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Effect of creep, shrinkage and cracking on time dependent behaviour of RC

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Journal of Structural Engineering No. 36-43
Vol. 36, No. 6, February - March 2010 pp. 387–392

Effect of creep, shrinkage and cracking on time dependent behaviour of RC

structures

Ayan Haldar∗ , Smitha Gopinath *∗∗ , G.S. Palani∗∗ and Nagesh R. Iyer ∗∗
∗
Formerly Graduate Student at SERC, Chennai, from Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani 333 031, India.
∗∗
Structural Engineering Research Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India.
Received 03 June 2009; Accepted 15 June 2009

This paper proposes a numerical model to compute the time dependent behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) structu-
res accounting for tension softening. The interaction of creep, shrinkage and the tension softening effect is incorporated
in the nonlinear analysis through a finite element model. The creep of the concrete is taken into account using creep
compliance function in the form of Dirichlet Series while shrinkage is modelled using ACI 209 recommendations. The
hyperbolic tension softening curve is proposed to consider the time-dependent effects of reinforced concrete in cracked
phase. An iterative solution technique using Newton-Raphson method has been employed in the nonlinear analysis.
Proposed model has been validated by studying the nonlinear response of a simply supported singly reinforced beam
and a corner supported square slab under sustained loading with several time intervals. For singly reinforced beam,
the increase in midspan deflection with time and variation of midspan deflection at various ages of loading has been
computed. For the corner supported slab, the centre point deflection v/s time graph is computed for various loading.
From the analysis, it is observed that the computed midspan displacements at various time intervals are in good agree-
ment with corresponding experimental results.

KEYWORDS: Creep; shrinkage; tension softening; finite element method; nonlinear analysis, reinforced concrete.

The stress and strain in a reinforced concrete structure are
subject to change for a long period of time, during which
creep and shrinkage of concrete develop gradually. Most de-
sign codes oversimplify design procedures for determining
the mechanical response of reinforced concrete structures un-
der service loads and focus mainly on instantaneous beha-
viour. Neglecting the non-linear effects of cracking, creep
and shrinkage in the analysis can lead to miscalculation of
deflections, crack widths and support reactions. For analysis
of the time-dependent stresses and deformations, it is neces-
sary to employ time-dependent functions for strain or stress
in the material modelling.
Substantial work has been done on creep and shrinkage of
concrete, leading to many methods of analysis 1–3 . The step-
by-step method proposed by Bazant1 is based on numerical
time integration of the structural response. Although this me-
thod places no restriction on the creep function used, in its
basic form the full stress-strain history needs to be stored in
order to compute the response over a given time interval. To
avoid this, Bazant and Spencer 4 used a Dirichlet Series ap-
proximation of the specified creep function for aging concre-
te so that only a few intemal variables pertaining to the most
recent time needs to be stored, thus drastically reducing sto-
rage demands. The Dirichlet series approximation was fur-
ther improved by Jendele and Phillips 5 who proposed an al-
* E-mail:smithag@sercm.org
(Discussion on this article must reach the editor before May 31, 2010)
gorithm which traps and rejects excessive mode functions of
the Dirichlet Series for long time spans, thereby avoiding nu-
merical ill-conditioning.
Most of the analyses performed so far concerns with
creep and shrinkage effect of reinforced concrete when con-
crete is mainly compressed and therefore doesn’t crack. Few
numerical analyses have been reported on the interaction bet-
ween creep and shrinkage phenomenon and cracking of RC
structures under the service load 6–8 . This type of study is rat-
her complex since it involves two very different phenomena,
creep and shrinkage and the cracking of reinforced concre-
te. Experimental studies by Gilbert and Bradford 8 pointed
out that creep and shrinkage of concrete leads to increase in
cracking and redistribution of the bending moment along the
beam, and therefore these phenomena should be adequately
modelled in order to understand the behaviour of RC structu-
res.
In this paper, a novel mathematical model is proposed to
compute the creep and shrinkage behaviour of RC structu-
res accounting for tension softening. The interaction of creep
and shrinkage phenomenon and the tension softening effect
is represented by using a nonlinear finite element model. A
sustained loading has been applied in time intervals of few
days and the resulting midspan displacement-time curve has
been computed. Also, the variation of midspan deflection at

JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING VOL. 36, NO. 6, FEBRUARY - MARCH 2010 387
various ages of loading is computed with time. It is observed compute the deformation of the structure when subjected to
that the results are in good agreement with the experimental varying stress histories.
results. The principle of superposition for an aging material was
derived by Volterra 9 . The principle states that the total strain
at time t is calculated by summing the strain increments pro-
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL duced by each stress increment applied at any age τ , and each
strain increment is not affected by the stresses applied earlier
A layered composite 4-noded shell element with equivalent or later. For a continuous stress history, the following integral
smeared steel layer shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2 is used to repre- is used:-
sent the reinforced concrete in which material properties can  t
vary within the element. Material nonlinearities as a result ∂σ
ε(t) = Φ̄(t, t − τ ) dτ (1)
of tension cracking, tension stiffening between cracks, the 0 ∂τ
non-linear response of concrete in compression and yielding
of reinforcement are considered. A biaxial concrete model is where ε(t) is the strain at time t and Φ̄(τ, t − τ ) is the specific
assumed for the shell element. The steel reinforcement is as- compliance defined as strain at time t due to a unit stress app-
sumed to be in uniaxial state and is modelled as a bilinear lied at concrete age τ . Eq. (1) is an integral where the princi-
material with strain hardening. An updated lagrangian for- ple of superposition is assumed. When the specific complian-
mulation is used to take into account the nonlinear geometry ce is separated from the instantaneous part and the creep part,
of the structure. This is done in such a way that the deformed it can be expressed in the form:
configuration of the body is used to obtain the required quan-
tities in the neighbouring incremental configuration. Lineari- 1
zation of equations is performed and displacement controlled Φ̄(τ, t − τ ) = + Φ(t, t − τ ) (2)
E(τ )
Newton-Raphson method is used for the solution of resulting
equations which allows to surpass limit points. where E(τ ) is the modulus of elasticity at age τ and Φ(t, t −
τ ) is the creep compliance at time (t − τ ) after the load app-
2
Middle surface lication. The creep strain ε c (t) is calculated as:
Θ3 dΘ Θ2
Reinforcement  t
∂σ
aº 3 layer Θ1 εc (t) = Φ(τ, t − τ ) dτ (3)
aº 2 0 ∂τ
Reinforcement
layer Θ 2 aº 1 However, when the creep is formulated in differential
pº
x3 form, the general form of the differential equation for an
i3 x0 concrete layers aging concrete is:
i2 dΘ1  
x1
Θ1 dn dn−1
x2 pn (t) n + pn−1 (t) n−1 + · · · po t ε(t) (4)
dt dt
Fig. 1 Multi-Layered, Representation of Reinforced Concrete  
dn dn−1
= qn (t) n + qn−1 (t) n−1 + · · · qo t σ(t)
concrete dt dt
Integrating station
Z layer
1 where pn (t) and qn (t) are time dependent variables repre-
1
2 senting the properties of concrete. Eq. (1) and Eq. (4) are
ts nc=6 mathematically equivalent. However, the identification of the
2 ns=2 coefficients may be difficult in the differential formulation.
3
s Therefore, throughout the paper the integral formulation is
4 3 Steel layer used.
t mid depth
5 4
Step-by-Step Method using Dirichlet Series
6 5
One of the biggest problems in implementing the superposi-
7 6 tion integral (Eq. (1)) is the necessity for storing the history
Fig. 2 Reinforced Concrete Layer System of stresses or strains. Stresses in a concrete structure are con-
stantly changing with time due to cracking and redistribution
of stresses between the concrete and the reinforcement. Con-
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF CREEP sequently, a large amount of computer resources are needed
for data handling at every stress increment throughout the
In a RC structure, the concrete stress at any point varies conti- analysis. The analysis of a structure with a large number of
nuously throughout its service life even though the loads may elements will be computationally expensive.
be kept constant with time. This is due to the redistribution of In order to avoid the explicit storage of stress or strain
stress between the concrete and the steel reinforcement cau- histories, the superposition integral may be converted into a
sed by the gradual development with time of creep and shrin- series of differential equations which is often known as the
kage strains in the concrete. By exploiting the advantage of rate-type constitutive equations 10,11 . The stress or strain hi-
the linear relationship between creep and stress in the service stories are stored internally in the rate-type constitutive equa-
range, the principle of superposition is generally adopted to tions.To facilitate such a conversion, the superposition inte-

388 JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING VOL. 36, NO. 6, FEBRUARY - MARCH 2010
gral, the compliance function Φ(τ, t − τ ) must be written in some recursive relations necessary to calculate the increment
the form:- of creep strains are derived (Kabir 12 ):
m     
t−τ Δtn−1
Φ(τ, t − τ ) = aµ (τ ) 1 − exp − (5) Ai (tn ) = Ai (tn − 1) exp − + Δσ(tn )ai (tn ) (8)
µ=1
τµ τµ
Ai (tn ) = Δσ(t1 )ai (t1 ) (9)
where τu is the retardation time governing the shape of
creep curve, m is the number of the retardation times in Di- The formulation does not require the storage of all the
richlet series and aµ (τ ) are the coefficients of the Dirich- stress histories in order to calculate the creep strain incre-
let series. A step-by-step method with the Dirichlet Series ment, rather the stress history is stored in a vector which
(Eq. (5)) is used to solve for the creep strain (Eq. (3)). The can be calculated recursively by Eq. (8) and (9) knowing the
stress histories are stored in a set of hidden state variables. stress changes Δσ(tn ) within the time increment t n − tn−1 .
Kabir12 and Van Greunen 13 used the same algorithm which
was found to be numerically stable. In the step-by-step pro-
cedure, the time integral is numerically integrated. The total MODEL FOR SHRINKAGE
time t is subdivided into N time intervals giving discrete ti-
mes t0 , t1 , t2 · · · tr · · · tN . Strains ε(tr ) at time tr are then
calculated as a sum of all incremental strains Δε(t i ) for ti- Shrinkage is the time-dependent and load-independent strain
mes ti ≤ tr . Therefore, the total creep strain ε c (t) from the resulting from the reduction in volume of concrete at con-
initial age of loading t 1 to the observation time t n is then stant temperature (due primarily to loss of water resulting
obtained by summation: from drying and hydration). Shrinkage is taken to be direc-
tion independent and the shrinkage shear strain is taken as
n−1
 zero. The magnitude of shrinkage stress also depends on the
εC (t) = Do−1 φ(ti , tn − ti )Δσ(ti ) (6) external restraints of the element. Shrinkage strains develop
i=1 without any inducement of stresses if a concrete element can
move freely. Thus for plane stress problems, the shrinkage
where strains in global axes are:

1 −υc 0
Do−1 = −υc 1 0 (7) εsh (t) = [εsh (t), εsh (t), 0]T (10)
0 0 2(1 + υc )
where εsh (t) is negative and the magnitude of the shrinkage
Equation. (6) is represented graphically in Fig. 3 where strains is calculated by ACI Committee 209 Method 14. Ac-
linear superposition is used. cording to ACI committee 209 14, the axial shrinkage strain
εsh (t, ts ) occurring between times t s at the start of shrinkage
σ(t) and t can be predicted using the following formula:

(t − ts )
εsh (t, ts ) = (εsh )u (11)
35 + (t − ts )
∆ σ (tn-1) (εsh )u = 780 × 10−6 γcs (12)

where γcs is a correction factor, the product of several mul-

∆ σ (t2)
tipliers depending upon ambient relative humidity, average
thickness of the member or its volume-to-surface ratio and
∆ σ (t1) on the temperature. The correction factor γ cs = 1.0 when
the period of initial moist curing is 7 days, the relative humi-
o t1 t2 tn-1 tn t dity of the ambient air is 40 per cent, the average thickness
is 0.15 m. The free shrinkage between any two ages t s and t
Stress History can be calculated as the difference of shrinkage for the peri-
∋c (t) ods (t − 7) and (ts − 7):

εsh (t, ts ) = εsh (t − 7) − εsh (ts − 7) (13)

Φ (tn-1,tn - tn-1) ∆ σ (tn-1) TENSION SOFTENING

Φ (t2,tn - t2) ∆ σ (t2)
At cracking strain, crack initiation and localization of the nar-
Φ (t1,tn - t1) ∆ σ (t1) row process zone occur. A softening path is generated and
modelled as linear, bilinear or hyperbolic. From the results
obtained by Smitha et al. 15 , it has been observed that the load-
o t1 t2 tn-1 tn t
deflection relationship obtained by using hyperbolic tension-
Total Creep Strain softening curve has been found to be consistently in very
Fig. 3 Representation of the linear superposition of creep strains close agreement with those reported from the experimental
investigations. Thus, in this paper, the hyperbolic softening
Substituting the creep compliance function of Eq. (5) in- curve is used to incorporate the time dependent effects of RC
to the expression for creep strain of Eq. (6), and simplifying, structures.

JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING VOL. 36, NO. 6, FEBRUARY - MARCH 2010 389
Hyperbolic Tension Softening NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION

A tension softening behaviour is modelled by a hyperbolic Singly reinforced concrete beam

curve for post-peak region as shown in Fig. 4, which can be
expressed as: A simply-supported beam subjected to sustained loading at
two points is considered to validate the proposed numeri-
σ = Eεiu ε ≤ εicr (14)
 iu  cal model. Gilbert and Nejadi 16 tested a series of beams and
1 fct  one way slabs under sustained load for a period of 380 days
= fct exp − εiu εicr < εiu ≤ εicr (15) to investigate the deflection and growth of cracks with time.
rt E0
One of the beam (Beam 1a) tested by them is modelled using
σ the proposed formulation. The dimensions of the beam are
shown in Fig. 5. The beam was loaded at age 14 days. Mate-
rial tests on standard 150 mm diameter cylinders at 28 days
fct gave the mean concrete strength as f cm = 24.8 MPa and
modulus of elasticity E c = 24950 MPa. The bond shear
stress τb 0 was taken as 4.5MPa as experimentally determi-
ned by Gilbert and Nejadi 16 . The concrete fracture energy
GF was taken as 75 N/m and Poisson’s ratio was assumed
to be γ = 0.2. The reinforcing steel was taken as elastic-
perfectly plastic with yield strength of 500 MPa and elastic
iu

ω
modulus of 200 GPa. An 18.6 kN loading is applied at the
ω
ω

icr icr
two points of the beam. Only half of the beam is accounted
Fig. 4 Hyperbolic tension softening for analysis because of symmetric loading and cross-section.
G F Eo Half of the beam is discretized into 63 shell elements with 88
The model has additional parameters as l eq ≤ 2
fct
and
nodes in total. The cross-section was divided into 6 concrete
rt = GF
leq fct − 12 fEcto . Here γt
controls the area under the stress- layers superimposed over the longitudinal reinforcement, as
strain curve and l eq is the equivalent length of the finite ele- shown in Fig. 5. The Dirichlet series was discretized into four
ments enclosing the process zone and G F denotes the frac- Kelvin chain units for storing the deformation history of the
ture energy. viscoelastic strain. The corresponding coefficients of Dirich-
let Series aµ and the retardation times τ µ are given in Table 1.
The measured and calculated variations of mid-span deflecti-
Time Dependent Behaviour of Concrete on with time are plotted in Fig. 6. The midspan deflection v/s
time curve follows well with the experimental results.
Before cracking, the instantaneous strain is equal to the con-
crete elastic strain. In this phase when ε iu ≤ εicr ; E (which TABLE 1
was the instantaneous elastic modulus) will now be equal to KELVIN CHAIN DATA USED FOR MODEL CORROBORATION
the elastic modulus at time t. At any time t after first loading,
μth unit τμ (days) μ(1/MPa)
the total strain equals the sum of the instantaneous, creep and 1 1 2.0464
shrinkage strains in concrete. So, Eq.(15) can be modified as: 2 0.1 2.633
3 0.01 2.354
σ = E(t)εc (t) εiu (t) ≤ εicr (16) 4 0.001 2.256

where εc (t) = εci (t) + εcp (t) + εsh (t) and εci (t), εcp (t) and Fig. 7 shows the variation of midspan span deflection due
εsh (t) are the instantaneous, creep and shrinkage strains of to loading at different ages. The proposed model by using the
concrete respectively. hyperbolic softening curve predicts the change in deflection
In the cracked phase, the problem becomes nonlinear. better than the model proposed by Chong et al. 7 which is ba-
Hence the constitutive equations must account for plastic sed on the cracked membrane model using a rotating crack
strains due to concrete cracking as well as creep and shrin- approach combined with solidification theory for modelling
kage strains. An iterative procedure has been employed in creep.
order to achieve the solution at every time step. Here the in-
stantaneous strain consists of components of the concrete ela- 18.6 kN 18.6 kN
stic strain and the concrete cracking strain, defined in a total a A
stress-strain relationship. Similarly Eq. (16) can be modified
as,
  
1 fct 
= fct exp − εc (t) εicr < εiu (t) ≤ εicr (17) L/3 L/3 L/3
γt E0
L = 3500
The above model is included in the existing nonlinear fi-
ρx=0
nite element software for reinforced concrete to account the b c ρy=0 }
effects of creep and shrinkage with tension softening pheno-
menon. The software requires data defining the coefficients 348
of Dirichlet series at different time steps. The software is ap- 2N16 :1 ρx=0.01676
praised by analyzing a simply supported singly reinforced
beam and corner supported square slab under long term loa-
48 250 bars ρy=0 }
16
ding and comparing with the reference solutions available in Fig. 5 Details of Gilbert and Nejadi’s beams : (a) elevation
the literature. (b) cross-section; and (c) FE mesh

390 JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING VOL. 36, NO. 6, FEBRUARY - MARCH 2010
 16 Experiment time-dependent cracking, as well as the increase in deforma-
Chong et al tion due to creep and shrinkage.
Present Model

Midspan Deflection (mm)

12 TABLE 2
MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF MCNIECE’S SLAB
Concrete Steel
8 Young’s modulus (kN/mm2 ) 28.6 200
Poisson’s ratio 0.15 0.3
Yield stress (N/mm2 ) − 350
Compressive strength (N/mm2 ) 38 −
4 Tensile strength (N/mm2 ) 3.8 −

y
0 76.2 152.4 228.6
0 100 200 300 400 support
Time (days) Reinforcement
228.6

457.2
Fig. 6 Midspan Displacement with time
152.4
♦ Loading at 14 μX = μY = 282 mm 2/m 76.2 x
- Loading at 14.1
- Loading at 15 Node

457.2
+ - Loading at 24 Load
14 Loading at 95
-
Loading at 300 ♦
* -
Midspan Deflection (mm)

12
457.2 457.2
support
10
8 ♦

33.27
+

6x7.4075
6
44.45

♦
4 +
11.18

2 +
*
0 + *
0 100 200 300 400 Cross - section Layer system(sketch)
Time (days) Fig. 8 Plan and cross-section of McNeice slab
Fig.7 Variation of midspan displacement due to loading at
different ages 35
* **
30
Deflection (center point)

It can be observed that the midspan deflection in the beam *

increases steeply upto one month, and then increases smooth- 25

ly with age. Also Fig. 7 clearly shows that as the age at which
* ◊ -10 KN
- 20 KN
loading is applied is increased, the final midspan deflection 20 * ∆ - 30 KN
decreases. The midspan deflection is around 12.8 mm when 15 ∆ ∆ ∆∆ -40 KN
loading is applied at 14 th day, whereas the midspan deflecti- ∆
- 50 KN
on falls below 2 mm when loading is applied at 300 th day. 10 *∆ *
∆
5 ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊◊
◊
Corner supported square slab with a point load 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Carefully and widely reported test on a corner supported two-
Time (days)
way square slab given by McNiece 17 , has been used to assess
the proposed numerical model. The geometry, reinforcement Fig. 9 Time History of mid span deflection for various loadings
and cross-section of the slab are shown in Fig.5 and the ma-
terial properties are listed in Table 2. The cross-section was The rate of change gradually decreased for the remaining
divided into 8 concrete layer and 2 smeared steel layers, with part of the loading. The measured long-term deflections of
one quarter of the slab being modelled as a 3 × 3 mesh owing the slab for 10kN, 20kN, 30kN, 40kN and 50kN of constant
to the symmetry of the problem. sustained loading at age 1028 days were 3.56mm, 8.96mm,
The midspan deflection with time curve of McNiece’s 15.66mm, 22.80mm and 32.80mm respectively, which were
slab is plotted at various loadings. As shown in Fig. 9, the 1.63, 2, 2.39, 2.61 and 3 times the corresponding deflection
deflection at mid-span increased rapidly over the 4 months on the first day of loading respectively. The ratio of deflecti-
after loading and about 90% of the final deflection occurred ons at different ages to midspan deflection on the first day of
within this period. This rapid increase in deflection is cau- loading for slab subjected to 10kN, 20kN, 30kN, 40kN and
sed by the loss of stiffness resulting from the development of 50kN of sustained loading are presented in Table 3.

JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING VOL. 36, NO. 6, FEBRUARY - MARCH 2010 391
 TABLE 3 4. Bazant Z.P. and Spencer T., “Dirichlet series creep func-
RATIO OF DEFLECTIONS AT DIFFERENT AGES TO tion for aging concrete”. J. Engg. Mech. Div., ASCE, Vol.
DEFLECTION AT FIRST DAY OF LOADING FOR 99, No. 2, 1973, pp 367–387.
MCNIECE SLAB
Age (days) Ratio 5. Jendele L. and Phillips D. V., “Finite Element Softwa-
10 kN 20 kN 30 kN 40 kN 50 kN re for creep and shrinkage in concrete”, Computers and
14 1 1 1 1 1 Structures, Vol. 45, No. 2, 1992, pp 113–126.
15 1.3 1.47 1.56 1.63 1.69
24 1.44 1.72 1.9 2.08 2.23 6. Amadio C. and Fragiacomo M., “A finite element model
114 1.53 1.88 2.1 2.36 2.68 for short and long term analysis of steel-concrete beams
330 1.58 1.97 2.23 2.5 2.91 in cracked phase”. Proc., 17th C.T.A. Conf., Naples, Italy,
1014 1.61 2.02 2.34 2.57 2.98
2, 1999, pp 251–228.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
In this paper, a new mathematical model has been proposed
to calculate the response of RC structures subjected to ti-
me dependent deformations. The model builds on the finite
element implementation of the creep model using Dirichlet
Series and shrinkage model using ACI 209 Committee Re-
commendations. The hyperbolic tension softening curve is
proposed to consider the time-dependent effects of reinfor-
ced concrete in cracked phase. Analysis of a singly reinfor-
ced simply supported beam and corner supported square slab
was taken up for validation. The following observations are
made based on the studies:
• Overall, good co-relation was observed in calculating the
variation of midspan deflection between the proposed mo-
del and reference solutions available in the literature. This
confirms the reliability of the solution and the importan-
ce of correct evaluation of both rheological and cracking
phenomenon in RC structures.
• There is a significant increase in the deflection of reinfor-
ced concrete structures due to creep and shrinkage. The-
refore, for a reinforced structure where there is sustained
loading for a long time, it is must to account for the effect
of creep and shrinkage.
• The proposed model by using the hyperbolic softening
curve predicts the change in deflection better than the mo-
del proposed by Chong et al. 7 .This numerical model the-
refore represents a useful tool for performing time depen-
dent numerical analyses of reinforced concrete structures.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors from SERC acknowledge the technical discus-
sions with their colleagues Shri J. Rajasankar and Shri A.
Rama Chandra Murthy during the investigation. This paper
is being published with the kind permission of the Director,
SERC, Chennai.
REFERENCES
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3. Neville A. M., Dilger W. H. and Brooks, I. J., “Creep
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model and solidification theory”, Computers and Struc-
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15. Smitha G., Rajasankar.J., Ramachandramurthy. A.,
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392 JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING VOL. 36, NO. 6, FEBRUARY - MARCH 2010

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