BNBC LECTURE 13FEB 2022 Geotech 02 FINAL

S.
K. Ghosh Associates LLC
International Code Council
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF
FOUNDATIONS:
PROVISIONS IN BNBC 2020
Session 30: Geotech 2
Date: 13 February 2022
Professor Md. Zoynul Abedin, Ph.D.

Military Institute of Science & Technology (MIST)
Dhaka, Bangladesh
S-8A SEng PRP
Training Program
Geotechnical Design of Foundations:

Provisions in BNBC 2020
PART : 6 (in Volume 2 of BNBC)

Structural Design
Structural and Geotechnical Designs
Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations
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S. K. Ghosh Associates LLC

Lecture Proceedings
 Geotech 01 (12 Feb 2022): Some Basics of Soil

Mechanics (a subset Geotechnical Engineering)
 Geotech 02 (13 Feb 2022): Some Special Issues in
Geotechnical Engineering
 Geotech 03 (19 Feb 2022): Selected Code
Provisions for Division A & B: Site Investigations,
Pile Foundation. The lecture proceedings will
follow the Section Titles sequence of BNBC 2020
in order to be familiar with the Code Provisions or
Items that are included in BNBC 2020.
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Some Special Issues in Soil Mechanics
(1) Any civil engineering structure must rest on or

within the ground generating stresses within the soil
mass due to both external loading (external stresses) and
self weight of soil mass staying above stressed plane
known as overburden stresses.
(2) Whenever we design any foundation, the two basic
principles are to be considered: (i) the foundation soil
should not fail because of excessive shear, and (ii) there
should not be excessive settlement.
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(3) As soil mass consists of various sizes, shapes and

types or origins of soil particles there exists void spaces
within the soil mass. These void spaces may be filled up
with water or air, or with both. When external loading is
applied the load will be sheared by all the three phases
like soil solid, water and air. That’s why the stressed soil
will have a complex phenomenon, and generates three
categories of stresses total stress, effective stress and
neutral stress (porewater pressure). As such, ground
water table has an important role in the Mechanics
stressed soil.
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(4) Whatever, may be the external loading the

eventual failure within the soil mass would occur
because of slippage or shear on a particular surface.
(5) Shear strength of soil is depended on drainage
conditions thus involving drained and undrained
strength. This involves rate of construction, slow or
fast.
(6) Shear strength parameters of soil depend on
depositional history of soil, that is whether the soil is
normally consolidated or over consolidated.
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(7) Settlement of soil in many instances is a time

dependent procedure.
(8) Heterogeneous nature of soil exists both
vertically and spatially.
(9) Degree of saturation of specimens is very
important while determining the shear strength of
soil (in unconfined compression test it is often found
to be disregarded).
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(10) Whenever there is any vertical stress there must be

induced lateral stresses known as active pressure, passive
pressure and earth pressure at rest.
 The induced lateral stresses are functions of type of
soil and its deformation characteristics during failure.
 Lateral expansion will induce active pressure,
contraction will induce passive pressure and whereas,
earth pressure at rest concerns with no deformation.
 The ratio of lateral stress to vertical stress at failure
condition is termed as coefficient of earth pressure
(Ka, Kp, and Ko).
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Some Special Issues in Soil Mechanics:
Total & Effective Stresses
A soil plane at a depth of 𝑧 within a soil mass is

considered, Figure below. A vertical stress 𝜎 is
assumed to be induced on the plane due to
external loading and/or overburden pressure.
Let the total vertical load on the plane 𝑥 𝑥 be
𝑃, so that 𝑃 𝜎 . 𝐴. It is also assumed that the
water table is above the soil plane 𝑥 𝑥 so that
the voids in the plane is filled in with water with a
pore water pressure of 𝑢. Let 𝐴 be the total area
occupied by the water.
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h
← Fig. 1: Illustration of
Effective Stress
Let 𝑃 , 𝑃 , 𝑃 , 𝑃 , 𝑃 be the vertical load acting on the

contact points of the particles. The vertical contact
stresses are respectively 𝜎 , 𝜎 , 𝜎 , 𝜎 , and 𝜎 . The
corresponding contact areas are 𝐴 , 𝐴 , 𝐴 , 𝐴 and 𝐴
respectively. Let 𝑢 𝛾 ℎ be the porewater pressure or
neutral stress. 10
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Now,
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑢. 𝐴 𝑃
→ 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝑢. 𝐴 𝜎. 𝐴
𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝑢. 𝐴
→𝜎
𝐴 𝐴
𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝑢. 𝐴 𝐴
→𝜎
𝐴 𝐴
𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝐴
→𝜎 𝑢 𝑢.
𝐴 𝐴
Total contact area of the grains 𝐴 is very small as compared to
total area (𝐴) of stressed surface, 𝐴 ⁄𝐴 may be assumed as zero.
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Therefore,
𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴
→𝜎 𝑢
𝐴
→𝜎 𝜎 𝑢
→𝜎 𝜎 𝑢
→ Effective stress = Total stress – Porewater pressure

Thus effective stress is the average of the vertical contact
stresses over the whole area (𝐴) of the soil surface. Although the
soil surface is a wavy surface, for all practical purposes, it may
be assumed as a horizontal plane. Effective stress is the measure
of the load taken by the soil skeleton.
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Stresses in a soil mass may be caused by the following
factors thus imparting total and effective stresses.
 Self weight of the soil called overburden → static
porewater pressure
 External loads applied to the soil mass → excess
porewater pressure or simply porewater pressure
Effective Overburden Stress in Dry Soil
In a dry soil, the total stress at any depth, 𝑧 is equal to σ
𝛾𝑧 and the pore water pressure 𝑢 𝛾 ℎ is zero. Hence, the
effective stress 𝜎 is given by
𝜎 𝜎 𝑢 𝜎 0 𝜎
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Effective Overburden Stress in Saturated Soil below Water Table
The pore water pressure (𝑢) at any depth 𝑧 is 𝛾 𝑧, where 𝛾 is
the unit weight of water. The total stress, 𝜎 is given by 𝜎
𝛾 𝑧 . Therefore,
𝜎 𝜎 𝑢 𝛾 𝑧 𝛾 𝑧 𝑧 𝛾 𝛾 𝑧𝛾
Where, 𝛾 is the submerged unit weight of the soil.
Effective Overburden Stress in Soil Saturated due to Capillary Rise
The pore water pressure on the surface of a saturated soil
mass due to capillary rise is given by 𝑢 𝛾 ℎ , where ℎ is
the height of the capillary rise.
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Fig. 2: Groundwater level (GWL) and zones above the GWL.

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Assuming that the height of capillary rise coincides with the
ground surface, the pore water pressure at any depth 𝑧 within
the zone of capillarity is given by
𝑢 𝛾 ℎ 𝛾 𝑧 𝛾 𝑧 ℎ
→ 𝜎 𝛾 𝑧 𝑢 𝛾 𝑧 𝛾 𝑧 ℎ
→ 𝜎 𝛾 𝑧 𝛾 ℎ 𝑧
Fig. 3A: Capillary rise; (a) Capillary tube, (b) Details of surface
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Fig. 3B: Capillary rise with porewater pressure diagram

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← Fig. 4: Porewater pressure

distribution diagram due
to capillary rise.
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Fig. 8B: Pore pressure distribution diagram for various conditions

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← Fig. 5: Occurrence of
groundwater
← Fig. 6: Normal and

perched water
table
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← Fig. 7: Confined groundwater
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Fig. 8A: Pore pressure distribution diagram for various conditions
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Effective Overburden Stress in a Partially Saturated Soil
In a partially saturated soil, pore pressure consists of two
components namely the pore air pressure, 𝑢 and porewater
pressure, 𝑢 . Thus,
𝑢 .𝐴 𝑢 .𝐴 𝑢 .𝐴 𝑢 .𝐴
𝑢
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑢 𝐴 𝐴 𝑢 .𝐴
𝐴
𝐴
→𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝜒 𝑢 𝑢
𝐴
Where 𝜒 is dependent mainly on the degree of saturation and,
to a lesser extent, on the soil fabric structure.
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Shear Strength of Soil
Whatever, may be the external loading the eventual failure within

the soil mass would occur because of slippage or shear on a
particular surface.
The neibouring soil
will have a tendency
to move in the
outward and upward
direction, and the
failure line will follow
the resultant path.
Fig. 9: Failure mechanism in soil under footing

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In solid mass when forces are applied it generates stresses
like tensile, compressive, shear, flexural, torsional etc.
In soil, as being particulate material, these types of direct
stresses do not generate. Rather, stresses will propagate
within the soil mass and failure within the soil mass would
occur because of slippage or sliding on a particular soil
surface within the soil mass. This type of stresses due to
sliding on a particular surface is known as shear stress.
Failure theory (Mohr-Coulomb) describe the stresses at
failure surface as -
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠, 𝜏 𝑐 𝜎 tan 𝜑
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
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𝐶 and 𝜑 are known as shear strength parameters.
Fig. 10A: Illustration of Shear Strength of Soil

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Fig. 10B: Illustration of Shear Strength of Soil

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Contributing Factors of Shear Strength of Soil
The shear strength of soil may be attributed to 3 basic components:
 Frictional resistance between the individual soil grains, which
may be either of the sliding or rolling frictions or the both.
 Adhesion between soil particles called cohesion.
 Resistance due to interlocking of the particles. Friction
between grain contact surfaces in soils involves more than
just sliding, as closely packed soil grains must slide up and
over one another. That adds a volumetric component to
friction, dilatancy, and the denser the soil, the larger the
contribution from dilatancy.
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Contributing Factors of Shear Strength of Soil
Fig. 11: Illustration of friction

between solid bodies.
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Determination of Shear Strength Parameters 𝑐 and 𝜑
• Direct shear test • Torsion shear test
• Ring shear test (double
• Triaxial test
shear)
 Triaxial Compression • Hollow cylinder test
 Triaxial Extension • Plain strain test
• Unconfined compression • Cuboidal or true triaxial
test test
• Borehole shear test
• Vane shear test
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Shear Strength of Soil (Direct Shear Test)
Fig. 12: Direct shear apparatus and

shear strength parameters.
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Shear Strength of Soil (Direct Shear Test)
Fig. 12: Stress strain diagrams showing various shear strength of soil.
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Shear Strength of Soil(Direct Shear Test)
Fig. 13: Stress strain and volume change shear strain diagrams for
soils of various consistencies.
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Shear Strength of Soil (Triaxial Test)
The triaxial test is perhaps the most versatile and

sophisticated test for determining the shear strength
parameters of soils. Triaxial tests are basically of two types
depending on the mode of application of load to represent
the possible field conditions;
 Triaxial compression test and
 Triaxial extension test
Extension type of test condition in not very common. As
such, triaxial compression is the most frequent type and
meets most of the purposes.
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Shear Strength of Soil (Triaxial Compression Test)
In triaxial compression test, a cylindrical soil specimen

usually 38 mm in diameter and 76 mm in length, is
prepared and encased in a thin rubber membrane
which extends over a top cap and bottom pedestal.
It is then placed in a cylindrical perspex chamber
where an all around or confining pressure can be
applied.
The specimen of other dimensions can also be tested
provided the length to diameter ratio should lie in
between 2:1 to 3:1.
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To facilitate proper drainage condition of the sample,

porous stones/discs and filter papers are used at the
edges of the sample.
In order to enhance further drainage, filter paper
strips are wrapped around the sample. These connect
the porous disc at the top cap, the take off being
through a nylon tube which passes out of the cell
through its base.
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Fig. 14: Triaxial compression test setup.

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Fig. 15: Types of triaxial compression test.

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As UD and CD are similar where no porewater

pressure exists finally, only CD test is named. As
such, there are only THREE types of TRIAXIAL TEST.
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Generally, there are four steps in a triaxial test.

 Preparation of soil specimen
 Saturation of soil specimen
 Application of cell pressure
 Application of excess axial stress
The preparation of soil specimen, for all the tests is
essentially similar with only a minor exception that in case
of UU test the drainage accessories like wrapping of filter
paper around the soil specimen can be omitted.
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Drainage and Loading Conditions in Triaxial Tests
Type of test Third Step: Fourth Step: Application
Application of cell of additional axial stress
pressure
Unconsolidated Drainage is not Drainage is not allowed.
Undrained (UU) allowed. Sample is That is, failure occurs in
unconsolidated. undrained condition.
Consolidated Drainage is allowed. Drainage is not allowed.
Undrained (CU) That is, sample is That is, failure occures
consolidated. in undrained condition.
Consolidated Drainage is allowed. Drainage is allowed. That
Drained (CD) That is, sample is is, failure occurs in
consolidated. drained condition.
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Shear Strength of Soil (UU Triaxial Test)
Three specimens are tested with three cell pressures.

One near to insitu effective overburden stress, one 50%
and other one 200% of that.
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Fig. 16: Mohr’s Circle diagram for UU test

The failure envelope in this case can be defined as:
𝜏 𝑠 𝑐
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Fig. 17: Mohr’s Circle diagram for CU test

𝜏 𝑐 𝜎 tan 𝜑
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Fig. 18A: Mohr’s Circle diagram for CD test

𝜏 𝑐 𝜎 tan 𝜑 𝑐 𝜎 tan 𝜑
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Fig. 18B: Mohr’s Circle diagram for CU & CD
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Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Soil
To illustrate the soil parameters for normally consolidated (the

present overburden stress is the maximum in its life) and over-
consolidated (the present overburden is not the maximum in its life)
soil deposits, examples are taken for alluvial river deposits (Layer 1).
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Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Soil
As such, application of cell pressure in

triaxial test or application of normal load
in direct shear test is important. One near
to the insitu effective overburden stress,
one at its 50% and the other one at 200%
may be used unless otherwise decided by
the designer.
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Shear Strength of Soil (Unconfined Compression Test)
Unconfined compression test is similar to triaxial
tests, three identical cylindrical specimens are
tested for axial compression to failure in an
unconfined compression machine and their
justified average values are taken as the strength.
Fig. 19: Unconfined

compression test
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The unconfined compression test is not suitable for
loose sand, and usually is assumed to be undrained
when testing saturated clay, with all applied stress
going to pore water pressure. That is not supported by
visual evidence because water normally does not
squeeze out of a test specimen.
However, as depicted in Figure below, the assumption
of zero internal friction is on the safe side for design.
Test specimen lengths are at least two times the
diameters in order to avoid influence from end friction.
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Fig. 20: The unconfined compression strength with an assumed friction

angle of zero generally is regarded as being on the safe side for design
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Unconfined compression test can be done both on
undisturbed and remoulded samples. Their values usually
gives some useful estimation about the sensitivity of clay.
Table: Consistency and unconfined compressive
strength of clay soil
Consistency Unconfined compression
strength, qu(kN/m2)
Very soft < 25
Soft 25 - 50
Medium 50 - 100
Stiff 100 - 200
Very stiff 200 - 400
Hard 400 - 800
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Stress Distribution
A first step toward predicting settlement of a foundation
involves estimating pressures created in the underlying
soil, as stresses spread and decrease in intensity with
distance from a point of application. In 1885, Boussinesq
presented a solution based on ideal elastic behavior for
stresses created from a point load on the surface of solid
mass.
Boussinesq's theory is illustrated in Figure below. Contours
of equal stress are circles. Since foundation loads are not
point loads, additional steps are required to enable
applications of the theory to foundations.
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Stress Distribution
Fig. 20: Hooke's Law, the basis for Boussinesq theory: Stress bulb.
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Stress Distribution (Approximating Distributions)
Linear distributions of vertical stresses, as shown in

Figure, are convenient and are commonly employed,
particularly for small structures. The estimates may be
overly conservative. Sides of squares in Figure are one-half
of the foundation width, and Boussinesq distributions are
shown by shaded areas.
At a depth 3B under the center of a linear foundation the
theoretical stress is 20 percent of the foundation stress
and a linear distribution gives 25 percent. However, the
linear distribution extends over a wider area.
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← Figure showing linear

approximations for influence
coefficients at shallow depths,
1:2 for long and 1:3 for square
or round surface area loads.
Shaded areas show percentages
from elastic theory with no
increase in modulus, and heavy
dashed lines show 75 percent
reductions in foundation
pressure at depths 38 and 1.58
using linear approximations.
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At a distance 2B from the center of the foundation it is 25
percent of the foundation pressure compared to 10 percent
based on the elastic theory. The linear distributions, therefore,
can exaggerate pressures created in soils under nearby
existing foundations, and should not be used for this purpose.
A common procedure is to either identify soil layers and
estimate foundation stresses in centers of the layers or divide
the soil into arbitrary layers to estimate stresses. The amounts
of consolidation of each layer then are calculated from the
layer thicknesses and changes in void ratio determined from
consolidation tests. If the layers are for different soils, a
consolidation test will be required for each soil.
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Maximum Depth for Pressure Calculations
Pressure from a surface load theoretically is asymptotic with
increasing distance, but there are practical limits for the
calculations. A common assumption is that the influence from
a foundation pressure becomes negligible below a depth
defined by 0.25𝑞, where q is the foundation pressure. A more
conservative estimate is at 𝑂. 𝑙𝑂𝑞.
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Lateral Earth Pressure
Whenever there is any vertical stress there must be induced
lateral stresses known as active pressure, passive pressure
and earth pressure at rest.
The pressure exerted by the soil against an engineering
structure or acting on a surface of surrounding soil mass
is called earth pressure. Strictly speaking the two terms
used in geotechnical engineering related to pressure
namely pressure and stress are nearly synonymous.
However, pressure may be defined as the contact force per
unit area between a structure and soil whereas stress is
the force per unit area within the soil mass.
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Depends on
Physical Deformation characteristics

characteristics of soil of structures
Cohesionless
No deformation
soil
Lateral expansion (Structure

Cohesive soil moves away from soil)
Lateral contraction (Structure

c -  soil moves towards soil)
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Earth pressure
No deformation at rest
Deformation Lateral Active earth
characteristics of expansion pressure
structures
Lateral Lateral Passive
contraction earth pressure
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In general the ratio of lateral stress to vertical stress

is known as coefficient of earth pressure and
designated as K.
When a soil maintains the same lateral dimension
regardless of the vertical pressure, the lateral
pressure exerted by the soil on the structure or the
lateral stress induced within the soil mass is known as
earth pressure at rest. The ratio of lateral effective
stress, 𝜎 , to vertical effective stress, 𝜎 , at this
condition is termed as coefficient of earth pressure at
rest and designated by 𝐾 .
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When a soil expands laterally due to stresses, the
maximum lateral stress at which the soil fails due to
shear is called active earth pressure. The ratio of lateral
stress to vertical stress at this condition is termed as
coefficient of active earth pressure and designated by 𝐾 .
When a soil contracts laterally due to stresses, the
minimum lateral stress at which it fails due to shear is
called passive earth pressure. The ratio of lateral stress
to vertical stress at the condition is termed as coefficient
of passive earth pressure and designated by 𝐾 .
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Lateral Earth Pressure (Earth Pressure at Rest)
In case of rigid and unyielding retaining wall, no lateral
strain occurs in the soil. The corresponding lateral stress
or pressure is the earth pressure at rest. The vertical and
lateral stresses, 𝜎 and 𝜎 respectively, at this condition
can related as:
𝜎 𝐾 𝜎 𝐾 𝛾ℎ
A theoretical expression of 𝐾 for an isotropic,
homogeneous and elastic material can be obtained from the
condition of zero lateral strain. The lateral strain, 𝜖 , can
be expressed
(9.2)
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Lateral Earth Pressure (Earth Pressure at Rest)
Analytical method requires Poisson’s ratio to calculate
coefficient of earth pressure at rest, which is difficult to
determine. It is conventional to use empirical methods to
estimate the coefficient of earth pressure at rest. Jacky
(1944) proposed the following relationship for normally
consolidated soils.
𝐾 1 sin 𝜑
The magnitude of 𝐾 in an over-consolidated soil is higher
than that in a normally consolidated soil and somewhat
more difficult to predict. Mayne and Kulhawy (1982)
developed the following empirical relationship;
𝐾 1 sin 𝜑 𝑂𝐶𝑅
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Lateral Earth Pressure (Active & Passive Pressures)
𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋
𝑲𝒂
Rankine’s
Theory 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋
𝑲𝒑
Active Pressure and
Passive Pressure
Both theoretical
Coulomb’s formula and
Theory graphical
method
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Plate Load Test
The plate used in a plate load test causes stress to be more

concentrated by perimeter shear around the edges. This
effect is illustrated in Figure below.
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Plate Load Test
The smaller the loaded area, the larger the role played by
perimeter shear. This is significant when applying results
from a plate bearing test to a much larger foundation contact
area. Housel suggested a simple equation to isolate the
contributions from contact pressure and perimeter shear:
𝑊 𝑃𝑚 𝐴𝑛
Where 𝑊 is the applied load, 𝑃 is the plate perimeter, 𝐴 is the
contact area, and 𝑚 and 𝑛 are constants. Dividing by 𝐴 gives
𝑊 𝑃
𝑚 𝑛
𝐴 𝐴
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Plate Load Test
As the equation has two unknowns, 𝑚 and 𝑛, it can be evaluated by

conducting two plate bearing tests with two different sizes of
plates. Note that 𝑚 and 𝑛 are not dimensionless, so units must be
consistent. The resulting equation then can be applied using the
same values of 𝑚 and 𝑛 for a full-size foundation.
The contribution from perimeter shear decreases with increasing
foundation size. However, the depth of the pressure bulb
simultaneously increases, and if it extends down into stiffer soil, as
is often the case in normally consolidated soil of river floodplains,
it may compensate for the effect of perimeter shear. As an
evaluation of perimeter shear requires two bearing tests on
separated soil areas it often is ignored.
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Plate Load Test
Example: Plate load tests were conducted at an anticipated

foundation depth with two different diameters of plates. One
had a diameter of 2 ft (0.61 m) and the other of 3 ft (0.91
m). The following test results were obtained for 1 in. (25
mm) settlement:
Plate 1 Plate 2
A [ft2] 3.14 7.06
P [ft.] 6.28 9.42
W [lb.] 2.82 5.60
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Plate Load Test
Solution: Plate load tests were conducted at an anticipated

foundation depth with two different diameters of plates. One
had a diameter of 2 ft (0.61 m) and the other of 3 ft (0.91
m). The following test results were obtained for 1 in. (25
mm) settlement. Calculate the load taken by a 5 ft square
footing.
Plate 1 Plate 2
W [lb] 2.82 6.50
W/A [lb/ft2] 898 793
P/A [/ft] 2.0 1.33

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02/13/2022 38

Plate Load Test
Solution (contd.):
𝑊 ⁄𝐴 𝑃⁄𝐴 𝑚 𝑛
Plate 1 Plate 2
898 2𝑚 𝑛 793 1.33𝑚 𝑛
𝑛 898 2𝑚 793 1.33𝑚
→ 𝑚 157; 𝑛 734
For a square footing 5 ft on a side, A = ft2 ; P = 25 ft:

𝑊 ⁄25 20⁄25 157 734
→𝑊 17600 𝑙𝑏
77
77

Plate Load Test
Figure showing Schematic Figure showing

of a plate bearing test. stress envelope
Even with a perimeter correction, plate bearing test data on

layered soils can give results that are on the unsafe side for
both bearing capacity and settlement.
78
78
02/13/2022 39
Questions?
Thank you
79
79
02/13/2022 40

BNBC LECTURE 13FEB 2022 Geotech 02 FINAL

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BNBC LECTURE 13FEB 2022 Geotech 02 FINAL

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S.

Professor Md. Zoynul Abedin, Ph.D.

Geotechnical Design of Foundations:

PART : 6 (in Volume 2 of BNBC)

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

 Geotech 01 (12 Feb 2022): Some Basics of Soil

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

(1) Any civil engineering structure must rest on or

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

(3) As soil mass consists of various sizes, shapes and

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

(4) Whatever, may be the external loading the

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

(7) Settlement of soil in many instances is a time

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

(10) Whenever there is any vertical stress there must be

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

A soil plane at a depth of 𝑧 within a soil mass is

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Let 𝑃 , 𝑃 , 𝑃 , 𝑃 , 𝑃 be the vertical load acting on the

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

→ Effective stress = Total stress – Porewater pressure

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Fig. 2: Groundwater level (GWL) and zones above the GWL.

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Fig. 3B: Capillary rise with porewater pressure diagram

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

← Fig. 4: Porewater pressure

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Fig. 8B: Pore pressure distribution diagram for various conditions

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

← Fig. 6: Normal and

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

← Fig. 7: Confined groundwater

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Fig. 8A: Pore pressure distribution diagram for various conditions

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Whatever, may be the external loading the eventual failure within

Fig. 9: Failure mechanism in soil under footing

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

𝐶 and 𝜑 are known as shear strength parameters.

Fig. 10A: Illustration of Shear Strength of Soil

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Fig. 10B: Illustration of Shear Strength of Soil

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Fig. 11: Illustration of friction

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Fig. 12: Direct shear apparatus and

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

The triaxial test is perhaps the most versatile and

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

In triaxial compression test, a cylindrical soil specimen