eee Cu 24.4 Congruent shapes “Two.dimensional shapes that are oxactly the same size and shape as each other are congruent. For examale, although they are in different positions, the triangles below are al congruent, because ‘they ae al exactly the same size and shape. > \ / \ CCongruert shapes fit exactly on top of each other, So, one way to see whether shapes are congruent Isto race one of them and check that it covers the other shapes exactly. For some of the shapes, you ‘may haveeto turn your tracing paper ever ‘Example 4 Which ofthese shapes isnot congruent tothe others? ‘Tiace snape a and check whether it fits exactly on top of the others, ‘You shaule find that shape bis not congruent to the overs. EXERCISE 24D G@ acticin te ragerineacigeiy ante connguertacnon ql a > mn La > ical erms and relationships 423© rrirtorenergom svete eater ‘| " i o ics PE a git i Wn i cigar oven ch each other? DDrawa parallelogram ABCD. Draw in the diagonals AC and BD. Which triangles are congruent to-each other? @ drew a rectangle FGH. Draw in the diagonals FG and FH Which triangles ate congruent to Draw an sosceles tangle ABC where AS = AC. Dravr the lin from.A to the midpeint of 8C. Whics triangles are congruent to each other? 24.5 Congruent triangles HE ‘Two shapes are congruent if they are exactly the same size and shape, For example, these triangles ae al congruent: Notice that the triangles can be differently oriented (reflected or rotated). 424 24.5 congruent trianglesConditions for congruent triangles As of th foi i one ic fr te vil ha igi + Condition 4 All thre sides of one triangle are equal tothe corresponding sider ofthe other triangle. 24cm This condition is known as SS (side, sce, side). Condition 2 ‘Two sides and the angle between them of one triangle are equal tothe corresponding sides and angla of the other trancle. ‘This condition is krown as SAS (sde, angle, side). + Condition 3 ‘Two angles and a side of one triangle ere equal to the corresponding angles and side of the other triangle ‘This condition is known as ASA (engle, side, angle) or AAS (angle, angle side). = condition 4 Both tangles have @ rightangle, an equal hypotenuse and another equal side. ‘This zondition is krown a5 AHS (right angle, hypotenuse, side). Note that SSA (or ASS) does not show congrueney Chapter 24: Geometrical terms and relationships — 425Notation ‘once you have shown that triangle ABC is congruent to triangle POR by one of the above conditions, means thet: angles=argieP AB=P0 anglez-argieQ aC- oR angleC=angeR Ac ?R In other wo'd, the points ABC correspond exactly to the points PUK in that order, Triangle ABC Is ‘congruent ta trangia POR can be written a€ AARC = APOR. Example 5 ABCD is 2 kite. Show that triangle ABC is congruent to triangle ADC. Law c= cD AB=aD AC Is common So AARC= AADC 655) EXERCISE 24E “The vianglesin each pair are congruent. State the condition that shows that the triangles are congruert, “The tianglesin each pair are congruent. tate the condition that shows that the triangles are congruent and say which points correspond to which, ARC where AD = Bem, BC=9.en, AC= POR where PQ = 9m, OR = 7.4m, PR= Bem1b ABC where AB = 5 em, BC= 6 em, angle B= 35% POR where PQ = 6 cm, OR 50 mm, angie Q=35* “Tiangle ABC's congruent te triangle AR, angle A = 60% engle = 80" and Ab = Scam. Find these: @ anger b angleg ¢ angler 4 70 ABCD is concruert to PORS, angle A= 110 angle B =55% angle C=85*and RS = 4cm.Find these: a andeP b angle ¢ angleR ¢ andes e cD e @ © draw srectanse, 26H Draw in the ciagosl FO. Prove that tangle ENG iscongruent e @ iwiangle EAG. raw an isotcoles triangle (ANC) where AI = AC. Draw the line from A to X, the midpoint of 2G: Prove that triangle ABX is congruent to wrangle ACK. Inche diagram, ABCD and DEFG are squares. A 8 Use congruent triangles to prove that AE = C6. 4Jea says that those two triangles are congruent because tivo angles {anda side are the same. Explain wy he is wrong, f f ‘Two shapes are similar if one is an enlargementof the other. ‘Advice and Tips Corresponding angles of similar shapes are equal. i ‘These shapes are similar. Their corresponding angles are equal. «corresponding angles are ‘those angles that appear in the same position on both 5m shapes. Corresponding ‘Sides are those sides that Ben ‘appear in the same position on both shapes. “The ratio of their corresponding sides is 2: 3. ‘The near scale factor is} because the lengths in shape Bare ofthe corresponding lenaths in shape A. Chapter 24: Geometzical terms and relationships 427Example 6 ‘These tw shapes are similar Fyen xe Tem Find the values of «and», Look for two corresponding sides where you know the lengths. _AB-corteeponde to FJ and the lengths are 12 em and 15cm. The scale factor ie 13 = 1.5. To find the value of « (AF) from the length glven for Ba: x= 125xAB 23x10 21s x=1San To find the value of y (CD) from the lenath of Ht: Hie125xy gn 125%y ris a72 ya72en EXERCISE 24F @ es sors aetawnosale whatshe ra se far ft ergot in fe ee c f 1 “SSL 428 24.6 similarshapes© Ace savesn each @ 2 expan wny ese anges we sina similar? Iso, give the scale factor. fnet, give a reason. “OL 4 b Give the ratioot the sides ena aN © Which angle corresponds to angle C? Wey deen Which side corresponds to side gr? Explain why these triangles are similar, s 'b Which engle corresponcis to angle A? Which side corresponds to side AC? = fen Mags (0 aeate Explain why tangle AC is similar to triangle AOR. e ‘b Which angle corresponcs to the angle at 4? ‘© Which side of triangle AQK corresponcs to side AC of triangle ABC? Your answers to question & may help you von a 5 Tar Cs In she diagrams @ tod, each pair of shapes are similar but not drawn to scale. a Find the value of x . ° s - ben oe 20 ° ° 8 3 bb Find the values of xand y. oem A05en — (Chapter 24 Geometrical terms and relationships 429€ Find the values of and y yf \e kK £_\ item z 4 Cloulte the length of i en 2 — i T=] s—* ° ¢ {Explain why all square bb Am allractangles timiiar? Explain your answer Seen isstanding nextto ¢ vee, Hisheight is 1.6 m and he castsa shadow that has length of 24m, ‘The tee casts eshadow that hes a length of 2.8 m, Use vihat you know about similar triangles to wotk ‘out the height of the tree, A. 24.7 Areas of similar triangles HE two triangles nave the same angles than they are similar. ‘Wangles AECand DEF are sila. 430 24.7 Areas of similar triangles“The linea scale factor i f= 1.5. The area scale factors 1.57=2.25, Ifthe area of triangle ABC is 40 crs? then the area of DEF i 40% 2.25 = 90 er?, the linear scale factor i, then the area scale factor isk. EXERCISE 24G © Toe aries are sii ~~ 4 wa sina se tr 1 Themes of aaginad ee Cate the area of wanle DEF @ Hoare aaitataa wants Ze as 4 pl weiner at ie 1 Theares of thelegerone em? sient ge) Cala the area of esa one. @ Thee otvianle ancien. ; Cate te rao angle AE. @ We aca ctviente avis". ‘ Cette hae ofthe wep CODE Chapter 24: Geometrical terms and relationships 431Iseslarged by a linear scale factor of 1.2 to make 0. Q is enlarged by a linear scale factor of 1.2 tomakeR. ‘he area of Q is 100 cm, a What isthe area of R? b Whats the area of P? a scale factor also applies to other > Explain why they are similar. Calculate the areacot B Se. ue rs © Cstwice the areaof A. Celculate the value of v @ ere sisper “The smaller ane hasan area of 210 cn? Find she area of the larger one, uel 26m LL @ A hotocopier nas a setingforenargements with a sale factor 41% hat spec about this partir vol? ® vcciesare simi fa ckdewith a diameter of & em hasan area of 50.3 cn, what ithe area of acircle with lamater 6 cm? 432 24.7 Areas of similar tslangles24.8 Areas and volumes of similar shapes SEB You sow that if two shapes are similar and the linear scale fectoriskthen the area scale factor Be, “Two solid shapes are similar if corresponding lengths are in the same ratio and corresponding angles are equal. n shat case the volume scale factor is. Generally, the relationship between similar shapes can be expressed as Length ratio x:7 Arearavo :y? —Volumeratio 2:7 ‘Example 7 Amodal yacht is made to a scale of 4, ofthe size ofthe real yacht. The area of the sail of the ‘mode i 150 cm? What isthe area ofthe sail of the real yacht? At first, it may appear thatyou do not have enough information to solve this problem, but you con doit ike this. Linear sale factor = 1:20 ‘Area scale factor = 1 400 (square ofthe linear scale factor) ‘tea of real sail = 400 x area of model ail = 400 150 em? = 60000 em? = 6m? Example 8 ‘Abottie has a bese radius of 4cm, a height of 15 cm and a capactyy of 650.cm?. A similar botwe hes a base radius of 3 cm, ‘a Whatis the length ratio? bb Whatis the volume ratio? Whatis the volume af the smaller bottle? 1 Thelength ratio ie given by the ratio of the two radi that ie 43, bb Thevolume ratio is therofore #2: 33~ 64:27. € Let /be the volume of the smaller bottle. Then the volume rato is volume of smaller bote __v _27 volume of larger botle ~ 650” 64 avn 275559.» rane significant igure) Chapter 24: Geometzical terms and relationships 433,EXERCISE 24H @n 4 Wiehe rte ean a mae 1 What the volume rate betwen tha eli @ Tre tengn ratio between two sir sess 4:7 4: What the erea rato between the olds 1 Wt the dur tester the WD insists th ratio between two similar solids is2: 5 & {A shape has an area of 15 cn’. What the area of similar shape with lengths that are three times the corresponding lengths ofthe frst shape? AA toybrick asa surface area of 14 cm?, What would be the surface area of a simi with enths that are 2 twice the corresponding lengths ofthe first brick three times the corresponding lengtns of the first brick? toy brick @ Arachasanarea of 12 m2. what area would be covered by was with lenaths that ae: tithe orespnding lati ot ha Rt b elf the corespondinglenaths ofthe fistrug? @ Atenas volume of 390 cm? What wouldbe the volume similar brick whowe onthe 4 twice the corresponding lengths of the first brick bb three times the corresponding lengths of the first brick? @® Atnot aint, 6embiah, holds hala litre of paint. How much gaint would ao into a similar tin wich ie 12 em high? ‘A madsel statue is 10 cm high and nas a volume of 100 cm®. The real statue is 2.4 m high. What fs the valume of the real statue? Give your answer in m? @ satin ot ptntcoss $075. hati the cast of ger sian with heght wie that Oi the mate tn Aste thatthe eat based ey 08 te aun alta the te 434 24.8 Areas and volumes of similar shapes© Avra vocof wists 2en hrs vane of on? nti the width of sitar bona ae @ ‘cinema ses popcorn in tw eterentszed Sue Show that itis true that the big tub is be:tervalue, @ 1s dameies oft ba bearngsare gen blows wonkeus rrenormns @ O 2 erator erates Se the oof hek vines, @ cure issetrtocrdone. ‘Ths langth of cuboid A is 1D em and the length of cuboid 6 is cm, The volume of cuboid Ais 720 cm? Ld Zainab says that the volume of cuboid 8 must be 360 cm. bxplain why she s wrong, More complex problems on area and volume ratios In some grobloms involving similar shapes, the length ratio is rot given, s0 you nead to start with the area ratic or the volume ratio. Then you vil need to find the length ratio in order to proceed with, ‘the solution. Example 9 _Amanufacturer makes a range of Cown hats that areal sniar in shape. The smallest hat is 8m ‘tall ond uses 180 cm? of card. What will be the height of « hat made from 300 cm! of card? “The area ratio is 180: 300 “Thorafore, the length ratio i180 :V360 (Do not eaeulate these yot) Let the height ofthe larger hat be then: #1300 _ fs i807 "120 a tr201 (38 1030 ceca at Chapter 24: Geometrical terms and relationships — 435Example 10 ‘Two similar tis hold respectively 1. tres and 2.5 litres of paint: The area ofthe label on the mall tin fe BS cm, What isthe area of the label on the larger tin? The volume ratiois 15:25 Therefore, the length ratio ie ATS: 45 (Do not calculate thas yet) so the aoa ratios USP: @25P Letthe ares ofthe label on the lrgertinbe A, then: AMPS ABS! 50-05 x(t28) = 190m @ seniiant owed EXERCISE 241 bec prin tach luntoped inte tapecina tah ems Ho, 250 tend 40 “The 250 cmt label fits around a can of height 8 cm. Find the heights of similar cars around which the other two labels would ft, fier makes similar hoxes in three difforent si2ee:emall. medium and large. These ara the sreasof their lids Small: 30cm? — Medium:50cm! — Large: 5 em? ‘The nedium bex iS 5 cm high. Find the heights ofthe ather two sizes. A cone of height 8 cm can be made from a piece of card with an erea of 140 c®, what isthe height ofa similar cone made from a similar piece of card with an area of 200 cm"? {takes 56 litres of paint to paint a chimney thet is 3 m high. Whet isthe tallest similer ‘chimney that can be painted with 8 res of paint? A piece of card, 1200 cm? in area, will make a tube 13 em long. What isthe length of a similar ‘ube made from a similar pece of card with an area of 00 cm®? Ha televiion seroen of ares 220 cm? has 2 length ofa similar screen of area 350m?” jonal length of 21cm, what isthe diagonal “There are two similar bronge statues. One has a mats of 200 g, the other has a mass of 2 kg. The Feight of the smaller statue is 9 on What isthe height of the larger statue? “These are the sizes ofthe labels around three similar ans. Smallcan: 24cm? Medium car: 46cm? Large can: 78 em? “The medium size canis 6 cm tall with a mass of 380.9, Calculate: a. the heights of the othertwo sizes b themasses ofthe other two sizes. 436 24.8 areas and volumes of similar shapes‘A statue has a mass of 840 kg. A similar statue was made out ofthe same material but only ‘two-fifths the height of the fist one. What was the mass ofthe smaller statue? ‘A.wooden model stands on 2 base of area 12cm. A similar wooden model stands on a base of ares 75 cm? ‘aculate the mass of the smaller model if the larger one has & mass of 35 kg. Stefan fils wo sinilar jugs with orange juice Ths fet jug holds 1.5 Itres of juice and has a base dsrreter of € cm. ‘The second jug holds 2 tres of juice, Work out the base clameterof the second jug. ‘Tha total surface areas. two similar cuboide ara S00 cm? and 800 em’ IT the width of one of the cubods bs 10cm, calculate the two possible widths forthe other cuboid. ‘The volumes of two similar cylinders are 255 «m* and 964 cm, ‘Which of these isthe ratio of ther surface areas? 223 bag © a:27 Check your progress Core «= Lean mescure and dravr angles «+ Lean understand and use geometrical terme including right angle, seute angle, abtuse angle, reflex en 1nd perpendicular lines ‘= Iean understand and use the termssimilar and congruent ‘= Ienow and can use the names of polygons and sol figures including nets «+ Ieanczleulate lengths in similar figures + can interpret and use three-figure bearings Extended {can use the relationship between the area of similar triangles ana similar figures + can ure the relationship between the volumes of similar figures can use the relationship between the surface areas of similar figures {can use the congruence criteria for triangles Chapter 24: Geometzical terms and relationships 437,