on the response of materials
under condition of impact loading, tests are under taken using the Tensile SHPB. The split Hopkinson pressure bar is a
4
well establish apparatus commonly used in the high strain rate testing of metals . A SHPB consists of a striker bar, an
incident bar and a transmission bar. A detail description of the device and loading condition is shown in Fig. 1. The
treaded tensile specimen of Fig. 2 is attached to the two pressure bars, as shown in detail of Fig.1. The material of
projectile, incident bar and transmission bar SUS 304, and length 0.5, 3 and 1.5 m were used. After the specimen has
been screwed into the two bars, a split shoulder or collar is placed over the specimen and the specimen is screwed in
until the pressure bars are snug against the shoulder. The shoulder is made of the same material as the pressure bars, has
same the outer diameter of 18 mm, and has an inner diameter just sufficient to clear the specimen of 8 mm. An elastic
compressive stress pulse, referred to as the incident pulse, is generated and propagates along the incident bar toward the
specimen. The tightening of the specimen by twisting the pressure bars, the relatively loose fit of the treaded joint of the
specimen into the bars, and the al rge area ration of shoulder to specimen all help to insure that no compression beyond
the elastic limit is transmitted to specimen. In effect, the entire compression pulse passes through the supporting shoulder
if the specimen were not present. When the ni cident pulse reaches the specimen, part of pulse is reflected backward into
the incident bar due to the impedance mismatch at the bar-specimen interface. The remaining part of the pulse is
transmitted into the specimen and, eventually, into the transmission bar. Semiconductor strain gages mounted on the
surfaces of the incident and transmission bars provide time-resolved measures of the elastic strain pulses in the bars.

The snug fit of the shoulder against the bars is critical in transmitting the compression pulse down the bars without any
significant wave dispersion. Similarly, the snug fit of the treaded tensile specimen as the tensile pulse arrives. Failure to
remove all play out of the treaded joint results in uneven loading of the specimen and spurious wave reflection.

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 .
According to the one-dimensional elastic stress wave theory, the predicted strain ε(t) and predicted strain-rate ε (t ) in the
specimen can be given by Xia et al.5.

σ (t ) = [ε i ( t ) + ε r ( t ) + ε t ( t )],
EA
(1)
2A s

∫ [ε i (ξ ) − ε r (ξ )ε t (ξ ) ]d ς
C0 t
ε (t) = (2)
ls 0
and

C0
[ε i ( t ) − ε r (t ) − ε t (t ) ]
.
ε (t ) = (3)
ls

Because ει(t) + εr (t) = εt(t), Eqs. (1)-(3) can be simplified to;

σ (t ) =
EA
[ε t ( t )], (4)
2A s

∫ [ε i (ξ ) − ε t (ξ ) ]d ς
C0 t
ε ( t) = (5)
ls 0
and

C0
[ε i ( t ) − ε r (t )]
.
ε (t ) = (6)
ls

where As and ls are the cross-sectional area and the length of the testing region of the specimen, respectively. C0, A and E
are the one-dimensional elastic stress wave velocity, the cross sectional area and Young’s modulus of the input/output
bars, respectively. εI, εr and ετ are the incident strain signal and reflective strain signal in the input bar and the
transmitted strain signal in the output bar measured by strain gage, respectively.

2.2. Material
two grade of aluminum alloys were obtained for testing under this program, the sources and heat treatments are detailed
6,7
elsewhere . For each material, all specimens for both quasi-static and dynamic testing were machined from a single
piece of stock in the same orientation. Specimens were machined in accordance with the dimensions, tolerance and
specifications of Fig. 2

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 1.4E+10

1.2E+10
A7075-T6

1.0E+10

Stress (Pa)
8.0E+09
2000 S-1
6.0E+09 1700 S-1
900 S-1
4.0E+09 3000 S-1
2700 S-1
2.0E+09
1400 S-1

0.0E+00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Strain x100 (%)

Fig. 3. The dynamic yield strength of al7075-T6.

1.6E+10
Impact A6061-T6

1.4E+10

1.2E+10

1.0E+10
Stress (MPa)

8.0E+09 2600 S-1

1200 S-1
6.0E+09
1800 S-1

4.0E+09 1850 S-1

1950 S-1
2.0E+09
2000 S-1

0.0E+00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Strain x 100 (%)

Fig. 4. The dynamic yield strength of al6061-T6.

3. RESULTS
A number of impact tension tests were carried out using the tensile Hopkinson bar apparatus at room temperature. Stress-
strain curved at different strain rates were obtained for al 7075-T651 and 6061-T6. A typical set of curve is shown in Fig.
3 and 4. The strain rate ε& quoted indicates the average true strain rate during plastic deformation. In the figure appears
to be an increase in flow stress at the highes t rates tested, although there is no apparent rate sensitivity up to the
intermediate rate of strain ε& around 800/s in previous work . In all cases, the scatter from test to test was essentially
8

negligible and thus represent the actual behavior. For highest test was, at least three tests were run. Again, the scatter
form test to test was within several percent. The actual data points are not presented because the digitations of data
provides thousands of points per test which, when plotted, provides an essentially continuous curve. These curves were
superimposed for each rate and traced to obtain the final curves as presented.

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 Fig. 5. The fractograph center of specimen al7075, 3000 s-1 Fig. 6. The fractograph center of specimen al7075, 900s-1.

-1 Fig. 8. the fine surrounded the dominant void.

Fig. 7. The close-up of specimen al 7075, 3000s .

From stress-strain curves obtained here, Fig. 3 and 4, an increase in flow stress of approximately 30 percent was
-1 -1
observed for al 7075-T6 at strain rate of 3000 s and 60 percent for al 6061-T6 at strain rate of 2600 s compared to
quasi-static data. There are insufficient data in the literature on this alloy for comparison although, as has been noted in
literature4,5, the dynamic fracture toughness increase tremendously when the stress rate up to 3x10 5 MPa.m1/2s-1. The
metallurgical reason the increase in flow stress with increasing strain rate is though to be an interaction between moving
alloy or impurity atoms and moving dislocations. If the temperature is sufficient and the deformation rate slow enough,
the atom may have velocities of the same order of magnitude as the dislocations and exert a drag effect upon their
motion. At somewhat higher rate of deformation (smaller time available for diffusion), this interaction increase, thereby
increasing the stress needed to attain the same level of strain. In addition, the void growth rates an effect of triaxiality
stress on the different strain rate these will be studied further.

4. DISCUSSIONS

the primary assumption made in performing this work were the test specimen is in a uniaxial state of stress and that
homogenous deformation is observed. This assumptions can only be ensured via adequate lubrication of pressure bar-
specimen interface as well as proper pressure bar-specimen alignment . Realizing these conditions, measuring the strain

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 in either the axial or radial plane is sufficient to characterized the entire strain state of the specimen. In addition, the
results from experiments Al 7075-T6 and 6061-T6 under dynamic tensile stress were summarized and analyzed. The
-1
experiments generated specimen strain until on order of strain 20% and strain rate approximately 3000s for al 7075 and
-1
23% strain and 2600s strain rate for al 6061. Input and output bar strain gages are recorded the reflected and transmitted
strain histories for computation of specimen strain, stress and strain rate information. Likewise, the recorded strain
mounted on specimens was configured to reported instantaneous specimen diameter such corresponding specimen strain
and strain rate could be calculated. Relative error values around 5% were calculated between the mounted strain gage on
specimen and calculated stress, strain and strain rate data from input and output bar.

The metallurgical reason the increase in flow stress with increasing strain rate in Fig 3and 4. is though to be an
interaction between moving alloy or impurity atoms and moving dislocations. As shown in Fig 5 to 8, the fracture
surface of the center of specimen is entirely covered by dimples. Some large dimple exist, all the dimples on surfaces are
almost equiaxial, which is evidence for prevalence of hydrostatic stress. The close observation of the large dimples
indicated that thus have nucleated at the second phase particles, whereas the small dimples have been nucleated without
nuclei as shown in Fig. 8. From this evidence look like , the dynamic yield strength control by second phase particle
bonding on the matrix. If the temperature is sufficient and the deformation rate slow enough, the atom may have
velocities of the same order of magnitude as the dislocations and exert a drag effect upon their motion. At somewhat
higher rate of deformation (smaller time available for diffusion), this interaction increase, thereby increasing the stress
needed to attain the same level of strain. In addition, the void growth rates an effect of tri-axiality or hydrostatic stress on
the different strain rate these will be studied further.

5. CONCLUSIONS

The results obtained in this work are as follows.

a. In the present paper, since the connection between the specimen and bars with the treaded and shoulder have no
effect significantly on measuring the strain.
b. The SHPB may be instrumented so as to yield simultaneously continuous records of stress vs. time of the order of µs
from direct measurement (mounted strain gage on specimen) and input and output no significant error..
c. The increases of flow stress at higher strain rate, this would be the movement of dislocation from the initiation of
void, growth and coalescence process

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to acknowledge the Directorate General of Higher Education (Ditbinlitabmas-Dikti) for
supporting this research work through, contract no. 54/P2IPT/DPPM/PID/III/2004 . Thanks also go to Mr. Nurdin, Fadli,
and Juned for them help in assembled SHPB apparatus and Mr. Rudi for his help in simulation work.

REFERENCES

1. Hall, E. O., “Yield phenomena in metals and alloys, Plenum”, New York, 1970.
2. Cottrell, A. H., “Dislocation and plastic flow in crystal, Clarendon, Oxford, 1953.
3. Kolsky, H., “An investigation of the mechanical properties of materials at very high rates of loading,” Proc. Physics
Society Ser. B. 62. London, UK. Pp. 676-700, 1949.
4. Folansbee, P. S., “The Hopkinson bar,” Mechanical testing, Metals Handbook, 9th ed,8, American Society for
Metals, Metals Park, OH, pp. 198-217, 1985.
5. Xia, Y. M., Wang, X., Yang, B. C., “Constitutive equation for unidirectional composites under tensile impact,”
Composites science and Technology 56, pp. 155-160, 1996.
6. Rizal, S., Homma, H., “dimple fracture under short pulse loading,” International Journal of Impact Engineering 24,
pp. 69-83, 2000.
7. Rizal, S., Homma, H., Kishida, E., Nazer, M., “Experimental Approach to dimple fracture mechanisms under short
pulse duration”, Engineering Fracture Mechanics 69, pp. 1377-1390, 2002.
8. Rizal, S, Homma, H., “Impact tension testing of aluminum alloys under different strain rates”, Proc. Experimental
and Theoretical Mechanics 2002, pp. 527-531, 18 -19 March 2002, Denpasar -Indonesia.

632 Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5852

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