BNBC LECTURE 19FEB 2022 Geotech 03 FINAL

S.
K. Ghosh Associates LLC
International Code Council (ICC)
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF
FOUNDATIONS:
PROVISIONS IN BNBC 2020
Date: 19 February 2022
Session 33: Geotech 3
Professor Md. Zoynul Abedin, Ph.D.

Military Institute of Science & Technology (MIST)
Dhaka, Bangladesh
S-8A SEng PRP

Training Program
Geotechnical Design of Foundations:

Provisions in BNBC 2020
PART : 6 (in Volume 2 of BNBC)

Structural Design
Structural and Geotechnical Designs
Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations
2
02/19/2022 URP | RAJUK | S‐8 COMPONENT
www.skghoshassociates.com
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S. K. Ghosh Associates LLC

Lecture Proceedings
 Geotech 01 (12 Feb 2022): Some basics of soil

mechanics (a subset Geotechnical Engineering)
 Geotech 02 (13 Feb 2022): Some complexities in
Geotechnical Engineering
 Geotech 03 (19 Feb 2022): Selected Code
Provisions for Division A & B: Site Investigations,
Pile Foundation. The lecture proceedings will
follow the Section Titles sequence of BNBC 2020
in order to be familiar with the Code Provisions or
Items that are included in BNBC 2020.
3

Organization of this Chapter (with Appendices)
The Soils and Foundations Chapter of the Code is divided

into 3 major Divisions (A, B & C) consisting of 22
Sections. In addition, there are 5 Appendices (D, E, F, G
& H) related to this Chapter.
A. Definitions, Site Investigations, Soil Classifications,
Materials and Foundation Types
B. Service Load Design Method of Foundations
C. Additional Considerations in Planning, Design and
Construction of Building Foundations
4
2

Organization of this Chapter (with Appendices)
Appendix D: Methods of Soil Exploration, Sampling and

Groundwater Measurements
Appendix E: Recommended Criteria for Identification and
Classification of Expansive Soil
Appendix F: Construction of Pile Foundation
Appendix G: Other Methods of Estimating Ultimate Axial
Capacity of Piles and Drilled Shafts, and
Design Charts for Settlement
Appendix H: References of Chapter 3 Part 6 (Soils and
Foundations)
5

Scope of the Chapter
The provisions of this Chapter shall be

applicable to the design and construction of
foundations of buildings and structures for
the safe support of dead and superimposed
loads without exceeding the allowable
bearing stresses, permissible settlements
and design capability.
6
3

Scope of the Chapter
Because of uncertainties and randomness involved in

sub-soil characteristics, Geotechnical Engineering
requires a high degree of engineering judgment. As
such the Code provisions of this Chapter are kept
elaborative for better understanding of the readers.
PROVISIONS THAT ARE STATED IN IMPERATIVE FORM
USING “SHALL” ARE MANDATORY. Other provisions of
this Chapter should be followed using sound
Geotechnical Engineering judgment.
7

Code Provision in BNBC 2020
DIVISION A: Site Investigations, Soil Classifications, Materials
and Foundation Types (Sections 3.4 To 3.7)
SECTIONS 3.1: GENERAL

SECTIONS 3.2: SCOPE
SECTIONS 3.3: DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS
Introductory statements. Scope has already been discussed.
SECTIONS 3.4: SITE INVESTIGATIONS
3.4.1 Sub-Surface Survey
3.4.2 Sub-Soil Investigations
Omitted in this lecture; Quite straight forward.
8
4

3.4.3 Methods of Exploration

3.4.4 Number and Location of Investigation Points
Omitted in this lecture; Quite straight forward.
3.4.5 Depth of Exploration
Partially omitted in this lecture; Quite straight forward.
9


A point to be discussed.
A rule of thumb used for this purpose is to extend the
borings to a depth where the additional load resulting from
the proposed building is less than 10% of the average load
of the structure, or less than 5% of the effective stress in the
soil at that depth.
10
10
5


A point to be discussed (Elaboration).
A commonly used rule is that, unless bed rock is
encountered, boring should be carried to such a depth that
the net increase in soil stress caused by the proposed
construction is less than 10% of the maximum value.
A second technique employs the concept of drilling to depths
where the net increase in soil stress caused by the proposed
construction is limited to less than 5% of the effective stress
caused by the weight of the soil.
. 11
11

12
12
6

1800 kN
Example: As illustrated.
Ground Surface
1.5 m
3 m  3 m Footing
1.5 16 24 𝛾 16 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
3𝑉: 1𝐻 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1.0 m
Solution: WT
2.5 16 40
𝛾 18 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 1800
40 18 9.81 𝑧 𝑞 24 176 𝑘𝑃𝑎
3 3
40 8.19𝑧 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 3𝑉: 1𝐻 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠,
∴ 0.05 40 8.19𝑧 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 10% 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 10 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
176 9 176 9
→ 176 0.1 17.6
3 0.67𝑧 3 0.67𝑧 3 0.67𝑧 3 0.67𝑧
3868 ∴ 3 0.67𝑧 3 0.67𝑧 90 → 𝑧 9.7 𝑚
𝑧 2→ 𝑧 16.9 𝑚
3 0.67𝑧 3 0.67𝑧
40 8.19𝑧
13
02/19/2022 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
U R P | R A J U𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
K | S ‐ 8 𝑜𝑓
C O M𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
PONENT 7.5 𝑚
13

3.4.6 Sounding and Penetration Tests (also Appendix- D)

Few points to be discussed about SPT Correction.
Facts Regarding SPT Correction
It was only as late as in 1957, Gibbs & Holtz suggested that
corrections should be made for field SPT values for depth.
As the correction factor came to be considered only after
1957, all empirical data published before 1957 like those
by Terzaghi is for uncorrected values of SPT.
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Facts Regarding SPT Correction (Continued)
Since then a number of investigators have suggested overburden
correction. Gibbs & Holtz took standard pressure as 280 kN/m2
(corresponding to a depth of 14 m) and duly made overburden
correction for other overburdens. Thornburn suggested a
standard pressure of 138 kN/m2 (corresponding to a depth of 7
m). Finally, in 1974, Peck, Hanson and Thornburn suggested a
standard pressure of 100 kN/m2 (corresponding to a depth of 5
m). These days many SPT corrections are suggested.
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Various SPT Designations (Red coloured ones are not in use)
SPT value, N-value, SPT N-value, NSPT, NField, N, Nf = All raw field
values of SPT number
N1 = Field values corrected only for overburden (considering
standard pressure as 1 tsf)
Nc, N, = Corrected SPT value (field value  15) for silts & fine
sand below water table without considering any other
corrections
N60 = Corrected field SPT value for hammer efficiency only
considering standard hammer efficiency as 60 percent
N70 = Corrected field SPT value for hammer efficiency only
considering standard hammer efficiency as 70 percent
16
16
8


Various SPT Designations (Red coloured ones are not in use)
N60 = Corrected field SPT value considering hammer
efficiency and other field procedures (for all types of soil)
(N1)60 , N1(60) = Corrected SPT values with both corrections of
all field procedures and overburden
(N1)60 (CORR) = Corrected SPT value (field value  15) for silts
& fine sand below water table after performing both
overburden correction and corrections for field
procedures
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BNBC 2020 Recommended SPT Designations and Corrections
SPT value, N-value, SPT N-value, N = All raw field values of SPT
number
N60 = Corrected field SPT value considering hammer efficiency
and other field procedures (applies for all types of soil)
(N1)60 = Corrected SPT values with both corrections of all field
procedures and overburden (applies only for sandy soil)
(N1)60(CORR) = Corrected SPT values for silts and fine sands under
water table with (N1)60 values  15 (Terzaghi & Peck, 1948)
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(a) For All Types of Soil
𝑬𝑯 𝑪𝑩 𝑪𝑺 𝑪𝑹 𝑵
𝑵𝟔𝟎 6.D.1
𝟎.𝟔𝟎
Where,
𝑵𝟔𝟎 Corrected SPT N-value for field procedures
𝑬𝑯 Hammer efficiency in decimals (Table 6.D.4; 0.45 – 0.70)
𝑪𝑩 Borehole diameter correction (Table 6.D.5; 1.00 – 1.15)
𝑪𝑺 Sampler correction (Table 6.D.5; 1.00 & 1.20)
𝑪𝑹 Rod length correction (Table 6.D.5; 0.75 – 1.00)
𝑪𝑹 Measured SPT N-value in field 19
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(b) For sandy soil only (mainly meant for liquefaction analysis;
however, also used in some of foundation designs)
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝑵 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝝈𝒐
𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 6.D.2
𝑵𝟏 𝟔𝟎 𝑪𝑵 𝑵𝟔𝟎 6.D.3
Where,
𝑪𝑵 Correction factor for overburden ( 2.00)
𝝈𝒐 Effective overburden pressure ( 25 kPa) at the depth of SPT.
𝑵𝟏 𝟔𝟎 Corrected N value for all field procedures and overburden.
𝑵𝟔𝟎 Corrected N value for all field procedure incl. hammer efficiency.
20
20
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(c) Dilatancy Correction: For fine sand and silty fine sand with
𝑁 15 (Terzaghi and Peck, 1948)
𝑵𝟏 𝟔𝟎 𝑪𝑶𝑹𝑹 𝟏𝟓 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑵𝟏 𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟓 6.D.4
Where,
𝑵𝟏 𝟔𝟎 𝑪𝑶𝑹𝑹 Corrected SPT value for dilatancy (usually
used with Terzaghi’s formulas)
𝑵𝟏 𝟔𝟎 Corrected SPT value for field procedures and
overburden
21
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3.4.7 Geotechnical Investigation Report

An important point to be discussed.
Geotechnical investigation report is the subsoil investigator’s
findings. They should not recommend any foundation bearing
capacity, as that depends on so many factors especially for
inorganic and organic problematic or difficult soils. In addition,
this creates confusion when the construction is done by
contractor whose job is to investigate the subsoil independently.
The geotechnical bearing capacity must be estimated by a
competent foundation engineer or geotechnical engineer, and
submitted in a separate report or section. 22
22
11

SECTIONS 3.5: IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION AND

DESCRIPTION OF SOILS
3.5.1 Identification of Soils
Quite straight forward.
3.5.2 Particle Size Classification of Soils
3.5.3 Engineering Classification of Soils
3.5.4 Identification and Classification of Organic Soils
Already mentioned in Basics of Soil Mechanics.
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SECTIONS 3.5: IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION AND

DESCRIPTION OF SOILS
3.5.5 Identification and Classification of Expansive Soils
3.5.6 Identification and Classification of Collapsible Soils
3.5.7 Identification and Classification of Dispersive Soils
3.5.8 Identification and Classification of Soft Inorganic Soils
Already mentioned in Basics of Soil Mechanics.
24
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12

SECTIONS 3.6: MATERIALS

3.6.1 Concrete
3.6.2 Steel
3.6.3 Timber
Omitted in this lecture.
25
25

SECTIONS 3.7: TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Depending on depth at which it transfers load,
foundations can be classified as:
Shallow Foundation: Transfers load to a
shallower strata;
 Depth less than breadth, B
 Depth less than 3 meters
Deep Foundation: Transfers load to a deeper
strata.
26
26
13


There is another classification scheme where foundations may be
categorized also by their depth below ground level. There are
three arbitrary general categories:
1. Shallow: 1
2. Moderately deep: 1 5
3. Deep: 5
Where, 𝐷 is the depth of foundation and 𝐵 is its width (minimum
dimension). For moderately deep foundation, Meyerhof
introduced factors that to be used with bearing capacity factors,
taking into account the depth and shape of a footing.
27
27


3.7.1 Shallow Foundations
3.7.2 Footing
3.7.3 Raft/Mat
3.7.4 Deep Foundations
3.7.5 Driven Piles
3.7.6 Bored Piles/Cast-in-Situ Piles
3.7.7 Drilled Pier/Drilled Shafts
3.7.8 Caisson/Well
Omitted in this lecture; Straight forward.
28
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DIVISION B: DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS (SECTIONS 3.8 to 3.11)
SECTIONS 3.8: SHALLOW FOUNDATION

3.8.1 Distribution of Bearing Pressure
3.8.2 Dimension of Footings
3.8.3 Thickness of Footing
3.8.4 Footings in Fill Soil
3.8.5 Soil and Rock Property Selection
3.8.6 Minimum Depth of Foundation
3.8.7 Scour
3.8.8 Mass Movement of Ground in Unstable Areas
3.8.9 Foundation Excavation
3.8.10 Design Considerations for Raft foundation
29
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SECTIONS 3.9: GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

3.9.1 General
3.9.2 Design Load
3.9.3 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
3.9.4 Settlement of Shallow Foundation
3.9.5 Dynamic Ground Stability or Liquefaction Potential for
Foundation Soils
3.9.6 Structural Design of Shallow Foundations
30
30
15

SECTIONS 3.10: GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS

3.10.1 Driven Precast Piles
3.10.1.1 Application
3.10.1.2 Materials
3.10.1.3 Penetration
3.10.1.4 Estimated pile length
3.10.1.5 Types of driven piles
3.10.1.6 Batter piles
3.10.1.7 Selection of soil and rock properties
3.10.1.8 Pile driving equipment
3.10.1.9 Design capacity of driven precast pile
31
31

SECTIONS 3.10: GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF DEEP

FOUNDATIONS
3.10.1.10 Ultimate geotechnical capacity of driven precast
pile for axial load
The ultimate load capacity, 𝑞 , of a pile consists of two
parts. One part is due to friction called skin friction or
shaft friction or side shear, 𝑄 and the other is due to end
bearing at the base or tip of the pile, 𝑄 .
32
32
16


3.10.1.10 Ultimate geotechnical capacity of driven precast pile
for axial load
The ultimate axial capacity 𝑄 of driven piles shall be
determined in accordance with the following for compression
loading.
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑊 (6.3.11)
For uplift loading;
𝑄 0.7𝑄 𝑊 (6.3.12)
The allowable or working axial load shall be determined as:
𝑄 𝑄 ⁄𝐹𝑆 (6.3.13)
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3.10.1.10 Ultimate geotechnical capacity of driven precast pile for axial load
Where, 𝑾 is the weight of the pile and 𝑭𝑺 is a gross factor of safety as
suggested in Tables 6.3.10a and 6.3.10b. Often, for compression loading, the
weight term is neglected if the weight, 𝑾 , is considered in estimating
imposed loading.
SUGGESTION: To be consistent with the pile load results and the effect of
overburden, it is reasonable to ignore weight of pile, 𝑾 from both the
equation (6.311) and load calculation which is the current practice.
The ultimate bearing capacity (skin friction and/or end bearing) of a single
vertical pile may be determined by any of the following methods.
(i) By the use of static bearing capacity equations
(ii) By the use of SPT and CPT
(iii) By load tests
(iv) By dynamic methods 34
34
17


3.10.1.11 Static bearing capacity equations for driven precast pile capacity
35
35


36
36
18


The skin friction, 𝑸𝒔 and end bearing 𝑸𝒃 can be calculated as:
𝑄 𝐴 𝑓 (6.3.14a)
𝑄 𝐴 𝑓 (6.3.14b)
Where,
𝐴 Skin friction area (perimeter area) of the pile = Perimeter × Length
𝑓 Skin frictional resistance on unit surface area of pile that depends on soil
properties and loading conditions (drained or undrained)
𝐴 End bearing area of the pile = Cross-sectional area of pile tip (bottom)
𝑓 End bearing resistance on unit tip area of pile, that depends on soil
properties to a depth of 2B (B is the diameter for a circular pile section or length
of sides for a square pile section) from the pile tip and loading conditions
(drained or undrained) 37
37


For a layered soil system containing n number of layers, end
bearing resistance can be calculated considering soil properties of
the layer at which the pile rests, and the skin friction resistance
considers all the penetrating layers calculated as:
𝑄 ∑ ∆𝑧 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓 (6.3.15)
Where, ∆𝒛𝒊 represents the thickness of any 𝒊𝒕𝒉 layer and
𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊 is the perimeter of the pile in that layer. The manner
in which skin friction is transferred to the adjacent soil depends on
the soil type.
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38
19


FOUNDATIONS
3.10.1.12 Axial capacity of driven precast pile in cohesive
soil using static bearing capacity equations
There are basically two approaches for calculating skin
friction:
(i) The α-method that is based on total stress analysis and is
normally used to estimate the short term load capacity of
piles embedded in fine grained soils. In this method, a
coefficient α is used to relate the undrained shear strength
𝒄𝒖 or 𝒔𝒖 to the adhesive stress 𝑓 along the pile shaft.
39
39


40
40
20


41
41


(ii) The 𝜷 method is based on an effective stress analysis and is
used to determine both the short term and long term pile load
capacities. The friction along the pile shaft is found using
Coulomb’s friction law, where the friction stress is given by 𝑓
𝜇𝜎 . The lateral effective stress, 𝜎 is proportional to vertical
effective stress, 𝜎 by a co-efficient, 𝐾.
COMMENT: 𝜷 method is used for both cohesionless soil and
normally consolidated clay soil.
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43
43


44
44
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45
45

3.10.1.13 Axial Capacity of driven precast pile in cohesive

soil using SPT values
Skin friction 𝑓 and end bearing 𝑓 are determined directly
from SPT values 𝑵𝟔𝟎 with some restrictions in their values.
That is, limiting values are suggested for both end .
An enhanced global factor of safety of 3.5 is recommended.
COMMENT: Should only be used in preliminary design. For
final design, soil parameters obtained from laboratory
testing should be employed.
46
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3.10.1.14 Axial capacity of driven precast pile in cohesionless soil using
static bearing capacity equations
For piles in cohesionless soil, the ultimate side resistance may be
estimated using the following formula, where different sets of 𝛽 and 𝑁
values are suggested. For 𝑁 Fig. 6.3.2 can also be used.
47
47

3.10.1.14 Axial capacity of driven precast pile in

cohesionless soil using static bearing capacity equations
COMMENT: 𝑁 value can
vary widely. BNBC 2020
suggested moderate
values.
48
48
24

3.10.1.15 Critical depth for end bearing and skin friction

The vertical effective stress (𝜎 or 𝜎 ) increases with depth.
In reality skin friction does not increase indefinitely. It is
believed that skin friction would become a constant at a
certain depth. This depth is named critical depth.
Experimental data indicates that end bearing capacity does
not also increase with depth indefinitely. Due to lack of a
valid theory, Engineers use the same critical depth concept
adopted for skin friction for end bearing capacity as well.
Both the skin friction and the end bearing capacity are
assumed to increase till the critical depth, 𝑫𝒄 and then
maintain a constant value.
49
49

3.10.1.15 Critical depth for end bearing and skin friction

Following approximations may be used for the critical depth
in relation to diameter of pile, 𝑫. Pile Dia. = 400 mm
Length = 20 m Ground Level
𝑫𝒄 𝟏𝟎𝑫 For loose sand Clay layer, 2 m
 = 16 kN/m3
𝑫𝒄 𝟏𝟓𝑫 For medium sand cu = 100 kPa 16 2 32 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑫𝒄 𝟐𝟎𝑫 For dense sand Dense sand, 10 m;

 = 18 kN/m3 Dc = 8 m
φ = 35o
COMMENT: Critical depth will

32 8 18
begin from top of each sand layer. 176 𝑘𝑃𝑎
The use of critical depth is
discouraged these days for
various issues. 50
50
25

3.10.1.16 Axial Capacity of Driven Precast Pile in Cohesionless

Soil using SPT Values
Similar to that of cohesive soil (Sec. 3.10.1.13). Omitted in this lecture.
3.10.1.17 Axial capacity of driven precast pile using pile load Test
3.10.1.18 Selection of factor of safety for driven precast pile
Discussed before; Omitted in this lecture.
3.10.1.19 Group piles and group capacity of driven precast piles
3.10.1.20 Pile caps
3.10.1.21 Lateral load capacity on driven precast piles
51
51


3.10.1.22 Vertical ground movement and negative skin friction in
driven precast piles
3.10.1.23 Driven precast pile in expansive soils (upward movement)
3.10.1.24 Dynamic/seismic design of driven precast pile
3.10.1.25 Protection against corrosion and abrasion in driven precast
pile
3.10.1.26 Dynamic monitoring of driven precast pile
3.10.1.27 Maximum allowable driving stresses in driven precast pile
52
52
26


3.10.1.28 Effect of buoyancy in driven precast pile
3.10.1.29 Protection against Deterioration of Driven Precast Piles
3.10.1.30 Pile spacing, clearance and embedment in driven precast
pile
3.10.1.31 Structural capacity of driven precast pile section
3.10.1.32 Dynamic monitoring of driven precast pile
3.10.1.33 Maximum allowable driving stresses in driven precast pile
53
53


3.10.2 Driven Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles
3.10.2.1 Shape
3.10.2.2 Minimum area
3.10.2.3 General reinforcement requirements
3.10.2.4 Reinforcement in superstructure
3.10.2.5 Shell requirements
3.10.2.6 Splices
3.10.2.7 Reinforcement cover
54
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27


3.10.2 Driven Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles
3.10.2.8 Installation
3.10.2.9 Concreting
3.10.2.10 Structural integrity
3.10.3 Prestressed Concrete Piles
3.10.3.1 Shape and size
3.10.3.2 Reinforcement
3.10.3.3 Vertical and spiral reinforcement
3.10.3.4 Driving and handling stresses
Omitted in this lecture. 55
55


3.10.4 Bored Piles
3.10.4.1 Shape and size
3.10.4.2 Dimension
3.10.4.3 Ultimate geotechnical capacity of bored pile for axial load
3.10.4.4 Axial capacity of bored piles in cohesive soil using static bearing
capacity equations
The ultimate axial capacity of bored piles in cohesive may be calculated from the
same static formula as used for driven piles, given by Equations 6.3.14a,
6.3.14b and 6.3.15, using a total stress method for undrained loading
conditions, or an effective stress method for drained loading conditions. The skin
friction 𝒇𝒔 may be taken as 2/3rd the value of driven piles and the end bearing 𝒇𝒃
may be taken as 1/3rd of that of driven pile.
COMMENT: Too much conservative: Global FS 2.00 may be used to compare
56
56
28


3.10.4 Bored Piles
3.10.4.5 Axial capacity of bored piles in cohesive soil using SPT values
Similar approach to that of driven pile.
3.10.4.6 Axial capacity of bored piles in cohesionless soil using static
bearing
The skin friction 𝒇𝒔 may be taken as 2/3rd the value of driven piles and
the end bearing 𝒇𝒃 may be taken as 1/3rd of that of driven pile.
COMMENT: Too much conservative: Global FS 2.00 may be used to
compare
3.10.4.7 Axial capacity of bored piles in cohesionless soil using SPT values
57
57


3.10.4 Bored Piles
3.10.4.8 Axial capacity of bored pile using pile load test
3.10.4.9 Structural capacity of bored concrete pile/drilled shaft
3.10.4.10 Selection of factor of safety for bored pile
3.10.4.11 Group capacity of bored pile
58
58
29


3.10.5 Settlement of Driven and Bored Piles
3.10.6 Drilled Shafts/ Drilled Piers
Large diameter (more than 600 mm) bored piles are sometimes
classified as drilled shaft or drilled piers. They are usually
provided with enlarged base called bell. The provisions of this
article shall apply to the design of axially and laterally loaded
drilled shafts/ drilled piers in soil or extending through soil to or
into rock.
59
59


FOUNDATIONS
3.10.6.1 Application of drilled shaft
3.10.6.2 Materials for drilled shaft
3.10.6.3 Embedment for drilled shaft
3.10.6.4 Batter drilled shaft
3.10.6.5 Selection of soil properties for drilled shaft
60
60
30


3.10.6.6 Geotechnical design of drilled shafts
Drilled shafts shall be designed to support the design loads with
adequate bearing and structural capacity, and with tolerable
settlements. The response of drilled shafts subjected to seismic
and dynamic loads shall also be evaluated. Shaft design shall be
based on working stress principles using maximum un-factored
loads derived from calculations of dead and live loads from
superstructures, substructures, earth (i.e., sloping ground), wind
and traffic. Allowable axial and lateral loads may be determined by
separate methods of analysis.
61
61


3.10.6.7 Bearing capacity equations for drilled shaft
The ultimate axial capacity 𝑸𝒖𝒍𝒕 of drilled shafts shall be determined
in accordance with the principles laid for bored piles.
Skin Friction Capacity in Cohesive Soil
62
62
31


Skin Friction Capacity in Cohesive Soil
63
63


End bearing Capacity in Cohesive Soil
For end bearing of cohesive soil, the following relations given by
Equations 6.3.43 and 6.3.44 are recommended.
64
64
32


End bearing Capacity in Cohesive Soil
65
65


Skin Friction Capacity in Cohesionless Soil
66
66
33


Skin Friction Capacity in Cohesionless Soil
67
67


End bearing Capacity in Cohesionless Soil
68
68
34


End bearing Capacity in Cohesionless Soil
69
69


3.10.6.8 Other methods of evaluating axial load capacity of
drilled shaft
A number of other methods are available to estimate the ultimate
axial load capacity of drilled shafts. These methods are based on N-
values obtained from Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and on angle
of internal friction of sand. These methods may also be used to
estimate the ultimate load carrying capacity of drilled shafts
(Appendix G).
 Method based on the Standard Penetration Test (CGS, 1985)
 Method based on Theory of Plasticity (CGS, 1985)
 Tomlinson (1995) Method 70
70
35


3.10.6.9 Factor of safety for drilled shaft
Similar to bored and driven piles, drilled shafts shall be designed for
a minimum overall factor of safety of 2.0 against bearing capacity
failure (end bearing, side resistance or combined) when the design
is based on the results of a load test conducted at the site.
Otherwise, it shall be designed for a minimum overall factor of safety
3.0. The minimum recommended overall factor of safety is based on
an assumed normal level of field quality control during construction.
If a normal level of field quality control cannot be assured, higher
minimum factors of safety shall be used. The recommended values of
overall factor of safety on ultimate axial load capacity based on
specified construction control is presented in Tables 6.3.10a and
6.3.10b. URP | RAJUK | S‐8 COMPONENT
71
02/19/2022
71


3.10.6.10 Deformation and settlement of axially loaded
drilled shaft
3.10.6.11 Drilled shaft in layered soil profile
3.10.6.12 Tolerable movement of drilled shaft
3.10.6.13 Group loading of drilled shaft
72
72
36


3.10.6.14 Drilled shaft in strong soil overlying weak soil
73
73


3.10.6.15 Lateral loads on drilled shaft
3.10.6.16 Uplift loads on drilled shaft
3.10.6.17 Consideration of vertical ground movement
3.10.6.18 Negative skin friction
3.10.6.19 Expansive soils
3.10.6.20 Dynamic/seismic design of drilled shaft
3.10.6.21 Structural shaft design, shaft dimensions and shaft
spacing
74
74
37


3.10.6.22 Enlarged base of drilled shaft
3.10.6.23 Construction of drilled shaft
3.10.6.24 Concreting of drilled shaft
3.11 FIELD TESTS FOR DRIVEN PILES AND DRILLED SHAFTS
3.11.1 Integrity Test
3.11.2 Axial Load Tests for Compression
3.11.2.1 Load test evaluation methods for axial compressive
3.11.2.2 Some factors influencing interpretations of load test
results for axial compression
Omitted in this lecture. URP | RAJUK | S‐8 COMPONENT
75
02/19/2022
75

3.11 FIELD TESTS FOR DRIVEN PILES AND DRILLED SHAFTS

3.11.2 Axial Load Tests for Compression
3.11.2.1 Load test evaluation methods for axial compressive
3.11.2.2 Some factors influencing interpretations of load test
results for axial compression
3.11.3 Load Test for Uplift Capacity of Driven Pile, Bored Pile
and Drilled Shaft
3.11.4 Load Tests for Lateral Load Capacity
76
76
38

DIVISION C: ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING, DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING FOUNDATIONS (SECTIONS 3.12 to 3.22)
3.12 EXCAVATION
3.12.1 Notice to Adjoining Property
3.12.2 Excavation Work
3.12.2.1 Methods of protection
3.12.2.2 Placing of construction material
3.12.2.3 Safety regulations
3.13 DEWATERING
3.14 SLOPE STABILITY OF ADJOINING BUILDINGS
77
77

3.15 FILLS
3.15.1 Quality of Fill
3.15.2 Placement of Fill
3.15.3 Specifications
3.16 PROTECTIVE RETAINING STRUCTURES FOR
FOUNDATIONS/ SHORE PILES
3.17 WATERPROOFING AND DAMP-PROOFING
3.17.1 General
3.17.1.1 Waterproofing where hydrostatic pressure occurs
3.17.1.2 Floor waterproofing
78
78
39

3.17.1.3 Wall waterproofing

3.17.1.4 Damp-proofing with no hydrostatic pressure
3.17.1.5 Floor damp-proofing
3.17.1.6 Wall damp-proofing
3.17.1.7 Perimeter drain
3.17.1.8 Wall damp-proofing
3.17.2 Other Damp-proofing and Waterproofing Requirements
3.17.2.1 Placement of backfill
3.17.2.2 Site grading
3.17.2.3 Erosion protection
79

3.18 FOUNDATIONS ON SLOPE

3.19 FOUNDATIONS ON ON FILLS AND PROBLEMATIC SOILS
3.19.1 Footings on Filled up Ground
3.19.2 Ground Improvement
3.19.3 Soil Reinforcement
3.20 FOUNDATION DESIGN FOR DYNAMIC FORCES
3.20.1 Effect of Dynamic Forces
3.20.1 Machine Foundation
3.20.1.1 Types of machine foundations
3.20.1.2 Design considerations
80
40

3.20.1.3 Design methods

3.20.1.4 Vibration analysis of a machine foundation:
3.20.1.5 Determination of parameters for vibration analysis
3.21 GEO-HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR BUILDINGS
3.22 LIST OF RELATED APPENDICES
81
81

Appendix D: Methods of Soil Exploration, Sampling And
D.1 METHODS OF SOIL EXPLORATION
D.1.1 Open Trial Pits
D.1.2 Auger Boring
D.1.3 Shell and Auger Boring
D.1.4 Wash Boring
D.1.5 Sounding/Probing
D.1.6 Geophysical Methods
D.1.7 Percussion Boring
D.1.8 Rotary Drilling
82
82
41

D.2 CHOICE OF METHOD
D.3 SAMPLE DISTURBANCE AND SAMPLING METHODS
D.4 GROUNDWATER MEASUREMENTS IN SOIL
D.5 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST
D.5.1 Corrections/ Standardization of SPT Value for Field
Procedures for all Soil Types
D.5.2 Corrections of SPT Value for Overburden Pressure for all
Types of Cohesionless Soils
D.5.3 Corrections of SPT Value for Water Table (Dilatancy) in
case of Fine Sand and Silty Sand
D.5.4 SPT Value and Density Index Relations
83
83

D.6 DYNAMIC CONE PENETRATION TEST

D.7 STATIC CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT)
D.7.1 The Penetrometer
D.7.2 Mechanical Penetrometer
D.7.3 Operation of Mechanical Penetrometer
D.7.4 The Electric Penetrometer
D.7.5 Operation of Electric Penetrometer
D.7.6 Piezocone
D.7.7 Temperature Cone
84
84
42

D.7.8 Effect of Rate of Penetration

D.7.9 Cone Resistance qc and Local Side Friction 𝒇𝒄
D.7.10 Friction Ratio, 𝑹𝒇
D.7.11 Relationship between 𝑞 , Relative Density 𝑫𝒓 and
Friction Angle 𝝋 for Sand
D.7.12 Relationship between 𝑞 and Undrained Shear
Strength, 𝒄𝒖 of Clay Soil
D.7.13 Soil Classification based on CPT Results
D.7.14 Correlation between SPT and CPT
85
85

D.8 GEOPHYSICAL METHODS OF EXPLORATION

D.8.1 Seismic Refraction Survey
D.8.2 Cross Hole Survey
D.8.3 Resistivity Survey
86
86
43

Appendix E: Recommended Criteria for Identification and
Classification of Expansive Soil
87
87

F.1 INTRODUCTION
F.2 PILING DRIVING EQUIPMENT
F.3 INSTALLATION OF DRIVEN PILES
F.4 PILE DRIVING LEADS
F.5 PILING HAMMERS
F.6 DRIVING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
F.7 DRIVING PROCEDURES
F.8 PILE HAMMER SELECTION GUIDELINES (Tables Presented)
F.9 NOISE LEVEL IN PILE DRIVING
88
88
44

PILE HAMMER SELECTION GUIDELINES

Selection of pile and pile hammer is usually done using wave equation
program. If wave analysis is not done following Tables 6.F.2(a) and
6.F.2(b) may be used as an approximate guide.
89
89

PILE HAMMER SELECTION GUIDELINES
90
90
45

F.10 CONSTRUCTION OF BORED CAST-IN-SITU PILE/ DRILLED

SHAFT
F.10.1 Method of Advancing the Hole for Bored Pile/Drilled Shaft
F.10.2 Limitations of Bentonite Method
F.10.3 Actions to be Taken Prior to Concreting
F.10.4 Concreting of Piles
91
91

Appendix G: Other Methods of Estimating Ultimate Axial Capacity of
Piles and Drilled Shafts, and Design Charts for Settlement
G.1 METHOD BASED ON THE STANDARD PENETRATION TEST

(CANADIAN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING MANUAL)
G.2 METHOD BASED ON THE THEORY OF PLASTICITY (CANADIAN
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING MANUAL)
G.3 TOMLINSON METHOD
G.4 DESIGN CHARTS FOR ESTIMATION OF SETTLEMENT FOR
DRILLED SHAFTS
92
92
46

Appendix H: References of Chapter 3 Part 6 (Soils and
Foundations)
93
93
Geotechnical Design of
Foundations:
Provisions in BNBC 2020
Session 34: Geotech 3
Thank You
Professor Md. Zoynul Abedin, Ph.D.

Military Institute of Science & Technology (MIST)
Dhaka, Bangladesh
94
47

BNBC LECTURE 19FEB 2022 Geotech 03 FINAL

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S.

Professor Md. Zoynul Abedin, Ph.D.

S-8A SEng PRP

Geotechnical Design of Foundations:

PART : 6 (in Volume 2 of BNBC)

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

 Geotech 01 (12 Feb 2022): Some basics of soil

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

The Soils and Foundations Chapter of the Code is divided

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Appendix D: Methods of Soil Exploration, Sampling and

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

The provisions of this Chapter shall be

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Because of uncertainties and randomness involved in

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.1: GENERAL

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

3.4.3 Methods of Exploration

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

3.4.5 Depth of Exploration

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

3.4.5 Depth of Exploration

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

3.4.6 Sounding and Penetration Tests (also Appendix- D)

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

3.4.6 Sounding and Penetration Tests (also Appendix- D)

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

3.4.6 Sounding and Penetration Tests (also Appendix- D)

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

3.4.6 Sounding and Penetration Tests (also Appendix- D)

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

3.4.6 Sounding and Penetration Tests (also Appendix- D)

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

3.4.7 Geotechnical Investigation Report

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.5: IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION AND

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.5: IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION AND

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.6: MATERIALS

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.7: TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.7: TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.7: TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.8: SHALLOW FOUNDATION

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.9: GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.10: GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations

SECTIONS 3.10: GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF DEEP

Chapter 3 : Soils and Foundations