Bearing Capacity

Bearing Capacity of Shallow foundation
Topic: Definitions of Bearing capacity terms & Modes of shear failure
Compiled by:
Dr. M R Suresh, Professor
Naveen Kumar M, Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru - 560056
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 1

Syllabus:
• Definitions of bearing capacities
• Modes of shear failure –
 (General, Local and Punching
shear)
• Terzaghi’s and IS: 6403-1981 method bearing capacity equations -
assumptions and limitations
• Effect of ground water table on bearing capacity
• Effect of footing eccentricity on bearing capacity
• Field methods to evaluation of allowable bearing capacity –
 Plate load test
 Standard penetration test.
Definitions of Bearing capacity terms:
• Foundation
• Bearing capacity
• Gross pressure intensity (qg )
• Net pressure intensity (qng )
• Effective surcharge at base level of foundation (q0 )
• Ultimate bearing capacity (qf )
• Net ultimate bearing capacity (qnf )
• Net safe bearing capacity (qns )
• Safe bearing capacity (qs )
• Safe bearing pressure/net soil pressure for specified settlement (qρ )
• Allowable bearing capacity/pressure (qa )

Foundation
Foundation is the part of the structure which is in direct
contact with the ground & transmits the structure load to
the ground
GL
D
FL
B

Bearing capacity
The supporting power of soil or rock.
GL
Q
D
FL
B
R
Gross Pressure intensity (q)
The total pressure intensity at the base of the footing
due to weight of the superstructure, self weight of the
footing & weight of the earth fill, if any
Q (kN)
GL
Pressure intensity (kN/m²)

D (m) q Load (kN)
= 2
Area of footing (m )
FL
B (m)
Net Pressure intensity (𝒒𝒏 )
The differences in gross pressure intensity (q) after the
construction of the structure and the initial over burden
pressure (𝜎𝑉 )
𝐪𝐧 = 𝐪𝐠 - 𝐪𝟎
Q (kN)
GL GL 𝜎𝑉 (kN/m²)
0
D (m) q
𝑞0 = γ D
FL
B (m)
z (m)
Effective surcharge at base level of foundation
• The intensity of vertical pressure at the base level of foundation.

GL 0 GL 𝜎𝑉 (kN/m²)
D q0 = γ D
q0 = γ D
FL
B
z (m)

Effective surcharge at base level of foundation
• Total or Bulk unit weight for the portion of the soil
above the water table.
• Submerged or Buoyant unit weight for the portion
of the soil below the water table.
GL
DW 𝛄
D
GWT
𝒒𝟎
(D−DW ) 𝛄𝟏
FL
B
𝒒𝟎 = 𝛄 z = (𝛄 × 𝐃𝐖 ) + (𝛄𝟏 × (D−𝐃𝐖 ))
Ultimate Bearing Capacity (UBC): 𝒒𝒇 or 𝒒𝒖
The minimum gross pressure intensity at the base of
foundation at which soil fails in shear.
0 𝐐𝐟 Q (kN)
S (mm)
B

Shape of the curve depends on
• Size & shape of footing.
• Composition of supporting soil.
• Character, rate & frequency of loading.
If the foundation soil is a dense sand or very stiff clay,

the curve passes fairly abruptly to a peak value and
then drops down.
If the foundation soil is a loose sand or soft clay,
compression of soil is continuously taking place
without giving a definite value for 𝑄𝑓

Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (𝒒𝒏𝒇 ):
The minimum net pressure intensity causing shear
failure of soil.
𝒒𝒏𝒇 = 𝒒𝒇 − 𝒒𝟎
𝑞𝑛𝑓
Net Safe Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐧𝐬 ):
𝐹
F → Factor of safety (2.5 to 3)

Gross Safe Bearing Capacity or
Safe Bearing Capacity (𝒒𝑺 ):
The maximum pressure which the soil can carry safely
without the risk of shear failure.
𝑞𝑆 = 𝑞𝑛𝑠 + 𝑞0
𝑞𝑛𝑓
(or) 𝑞𝑆 = + 𝑞0
𝐹𝑂𝑆
Sometimes,
𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
Safe Bearing Capacity =
𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚
𝑞𝑓
𝑞𝑆 =
𝐹𝑂𝑆

Safe Bearing Pressure (or) Net soil pressure for
specified settlement (𝒒𝝆 )
It is the loading intensity that will cause a permissible
settlement or specified settlement for the structure.
Allowable bearing capacity/pressure (𝒒𝒂 ):

It is the loading intensity at which neither the soil fails
in shear nor there is excessive settlement detrimental to
the structure.

Factors affecting Bearing capacity
• Type of soil & its index & engineering properties.
• Initial stress condition, pre-history of loading.
• Location of ground water table & its fluctuation with
time.
• Type of foundation.
• Depth & location of foundation.
• Allowable settlement.
• Natural calamities: earthquake, flood, wind, etc.,

Modes of Shear failure:
• General shear failure.
• Local shear failure.
• Punching shear failure.

General shear failure
𝐐𝐟 Q (kN)
B
0
𝐐𝐟 GL
S (mm)
D
• Foundations on dense sand (𝑅𝐷 >70%) fails suddenly

with pronounced peak resistance when the settlement
reaches about 7% of B.
• Failure is accompanied by tilting of foundation.
• Appearances of failure surfaces.
• Bulging of sheared mass of sand.

Local shear failure
B 𝐐𝐟 Q (kN)
0
𝐐𝐟 GL
S (mm)
D
• Foundations on dense sand (35%<𝑅𝐷 <70%) do not show a

sudden failure.
• As the settlement reaches about 8% of B, bulging of sand
starts at the surface.
• At settlements of 15% of B, a visible boundary of sheared
zones at the surface appears.
• However, a peak base resistance may never be reached.
• There is no tilting of foundation.
Punching shear failure
B 0 𝐐𝐟 Q (kN)
GL 𝐐𝐟
D
S (mm)
• Foundations on relatively loose sand (𝑅𝐷 <35%) penetrates
into the soil without any bulging of the sand surface.
• The rate of settlement increases and reaches a maximum at
settlement of about 15 to 20% of B.
• Sudden jerks or shears can be observed as soon as
settlement reaches about 6 to 8% of B.
• Failure surface which is vertical or slightly inclined and
follows the perimeter of he base, never reaches the sand
surface.
Topic: Bearing Capacity theory (Terzaghi’s method)
Compiled by:
Bengaluru - 560056

Methods of determining-
Allowable bearing capacity (𝒒𝒂 ):

Consider both Shear and Settlement criteria
Analytical methods:
• Terzaghi’s method.
• IS: 6403-1981 method.
Experimental methods:
• Field plate load test.
• Standard Penetration Test.

Terzaghi’s method of determining Bearing capacity
of soil
Assumptions:
• The soil is homogeneous, isotropic & semi-infinite
• The problem is two dimensional.
• The footing is shallow and strip.
• The base of the footing is rough.
• The failure is by general shear.
• The load is vertical & symmetrical.
• The ground surface is horizontal.
• Shear resistance above the horizontal plane through the base of the
foundation is neglected.
• The overburden pressure at foundation level is equivalent to a surcharge
load 𝑞0 = 𝛾D.
• The principle of superposition is valid
• Mohr-Coulomb’s lawDr.isAmbedkar
valid. i.e.,of S
Institute = C +Bengaluru
Technology, σ tan- 56φ. 22
B
𝐪𝐟 𝐪𝟎 = γD
a b
𝛗
e α = 45 +
𝟐
φ φ α = 45 +
𝛗
𝟐
g
III I III
II II f
d c
Failure mechanism:
• Zone I of elastic equilibrium.
• Zone II of radial shear state.
• Zone III of Rankine’s passive state.

When the footing base ab sinks into the ground
Zone I of elastic equilibrium:
• Soil wedge abc, immediately beneath the footing
is prevented from undergoing any lateral yield by
the friction & adhesion between the soil and base
of the footing.
• Zone I remains in a state of elastic equilibrium and
it acts as part of the footing.

Zone II of radial shear state.
• The lines constitute one set in the shear pattern
radiate from the outer edge of footing.
• The radial lines are straight, while other set are
logarithmic spirals with their centres located at the
outer edges of base of footing.

Zone III of Rankine’s passive state.
• The boundaries of zone III rise at an angle of α =
𝛗
45 + wrt horizontal.
𝟐
• The failure zones do not extend above the base of
footing.

Terzaghi’s Bearing capacity Equations for General shear
failure for strip footings
B
𝐐𝐟
𝐪𝐟 𝐪𝟎 = γD
e a b g
α = 45 +
𝛗
φ φ α = 45 +
𝛗
𝟐
C W C 𝟐 𝑩
H= tanφ
𝟐
φ φ f
d 𝐏𝐏 𝐏𝐏
c
Forces acting in the triangular wedge abc.

• C → Cohesive force on planes ac & bc
• W → Weight of the wedge abc
• PP → Passive earth pressure
• 𝑞𝑓 → ultimate bearing capacity of soil per unit area of footing
• 𝑞0 → equivalent surcharge load acting at base of footing
Terzaghi’s Bearing capacity Equation:
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝐪𝟎 𝐍𝐪+ 𝐒γ 𝛄 B 𝐍𝛄
𝟐
SC , Sq & Sγ → Shape factors depends on shape of footing

NC , Nq & Nγ → Bearing capacity factors depends on Φ
C → Cohesion of soil (kN/m²)
q0 → Effective surcharge at the foundation level = γ D (kN/m²)
γ → Unit weight of soil (kN/m³)
D → Depth of foundation (m)
B → Width of foundation (m)
Different Bearing Capacity Terms
• Effective surcharge at foundation level (q 0 ) = γ D
• Ultimate Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐮 ) or

Failure Bearing Capacity (q f ):
1
q f = SC C NC + Sq q 0 Nq + S𝛾 2 γ B Nγ
• Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (q 𝑛f ) : q nf = q f - q 0

1
q 𝑛f = (SC C NC + Sq q 0 Nq + S𝛾 2 γ B Nγ ) - q 0
1
q nf = SC C NC + Sq q 0 (Nq −1) + S𝛾 γ B Nγ
2

qnf
• Net safe Bearing Capacity (q ns ) = ( )
FOS
(SC C NC + Sq q0 (Nq −1) + Sγ 12 γ B Nγ )
q ns = ( )
FOS
qnf
• Safe Bearing Capacity (q s ) = q ns + q 0 = (FOS) + q0
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS

• Safe load (Qs ) = q s × A
• Area of footing (A):
Shape of the footing Area of footing (A) m²
Strip B×1m =B
Circle π
Circular (B 2 )
4
B Square
B
Square B × B = B2
B L
B Rectangle Rectangle B×L
Shape of the footing:
(Strip, Circular, Square, Rectangular, etc.,)
Terzaghi’s used Shape factors with Cohesion (SC ), Surcharge term (Sq )
& Wedge term (Sγ ).
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝐪𝟎 𝐍𝐪 + 𝐒𝛄 𝛄 B 𝐍𝛄
𝟐
Shape of footing Strip Circular Square Rectangular
SC 1 1.3 1.3 B
(1 + 0.3 )
L
Sq 1 1 1 1
Sγ 1 0.6 0.8 B
(1 – 0.2 )
L

Terzaghi’s Bearing capacity factors
Φ (ͦ) 𝐍𝐂 𝐍𝐪 𝐍𝛄
0 5.7 1.0 0
5 7.3 1.6 1.5
10 9.6 2.7 1.2
15 12.9 4.4 2.5
20 17.7 7.4 5.0
25 25.1 12.7 9.7
30 37.2 22.5 19.7
35 57.8 41.4 42.4
40 95.7 81.3 100.4
45 172.3 173.3 297.5
50 347.5 415.1 1153.0
Terzaghi’s Bearing capacity Equations for Local shear failure
for strip footings
Lower limiting values of C¹ & φ¹ for the local shear failure
2
C¹ → ( ) C
3
1 −1 2
Φ → tan [(3) tan Φ]
C & φ are the actual values
NC1 , Nq1 & Nγ1 are the bearing capacity factors for local shear failure
• In case of purely cohesive soil, local shear failure occur in soft to medium
stiff clay with an unconfined compressive strength ≤ 100 kN/m²

Transition from Local to General shear failure in sand
• Purely local shear failure occurs when φ ≤ 280 .
• Purely general shear failure occurs when φ ≥ 380 .
• Smooth transition for values of 280 < φ < 380
represent the mixed state of local & general shear
failures.
• 𝑁𝑞 & 𝑁𝛾 values of φ ≥ 380 are given in Table.
• Values of 𝑁𝑞1 & 𝑁γ1 for φ ≤ 280 may be obtained in
Table by making use of relationship
−𝟏 𝟐
φ¹ → 𝒕𝒂𝒏 [( ) tan φ]
𝟑

Numerical Problems: Terzaghi’s method
Qsn. 1)
A footing of width 2 m is placed at a depth of 2 m below ground
surface. The properties of the soil at the site are C = 20 kN/m2, Φ
= 30⁰ and ϒ = 18 kN/m3. Assume soil fails by general shear
failure.
Compute: Effective over burden pressure at foundation level,
Ultimate bearing capacity, Net ultimate bearing capacity, Net
safe bearing capacity, Safe bearing capacity and Safe load for the
given footing. Take FOS as 3 against shear failure.
• Strip footing. GL
• Square footing.
D
• Circular footing.
FL
• Rectangular footing of 3 m length.
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 B 36
Solution: Qsn (1)
As Φ = 300 , Assume Soil fails by General shear failure
From Terzaghi’s Bearing capacity Table
For Φ = 300 , NC = 37.2, Nq = 22.5, Nγ = 19.7
GL
C = 20 kN/m²
D=2m Φ = 300
γ = 18 kN/m³
FL
B=2m
Effective surcharge at foundation level (q 0 )

q 0 = γ D = 18 × 2 = 36 kN/m²
Solution: Qsn (1)
For Strip footing: 𝐒𝐂 = 𝐒𝐪 = 𝐒𝛄 = 1
Ultimate Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐟 )

1
qf = SC C NC + Sq q0 Nq+ Sγ γ B Nγ
2
1
qf = (1 × 20 × 37.2) + (1 × 36 × 22.5) + (1 × 2 × 18 × 2 × 19.7)
qf = 744 + 810 + 354.6
𝐪𝐟 = 1908 kN/m²
Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐧𝐟 )

qnf = qf – q0
qnf = 1908 – 36
𝐪𝐧𝐟 = 1872 kN/m²
Solution: Qsn (1)
Net safe Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐧𝐬 )
nfq
qns = FOS
1872
qns =
3
𝐪𝐧𝐬 = 624 kN/m²
Safe Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐬 )

qnf
qs = FOS + q0
1872
qns = 3 + 36
𝐪𝐧𝐬 = 660 kN/m²
Safe load (𝐐𝐬 )

Qs = qs × A
Q s = 660 × (2 × 1)
𝐐𝐬 = 1320 kN/m
Solution: Qsn (1)
Footing Strip Circle Square Rectangle
qf (kPa) 1908.60 1989.96 2060.88 2010.12
qnf (kPa) 1872.60 1953.96 2024.88 1970.12
qns (kPa) 624.20 651.32 674.96 658.04
qs (kPa) 660.20 687.32 710.96 694.04
Q s (kN) 1320.40 2159.28 2843.84 4164.24

Qsn. 2)
A square footing 2.5 m wide is built on homogeneous
sand bed of γ = 20 kN/m³ and Φ = 360 . The depth of
footing base is 1.5 m below ground level. Assume soil
fails by general shear failure.
Compute safe bearing capacity can be carried by a footing
with a FOS of 3 against shear failure.
Φ Nc Nq Nγ
36 65.4 49.4 54

Solution: Qsn. (2)
GL
Sand D = 1.5 m
C = 0, Φ = 360 , 𝐪𝟎 = γ D = 20×1.5 = 30 kN/m²
FOS = 3
γ = 20 kN/m³
FL
B=2m
For Square footing: 𝐒𝐂 = 1.3, 𝐒𝐪 = 1, 𝐒𝛄 = 0.8

Assume soil fails by a general shear failure.
Φ Nc Nq Nγ
36 65.4 49.4 54
q
Safe Bearing Capacity: q s = ( nf ) + q0
FOS
For Cohesionless soils (Sand):
1
(Sq q0 (Nq −1) + Sγ 2 γ B Nγ )
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS
1
(1 × 30 × (49.4 − 1)) + (0.8 × 2 × 20 × 2 × 54)
qs = ( ) + 30
3
𝐪𝐬 = 874 kN/m²
Qsn. 3)
What will be the net ultimate bearing capacity of a soft
clay deposit in which a vane shear was conducted (vane of
10 cm height & 8 cm diameter) and the soil failed at a
maximum torque of 500 kg-cm. Consider a square footing
and density of soil as 17 kN/m³. Assume soil fails by local
shear failure.

Solution: Qsn. (3)
GL
Sand
C = ?, Φ = 0,
FL γ = 17 kN/m³
B=2m

Vane shear test:
𝐓 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝛕𝐟 → C = 𝟐 𝐇 𝐃 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟖 = 0.39 kg/cm² ≈ 39 kN/m²
𝛑×𝐃 ( + ) 𝛑×𝟖𝟐 ( + )
𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔
Assume soil fails by local shear failure.

2 1 −1 2
C¹ → ( ) C & Φ → tan [( ) tan Φ]
3 3
For Cohesive soils (Clay):
Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qnf ) : qnf = qf - q0
2
q nf = SC C1 NC1 = 1.3 ×Dr.( Ambedkar
) × 39Institute
× 5.7 = 193 kN/m²
3 of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 44
Qsn. 4)
A strip footing 1 m wide at its base is located at a depth of
0.8 m below the ground surface. The properties of
foundation soil are γ = 18 kN/m³, C = 30 kN/m² & Φ =
200 . Compute the safe bearing capacity of soil. Take FOS
of 3 against shear failure. Assume soil fails by local shear
failure.

Solution: Qsn. (4)
GL
C – Φ soil
D = 0.8 m 𝐪𝟎 C = 30 kN/m²,
FOS = 3
FL Φ = 200,
γ = 18 kN/m³
B=1m
𝐪𝟎 = γ D = 20×1.5 = 30 kN/m²
As Φ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 < 𝟐𝟖𝟎, Assume soil fails by local shear failure.
2 2
C¹ → ( ) C = ( ) × 30 = 20 kN/m²
3 3
2 2
& Φ1 → tan−1 [( ) tan Φ] = tan−1 [( ) tan (20)] = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟕𝟎
3 3
𝑵𝟏𝑪 = 11.8, 𝑵𝟏𝒒 = 3.9, 𝑵𝟏𝜸 = 1.7
Safe Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐬 ):
qnf
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS
(SC C1 N1C + Sq q0 N1q −1 + Sγ 12 γ B N1γ)
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS
(1 × 20 × 11.8) + (1 ×14.4 × (3.9 − 1)) + (1 × 12 × 18 × 2 × 1.7)
qs = ( ) + (14.4)
3
𝐪𝐬 = 112.13 kN/m² Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 46
Qsn. 5)
A square footing located at a depth 1.5 m from the ground
surface carries a column load of 150 kN. The sandy soil is
submerged having an effective unit weight of 11 kN/m³
and the angle of shearing resistance of 300 . Compute the
size of footing, if FOS = 3 against shear failure.
Φ Nq Nγ
30 10 6

𝐐𝐧𝐬 = 150 kN
Solution: Qsn. (5)
GL GWT
Sand
C = 0, Φ = 300 , D = 1.5 m 𝐪𝟎 = γ1 D = 11×1.5 = 16.5 kN/m²
γ1 = 11 kN/m³
FL
FOS = 3 B=?

qnf
Net Safe Bearing Capacity: qns = ( )
FOS
(Sq q0 (Nq −1) + Sγ γ B Nγ )
1
2
qns = ( )
FOS
150 (1 × 16.5 × (10 − 1)) + (0.8 × 12 × 11 × B × 6)
=( )
B2 3
B 3 + 33.8 B 2 - 102 = 0
Solving, B = 1.70 m
Qsn. 6)
A footing of 1.5 m diameter carries a load (including its
self weight) of 800 kN. The soil has an angle of shearing
resistance of 360 and effective unit weight of 12 kN/m³.
what will be the depth of foundation if FOS = 3 against
shear failure.
Φ Nq Nγ
36 38 41

𝐐𝐬 = 800 kN
Solution: Qsn. (6)
GL
Sand
C = 0, Φ = 360 , D=? 𝐪𝟎 = γ D = 12 × D
γ = 12 kN/m³
FL
FOS = 2.5 B = 1.5 m
For Circular footing: 𝐒𝐂 = 1.3, 𝐒𝐪 = 1, 𝐒𝛄 = 0.6

f q
Safe Bearing Capacity: q s = (FOS )
1
(Sq q0 Nq + Sγ γ B Nγ )
2
qs = ( )
FOS
1
800 (1 × (12 × 𝐃 ) ×38) + (0.6 ×
2
× 12 × 1.5 × 41)
𝜋 2
=( )
×B 2.5
4
324 D + 79 - 800 = 0
Solving, D = 2.22 m
Assignment: (Terzaghi’s method):- Safe Bearing capacity ?
Qsn. (1)
A 2 m wide square footing is located at ad depth of 1.2 m below
surface of a deep stratum of soft saturated clay having unit
weight of 19.5 kN/m³. The soil has undrained shear strength
parameters as Cu = 25 kN/m² & Φu = 0 and drained parameters
of C1 = 0 & Φ1 = 22.50 .
Determine the safe bearing capacity of foundation, if FOS = 3
against shear failure.
(i) Immediately after construction.
(ii) Few years after construction.
Take Φ Nc Nq Nγ
0 5.7 1 0
22.5 21.4 10.1
Dr. Ambedkar 7.3
Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 51
Assignment: Terzaghi’s method:- Size of foundation (B) ?
Qsn. 2)
Design a strip footing to carry a load of 750 kN/m at a depth of
1.6 m in C-Φ soil having a unit weight of 18 kN/m³ and shear
strength parameters are C = 20 kN/m² & Φ = 250 . Compute the
width of footing. Use FOS of 3 against shear failure. Assume
general shear failure.
(B = 2.04 m)
Qsn. 3)
A square footing located at a depth of 1.3 m below the ground
surface has to carry a load of 800 kN. Compute the size of
footing, if FOS of 3. The soil has the following properties: e =
0.55, Sr = 50 %, G = 2.67, C = 8 kN/m² & Φ = 300 . Assume
general shear failure.
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56
(B = 1.42 m) 52
Terzaghi’s method: Depth of embedment (D) ?
Qsn. 4)
Determine the depth at which a circular footing of 2 m diameter
be founded to provide a FOS of 3 , if it has to carry a safe load of
1600 kN. The foundation soil has C = 10 kN/m², Φ = 300 & γ =
18 kN/m³.
(D = 1.89 m)
Qsn. 5)
The size of an isolated square footing is to be limited to 1.6 m in
soil. Calculate the depth at which the footing should be placed to
carry a load of 1500 kN. The foundation soil has the following
properties: C = 0, Φ = 30⁰ and ϒ = 20 kN/m3, weight of footing
is 100 kN. Take FOS as 3.
(D = 2.96 m)
Topic: Effect of water table on bearing capacity
Compiled by:
Bengaluru - 560056

Syllabus:
 (General, Local and Punching shear)
• Effect of ground water table on
bearing capacity
 Plate load test
Effect of Water table on Bearing capacity
For any position of water table, Terzaghi’s General Bearing

capacity equation becomes
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 + 𝐒𝛄 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐
𝟐
1 D W1 1 D W2
R W1 = (1 + ) & R W2 = (1 + )
2 D 2 B
𝐑 𝐖 → Water table Reduction factor 0.5 < 𝐑 𝐖 < 1.0

𝟏
𝟐
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D 𝐃𝐖
FL
B 𝐃𝐖𝟐
B
𝛄𝟏 →Average unit weight of surcharge soil situated above

base level of foundation
𝛄𝟏 →Average unit weight of soil situated in the wedge zone
within a depth B below the base of footing

𝟏
𝟐
• The first term 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 is not affected by the position of water

table.
• Since, in the lab. For the soil under saturated conditions; this
state gives the minimum value of C.
• The second term 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 is affected by the position of
water table.
• The unit weight of soil gets reduced when submerged.
𝟏
• The third term 𝐒𝛄 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 will not be affected if 𝐷𝑊 ≥
𝟐
(D+B)
• Depth of the shear failure zone below the base of the footing is
equal to the width of the footing
𝟏
𝟐
Case (i): When the water table is at ground level
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏 𝐃𝐖
D
FL
Both surcharge & wedge term is submerged

1 𝐷𝑊1 1
𝐷𝑊 = 0 = 𝐷𝑊 1 ; 𝑅𝑊1 = 2
(1 +
𝐷
) = ⇐ 𝑅𝑊2
2
𝛄𝟏 = 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝛄𝟐
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕 D 𝐍𝐪 0.5 + 𝐒𝛄 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕 B 𝐍𝛄 0.5
𝟐
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 + 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 𝐒𝛄
𝟐
Case (ii): When the water table is at foundation level
GL
D 𝐃𝐖𝟏 𝐃𝐖
FL
B
Only wedge term is submerged
1 𝐷𝑊 1
𝐷𝑊 = D = 𝐷𝑊 1; 𝑅𝑊1 = (1 + )=1
2 𝐷
𝐷𝑊2
𝐷𝑊 2 = 0; 𝑅𝑊2 = 12 (1 + 𝐷
) = 0.5
𝛄𝟏 = 𝛄𝒃
𝛄𝟐 = 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝒃 D 𝐍𝐪 1 + 𝐒𝛄 𝟐 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕 B 𝐍𝛄 0.5
𝟏
𝟐
Case (iii): When the water table is at depth of shear
failure zone
GL
D
FL
B 𝐃𝐖
B 𝑫𝑾 𝟐
No effect on Surcharge term & Wedge term 𝐷𝑊 ≥(D+B);

1 𝐷𝑊1
𝑅𝑊1 = (1 + )=1
2 𝐷
1 𝐷𝑊2
𝐷𝑊 2 = B; 𝑅𝑊2 = (1 + )=1
2 𝐷
𝛄𝟏 = 𝛄 𝒃
𝛄𝟐 = 𝛄 𝒃
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝒃 Dr.DAmbedkar
𝐍𝐪 1 +Institute
𝐒𝛄 of𝛄Technology,
𝒃 B 𝐍𝛄Bengaluru
1 - 56 61
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
Case (iv): When the water table is above foundation
base level
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏 𝐃𝐖
D
FL
B
Partly surcharge term & wedge term is fully submerged; 0 <𝐷𝑊 <D
1 𝐷𝑊1
𝐷𝑊 = 0 <𝐷𝑊1 < D = 𝐷𝑊1 ; 𝑅𝑊1 = (1 + ) = 0.5 < 𝑅𝑊1 < 1
2 𝐷
D
DW 2 = 0; RW2 = 12 (1 + DW2 ) = 0.5
γb × DW1 + γsat ×(𝐷 − DW1 )
𝛄𝟏 = 𝛄𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
D
𝛄𝟐 = 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝒂𝒗𝒈 D 𝐍𝐪 𝑹𝑾𝟏 + 𝐒𝛄 𝛄𝒔𝒂𝒕 B 𝐍𝛄 0.5
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
Case (v): When the water table is below foundation base
level of foundation
GL
D
𝐃𝐖
FL
B 𝑫𝑾 𝟐
B
No effect on Surcharge term but effect on Wedge term; D < DW < (D+B);
1 DW1
R W1 = (1 + )=1
2 D
1 DW2
DW 2 = D < DW < (D+B); R W2 = (1 + ) = 0.5 < R W2 < 1
2 D
𝛄𝟏 = 𝛄𝐛
γb × DW2 + γsat ×(B − DW2 )
𝛄𝟐 = 𝛄𝐚𝐯𝐠 =
B
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐂 C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝐛
D 𝐍𝐪 1 + 𝐒𝛄
𝟏
𝟐
𝛄𝐚𝐯𝐠 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐

Numericals: Effect of Water Table on Bearing capacity
• Qsn (1)
A strip footing 2 m in wide carries a load intensity of 400 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.2 m in sand.
The unit weight of sand above and below water table are 16.8 kN/m3 and 19.5 kN/m3
respectively. The shear strength parameters are C = 0 and Φ = 35⁰. Determine the FOS with
respect to shear failure for the following cases of location of water table. For Φ = 35⁰, NC =
57.8, Nq = 41.4, Nγ = 42.4. Use Terzaghi’s approximation method.
a) When the water table is at ground level itself.
b) When the water table is at 1.2 m below ground level.
c) When the water table is at 4 m below ground level.
d) When the water table is at 0.5 m below ground level.
e) When the water table is at 2.5 m below ground level.

Solution: Qsn (1)
For any position of water table, Terzaghi’s General Bearing capacity
equation for Cohesionless (Sandy) soils becomes
𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐒𝐪 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 + 𝐒𝛄 𝟐 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐
1 DW1 1 DW2
R W1 = (1 + ) & R W2 = (1 + )
2q D 2 B
FOS = fqa
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D = 1.2 m
𝐃𝐖
D+B FL
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐
B=2m

Solution: Qsn (1)
As Φ = 35⁰, Assume soil fails by General shear failure

For Φ = 35⁰, NC = 57.8, Nq = 41.4, Nγ = 42.4.

1
q f = Sq γ1 D Nq R W1 + Sγ γ2 B Nγ R W2
2
1
q f = 1 × γ1 × 1.2 × 41.4 × R W1 + 1 × ×
γ2 × 2 × 42.4 × R W2
2
𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (𝛄𝟏 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 ) + 42.4 × (𝛄𝟐 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 )

Solution: Qsn (1)
Case (i): When the water table is at ground level itself.
GL GWT 𝐃𝐖
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D = 1.2 m
FL
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐
B=2m
Both surcharge & wedge term is submerged: DW = 0 = DW1 = DW 2

1 DW 1
R W1 = (1 + 1 ) = = 0.5 ⇐ R W2
2 D 2
γ1 = γsat = γ2 = 19.5 kN/m³
∴ Eqn. becomes, 𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (𝛄𝟏 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 ) + 42.4 × (𝛄𝟐 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 )
𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (𝛄𝐬𝐚𝐭 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 ) + 42.4 × (𝛄𝐬𝐚𝐭 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 )
𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (19.5 × 0.5) + 42.4 × (19.5 × 0.5) = 897.78 kN/m²
qf 897.78
FOS = = = 2.24
qa 400
Solution: Qsn (1)
Case (ii): When the water table is at 1.2 m below ground level.
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D = 1.2 m 𝐃𝐖
FL GWT
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐
B=2m
Only wedge term is submerged: DW = DW1 = D = 1.2 m, DW 2 = 0

1 DW 1 DW
R W1 = (1 + 1 ) = 1; R W2 = (1 + 2 ) = 0.5
2 D 2 D
γ1 = γb = 16.8 kN/m³; γ2 = γsat = 19.5 kN/m³
𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (𝛄𝒃 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 ) + 42.4 × (𝛄𝐬𝐚𝐭 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 )
𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (16.8 × 1) + 42.4 × (19.5 × 0.5) = 1248 kN/m²
qf 1248
FOS = = = 3.12
qa 400
Solution: Qsn (1)
Case (iii): When the water table is at 4 m below ground level.
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D = 1.2 m
FL
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐 𝐃𝐖
B=2m
GWT
No effect of water table: ∵ DW = 4 m > (D+B) = 3.2 m
R W1 = R W2 = 1;
γ1 = γ2 = γb = 16.8 kN/m³;

𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (𝛄𝒃 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 ) + 42.4 × (𝛄𝒃 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 )
𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (16.8 × 1) + 42.4 × (16.8 × 1) = 1547 kN/m²
qf 1248
FOS = = = 3.87
qa 400
Solution: Qsn (1)
Case (iv): When the water table is at 1.2 m below ground level.
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏 GWT 𝐃𝐖
D = 1.2 m
FL
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐
B=2m
Partly surcharge & fully wedge term is submerged: DW = DW1 = 0.5 m, DW 2 = 0

1 D W1 1 D W2
R W1 = (1 + ) = 0.71; R W2 = (1 + ) = 0.5
2 D 2 D
γb × DW1 + γsat ×(𝐷 − DW1 )
γ1 = γavg = = 18.38 kN/m³; γ2 = γsat = 19.5 kN/m³
D
𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (𝛄𝒂𝒗𝒈 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 ) + 42.4 × (𝛄𝐬𝐚𝐭 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 )
𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (18.38 × 1) + 42.4 × (19.5 × 0.5) = 1060 kN/m²
qf 1248
FOS = = = 2.65
qa 400
Solution: Qsn (1)
Case (v): When the water table is at 2.5 m below ground level.
GL
𝐃𝐖𝟏
D = 1.2 m
FL 𝐃𝐖
B=2m 𝐃𝐖𝟐 GWT
B=2m
Partly wedge term is submerged: DW > D = 1.2 m > DW1 = 0; DW 2 = 1.3

1 D W1 1 D W2
R W1 = (1 + ) = 1; R W2 = (1 + ) = 0.83
2 D D 2
γb × DW2 + γsat ×(B − DW2 )
γ1 = γb = 16.8 kN/m³; γ2 = γa𝑣𝑔 = = 17.75 kN/m³
B
𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (𝛄𝒃 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 ) + 42.4 × (𝛄𝐚𝐯𝐠 × 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 )
𝐪𝐟 = 49.68 × (16.8 × 1) + 42.4 × (17.75 × 0.83) = 1455 kN/m²
qf 1455
FOS = = = 3.64
qa 400
Assignment:
• Qsn (1)
A rectangular footing is founded at a depth of 2 m below ground level

in a C – Φ soil having the following properties: n = 40 %, G = 2.67, C
= 15 kN/m2 and Φ = 30⁰. The water table is close to the ground
surface. If the width of the footing is 3 m. What is the length required
to carry a gross allowable bearing pressure of 455 kN/m2 with a FOS
of 3 against shear failure? Use Terzaghi’s theory of general shear
failure. For Φ = 35⁰, NC = 37.2, Nq = 22.5, Nγ = 19.7. Use Terzaghi’s
approximation method.
(L = 4.35 m)
Assignment:
• Qsn (2)
A circular footing diameter 2 m is located at 1.5 m deep. The soil has the following
properties: C = 48 kN/m2, Φ = 0⁰ and ϒ = 18 kN/m3. The water table at 3.5 m below
base of footing. Compute the change in safe bearing capacity if the water level
reaches the ground surface. Use Terzaghi’s method.
Qsn (3)
A strip footing is needed to carry a load of 1000 kN/m at a depth of 1 m. Shear

strength parameters for the soil are C = 0, Φ = 36⁰. Determine the minimum width
of footing for a factor of safety of 3 against shear failure. The water table may rise
to the base of the footing. Take G = 2.65, e = 0.6. For Φ = 36⁰, Nq = e𝛑 tan Φ [tan2
Φ
(450 + )], Nc = (Nq-1) cotDr. Φ and N
Ambedkar
ϒ = of
Institute 2 Technology,
(Nq + 1) tan Φ.
Bengaluru - 56 73
2
Topic: Effect of footing eccentricity on bearing capacity
Compiled by:
Bengaluru - 560056

Unit: 5 Bearing Capacity of
Shallow foundation
Syllabus:
• Effect of footing eccentricity on
bearing capacity
 Plate load test
Effect of footing eccentricity on Bearing capacity
To account for footing eccentricity, the footing dimensions
are modified in such a way that the load becomes
concentric to the reduced dimensions of the footing.

𝐐𝐟
Vertical load: GL
𝑩𝟏 𝑩𝟏 𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = (1 + 0.3 ) C 𝐍𝐂 + 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 + (1 - 0.2 ) 𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝟐
𝐐𝐟 𝐐𝐟
But, 𝐪𝐟 = =
𝐀𝟏 𝐁 𝟏 ×𝐋𝟏
𝐐𝐟 = 𝐪𝐟 × 𝑨𝟏
V
R
α
• Inclined load H
Z α
𝐇 𝐞 GL
tan α = =
𝐕 𝐃+𝐙
𝐁𝟏 = B – 2 𝐞𝐱 D
𝐀𝟏 = 𝐁 𝟏 × L e
B
𝐁𝟏 𝐁𝟏 𝟏
𝐪𝐟 = (1 + 0.3 𝐋𝟏
) C 𝐍𝐂 𝐢𝐂 + 𝛄𝟏 D 𝐍𝐪 𝐑 𝐖𝟏 𝐢𝐪 + (1 - 0.2 )
𝐋𝟏 𝟐
𝛄𝟐 B 𝐍𝛄 𝐑 𝐖𝟐 𝐢𝛄
𝐐 𝐐
But, 𝐪𝐟 = 𝐀𝟏𝐟 = 𝐁𝟏 ×𝐋
𝐟
𝟏
𝐐𝐟 = 𝐪𝐟 × 𝐀𝟏
𝐢𝐂 , 𝐢𝐪 & 𝐢𝛄 → Load inclination factors
𝛂 𝟐 𝛂 𝟐
𝐢𝐂 = 𝐢𝐪 = (𝟏 − 𝟗𝟎
) ,Dr.𝐢𝛄Ambedkar
= (𝟏Institute
− of𝚽Technology,
) Bengaluru - 56 78
One-way eccentricity: 𝑨𝟏 = 𝑳𝟏 × B
L1 = L – 2 ex
G C
B ex

One-way eccentricity: 𝐀𝟏 = 𝐁 𝟏 × L
G
B ey
C B1 = B – 2 ey

Two-way eccentricity: 𝐀𝟏 = 𝐁 𝟏 × 𝐋𝟏
L L
− ex − ex
2 2
𝐋𝟏 = 𝐋 − 𝟐 𝐞𝐱
B
𝐁𝟏 = 𝐁 − 𝟐 𝐞𝐲 − ey
G 2
B ey
ex C
B
− ey
2
L
Numericals: Effect of eccentricity on bearing capacity
• Qsn (1)
A square footing 2 m wide is laid at a depth of 1.5 m on a
soil with unit weight of 19 kN/m3, cohesion of 30 kN/m2
and angle of internal friction of 36⁰. If the load coming on
the footing is inclined at an angle of 10° to the vertical
and 50 mm eccentric in direction of Y-axis. Calculate
ultimate bearing capacity. For Φ = 360 , NC = 65.4, Nq =
49.4, Nγ = 54

Solution: Qsn (1): Inclined load
V R
B = 2 m, D = 1.5 m, γ = 19 α
kN/m³, C = 30 kN/m², H
Φ = 360 , NC = 65.4, Nq = 65.4, Z
GL
α
Nγ = 65.4
α = 100 , ey = 0.05 m, D
∴ 𝐵1 = B - 2 ey = 2 - 2×0.05 = e
B
1.90 m
L=2m
G
B ey
C B1 = B
– 2 ey
L
Solution: Qsn (1): Inclined load
B = 2 m, D = 1.5 m, γ = 19 kN/m³, C = 30 kN/m²,
Φ = 360 , NC = 65.4, Nq = 49.4, Nγ = 54
α = 100 , ey = 0.05 m,
∴ 𝐵1 = B - 2 ey = 2 - 2×0.05 = 1.90 m
B1 B1 1
q f = (1 + 0.3 ) C NC iC + γ1 D Nq iq + (1 – 0.2 L1 ) 2 γ2 B Nγ iγ
L1
B1 α α
q f = (1 + 0.3 ) C NC (1 − 90)2 + γ1 D Nq (1 − 90)2 + (1 – 0.2
L
B1 1 α
) γ2 B Nγ (1 − )2
L 2 Φ
1.90 10 2
q f = (1 + 0.3 2 ) × 30 × 65.4 × (1 − 90) + 19 × 1.5 × 49.4 ×
10 1.90 1 10
(1 − )2 + (1 – 0.2 ) × × 19 × 2 × 54 × (1 − )2
90 2 2 36
𝐪𝐟 = 3537.7 kN/m²
Assignment: Effect of eccentricity on bearing capacity
• Qsn (2)
A footing 2.2 m × 2 m is used for column 300 mm×300
mm at a depth of 1.2 m below the ground surface. The
load on the footing is 600 kN which is inclined at 10⁰
with the vertical and at an eccentricity of 100 mm in the
longer direction. Check the safety of the footing. Given C
= 60 kN/m2, Φ = 25⁰ and ϒ = 16 kN/m3. The water table
is very deep.
• Qsn (3)
Calculate the net bearing capacity of rectangular footing 2
m × 4 m in plan founded at a depth of 1.5 m below
ground surface. The load on the footing acts at an angle
of 15⁰ to the vertical and is eccentric in direction of width
by 15 cm. C = 15 kN/m2, Φ = 25⁰, natural water table is at
a depth of 2 m below ground surface. The saturated unit
weight of the soil is 18 kN/m3.
• Qsn (4)
A 6 m square footing in plan subjected to eccentric load

with two way eccentricity. The footing founded at a depth
of 3 m below ground surface. 75 cm eccentric in direction
of Y-axis and 60 cm eccentric in direction of X-axis. The
soil properties are C= 0, ϒ = 16 kN/m3.Calculate the
ultimate load.
• Qsn (5)
A chimney with a square rigid base of 2.5 m is placed at a

depth of 1 m below ground surface. The soil is clay with
unconfined compressive strength of 60 kN/m2 and unit
weight of 20 kN/m3. The weight of the chimney is 600
kN and has a resultant wind load of 19.5 kN acting
parallel to one of the sides of the chimney base at a height
of 1.5 m above ground surface. Determine the FOS.
• Qsn (6)
A square footing 1.5 m is located at a depth of 1 m. The

soil has the following properties: C = 20 kN/m2, Φ = 20⁰
and ϒ = 17.5 kN/m3. Compute ultimate bearing capacity
of soil. If the horizontal component of weight 20 kN
acting at a height of 4 m parallel to the size of footing and
vertical component of weight 500 kN. Determine ultimate
bearing capacity and factor of safety.
Topic: Field Plate Load Test
Compiled by:
Bengaluru - 560056

Syllabus:
• Terzaghi’s and IS: 6403-1981 method bearing capacity
equations - assumptions and limitations
 Plate load test
Field Plate Load Test, IS: 1888-1982
Channel
Steel girders
Tie rod
Hydraulic jack
Angle
GL
Extension
pipe
Anchors
Dial
gauge D
FL
Test plate BP Test pit
5BP
• Plate load test is to estimate the allowable bearing
pressure of soil to induce a given amount of
settlement.
• Bearing plates round or square varying in size from 30
to 60 cm and thickness of 2.5 cm.
• The load on the plate is applied by making use of
hydraulic jack
• The reaction of the jack load is taken by a cross beam
or a steel truss anchored suitably at both the ends.
• The settlement of the plate is measured by a set of 3
dial gauges of sensitivity 0.02 mm placed at 1200
apart.

Procedure:
• Pit size: 5Bр, pit bottom coincides with the foundation level.
• Plate size 30 cm for sandy soil & bigger size for clay soils.
• A seating load of 7 kPa is first applied & releases after some time.
• The first increment of load, say 1/10th of expected ultimate bearing
capacity or 1/5th of estimated safe bearing capacity.
• Settlements are recorded by means of dial gauges after 1, 4, 10, 20,
40, 60 minutes & later hourly intervals until the rate of settlement <
0.25 mm/hr.
• After this, next load increment is applied.
• The test load is continued until a load of about 1.5 times the
estimated ultimate load or 3 times the propose allowable bearing
pressure.
• Load increments: The test should continue until a ST = 25 mm or
settlement at which soil fails, whichever is earlier.
From the test results: Load intensity v/s Settlement plot
0 𝐪𝐟𝐏 𝐪𝐟𝐏 𝐪𝐏 (kN/m²)
𝐒𝐏
𝐒𝐏
General shear failure

Local shear failure

Effect of size of plate on Bearing capacity &
Settlement (Terzaghi & Peck)
𝑸𝒇𝑷 𝑸𝒇𝑭
𝒒 𝒇𝑷 = 𝒒 𝒇𝑭 =
𝑨𝑷 𝑨𝑭
𝐁𝐏 𝐁𝐅
• Cohesionless soil (Sand):
BF
qF = qP ×
BP
B (B +0.3) 2
SF = SP [ F P ]
BP (BF +0.3)
• Cohesive soil (Clay):
qF = qP
BF
SF = SP ×
BP
q F → Bearing capacity of footing (kN/m²)
q P → Bearing capacity of plate (kN/m²)
BF → Size of foundation (m)
BP → Size of plate (m)
SF → Permissible settlement of foundation (m)
SP → Settlement of plate (m)
• Cohesive-friction soil: (Housel’s equation)
Q1 Q2
B1 B2
Q=Aq+p S
Q → Total load on the bearing area (kN)
A → contact area of plate or footing (m²)
p → perimeter of plate or footing (m)
q → bearing pressure beneath the area (A)
S → perimeter shear (kN/m)

Numericals: Plate Load Test
• Qsn (1)
A 30 cm square bearing plate settles by 8 mm in the
plate load test on cohesionless soil, when the intensity
of loading is 180 kN/m2. Estimate the ultimate bearing
capacity and settlement of square footing of 1.6 m wide
under the same intensity of loading.
Soln.
For Cohesionless soils:
BF 1.6
qF = qP × = 180 × = 960 kN/m2
BP 0.3
BF (BP +0.3) 2 1.6 (0.3 + 0.3) 2
SF = SP [ ] = 8× [ ] = 22.7 mm
BP (BF +0.3) 0.3 (1.6 + 0.3)
• Qsn (2)
A plate load test was conducted with 30 cm square
bearing plate at a depth of 1.2 m below ground level in
cohesive soil having Φ = 0⁰. The failure was observed at
a load of 36 kN. The water table was observed at a
depth of 4.7 m below ground surface. Compute the
ultimate bearing capacity for a strip footing 1 m wide
with its base located at the depth of same level as the
test plate and in same soil. Take bulk unit weight of soil
as 16.8 kN/m3. And also compute safe bearing capacity.
Take FOS as 3.

Soln. qfP =
QfP
AP
For Square Plate: GL
D = 1.2 m
QfP 36
qfP = = = 400 kN/m²
AP (0.3 ×0.3)
FL
BP = 0.3 m
For Φ = 0, 𝐍𝐂 = 5.7, 𝐍𝐪 = 1, 𝐍𝛄 = 0
Bf = 1 m Φ = 0,
DW = 4.7 m
γ = 16.8 kN/m³
∵ 𝑫𝑾 = 4.7 m > (D+B) = (1.2+1) = 2.2 m
GWT
No effect of Water table on bearing capacity
𝟏
𝒒𝒇𝑷 = 𝑺𝑪 C 𝑵𝑪 + 𝑺𝒒 𝜸 𝑫 𝑵𝒒 + 𝑺𝜸 𝜸 𝑩𝑷 𝑵𝜸
𝟐
1
400 = 1.3 × C × 5.7 + 1× 16.8× 1.2× 1 + 0.6 × × 16.8 × 0.3 × 0
2
CDr.=Ambedkar
51.26 Institute
kN/m²of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 100
For Strip footing:
qnf
qs = + q0
FOS
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS
For Clayey soils:

(SC C NC )
qs = ( ) + q0
FOS
1 × 51.26 × 5.7
=( ) + (16.8×1.2)
3
= 117.55 kN/m²

• Qsn (3)
Plate load tests were conducted in Cohesive - Friction
soil on plates of two different sizes and the following
results were obtained. Compute the size of square
footing to carry a load of 800 kN at same specified
settlement of 25 mm. Use Housel’s method.
Test Load Size of the plate Settlement

No. (kN) (mm) (mm)
1 40 300×300 25
2 100 600×600 25
Soln.
Housel’s method:
Q=Aq +Ps
40 = (0.3×0.3) q + (4×0.3) s ……… (1)
100 = (0.6×0.6) q + (4×0.6) s ……… (2)
Solving, equations
q = 111.11 kN/m² & s = 25 kN/m
Let ‘B’ be the size of square footing.

Q =Aq +Ps
800 = (B×B) × 111.11 + (4×B) × 25
B = 2.4 m Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 103
Assignment: Plate Load Test
• Qsn (4)
Plate load tests were conducted in Cohesive - Friction
soil on plates of two different sizes and the following
results were obtained: Determine the load on a circular
footing of 1.2 m diameter that will cause a settlement of
15 mm. Use Housel’s method.
Test Load Diameter of the Settlement

No. (kN) plate (mm) (mm)
1 50 300 15
2 150 750 15
• Qsn (5)
The following data was obtained from plate load test
carried out on a 60 cm square test plate at a depth of 2
m below ground surface on a sandy soil.
1 1 2 2 3 3 4
5
Load (kN) 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2
Settlement 7. 1 3 4
0 2 4 6. 3.
(mm) 5 1 4 5
3 5
Determine the allowable load on 1.5 m wide square
footing with its base at a depth of 2 m. The permissible
settlement for the footing is 20 mm and FOS of 3, unit
weight of soil = 20 kN/m³.
Based on Shear criteria
Load intensity V/S Settlement plot 𝑞𝑃 (kN/m²)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
0
𝑞𝑓𝑃 = 240 kN/m²
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
𝑆𝑃 (mm)
40
45
50 By Double Tangent
Dr. Ambedkar method,
Institute of Technology, 𝑞𝑓𝑃
Bengaluru - 56= 240 kN/m² 106
Square Plate resting on Sandy soil
1 GL
qfP = SC C NC + Sq q0 Nq + Sγ γ BP N γ
2
1
240 = 0 + 0 + 0.8 × × 20 × 0.6 × Nγ
2
∴ 𝐍𝛄 = 50 D = 1.2 m qfP = 240 kN/m²
From the chart,
For 𝐍𝛄 = 50, Φ = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟎 & 𝐍𝐪 = 40 FL
BP = 0.6 m
γ = 20 kN/m³

Square footing resting on Sandy soil
qnf GL
qns =
F
(Sq q0 (Nq − 1) + Sγ 12 γ Bf Nγ ) q ns = ?
qns =
F
1
1 × 20 × 2 40 −1 + 0.8 × × 20 × 1.5 × 50 D=2m
2
qns = ( )
3
𝐪𝐧𝐬 = 720 kN/m² FL
Bf = 1.5 m
γ = 20 kN/m³

Based on Settlement criteria
BP (BF +0.3) 2
SP = SF [ ]
BF (BP +0.3)
0.6 (1.5 + 0.3) 2
= 20 [ ]
1.5 (0.6 + 0.3)
= 12.8 mm
The load intensity corresponding to SP = 12.8 mm is 𝒒𝐧𝝆 = 320 kN/m²

Based on Settlement criteria
Load intensity V/S Settlement plot 𝑞𝑃 (kN/m²)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
0
5 𝑞𝑓𝑃 = 320 kN/m²
10 𝑆𝑃 = 12.8 mm
15
20
25
30
35
𝑆𝑃 (mm)
40
45
50
The load intensity corresponding to 𝐒𝐏 = 12.8 mm is 𝐪𝐧𝛒 = 320 kN/m²
Allowable load (𝐐𝐀 )
Based on Shear criteria:

q ns = 720 kN/m²
Based on Settlement criteria:

q nρ = 320 kN/m²
∴ Allowable load, select lower value of above two criteria

QA = 320 × (1.5 × 1.5)
𝐐𝐀 = 720 kN

• Qsn (6)
A plate load test was conducted on 30 cm square bearing
plate, the following results were obtained:
Determine the following for square footing 3 m wide with a
FOS of 3 against shear failure.
(i) Allowable bearing capacity, if the deposit is deep sand.
(ii) Allowable bearing capacity, if the deposit is deep clay.
(iii) Expected settlement by 3 m square footing loaded with
allowable bearing capacity as obtained in (ii).
Load (kN) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Settlement 1. 2. 3. 7. 11
0 5
(mm) 25 5 75 5 .5
(i) Load intensity V/S Settlement plot
𝑞_𝑃
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
q_fP = 260
kN/m²
2
8
𝑆_𝑃 (mm)
10
12
Dr. Ambedkar method,
Institute of Technology, q_fP
Bengaluru - 56 = 260 kN/m² 113
(i) Allowable bearing capacity, if the deposit is deep
sand.
Soln.
BF 3
qF = qP × = 260 × = 2600 kN/m²
BP 0.3
qF 2600
qA = = = 866.67 kN/m²
FOS 3

(ii) Allowable bearing capacity, if the deposit is deep
clay.
Soln.
qF = qP = 260 kN/m²
qF 260
qA = = = 86.67 kN/m²
FOS 3

(iii) Load intensity V/S Settlement plot
𝑞𝑃 (kN/m²)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
𝑞𝐴 = 86.67 kN/m² 𝑞𝑓𝑃 = 260 kN/m²
𝑆𝑃 = 1.9 mm
2
10
𝑆𝑃 (mm)
12
Dr. Ambedkar Institute ofmethod, 𝑞𝑓𝑃- 56= 260 kN/m²
Technology, Bengaluru 116
(iii) Expected settlement by 3 m square footing loaded
with allowable bearing capacity as obtained in (ii).
Soln.
For qA = 86.67 kN/m²,
from the graph SP = 1.9 mm
BF 3
∴ SF = SP × = 1.9 × = 19 mm
BP 0.3

• Qsn (7)
The following data was obtained from plate load test carried
out on a 30 cm square bearing plate on a sandy soil which
extends up to a sufficient depth.
(i) Plot load intensity versus settlement curve.
(ii) Determine the bearing capacity and load that can be
taken by a column square footing 1.2 m wide in this soil,
for an allowable settlement of 20 mm.
4. 1 2 3 4 5
Load (kN) 0 9
5 8 7 6 5 4
1
0. 1. 5. 7.
Settlement 2. 3. 0.
0 7 2 3 7
(mm) 0 5 7
5 Institute of5Technology, Bengaluru - 56
Dr. Ambedkar 5 5 118
5
Load intensity V/S Settlement plot
𝑞𝑃 (kN/m²)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
0
1
𝑞𝑓𝑃 = 360 kN/m²
𝑞𝑓 = 500 kN/m²
2
3
4
5
6
7 𝑆𝑃 = 7.82 mm
8
𝑆𝑃 (mm)
9
10
11
Dr. Ambedkar Institute ofmethod, 𝑞𝑓𝑃- 56= 260 kN/m²
Technology, Bengaluru 119
BP (BF +0.3) 2 0.3 (1.2 + 0.3) 2
SP = SF [ ] = 20 [ ] = 7.82 mm
BF (BP +0.3) 1.2 (0.3 + 0.3)
The load intensity corresponding to SP = 7.82 mm,
from the chart is q f = 500 kN/m²
∴ Qf = 500 × (1.2×1.2) = 720 kN

Topic: Standard Penetration Test
Compiled by:
Bengaluru - 560056

Unit: 5 Bearing Capacity of
Shallow foundation
Syllabus:
• Terzaghi’s and IS: 6403-1981 method bearing capacity
equations - assumptions and limitations
 Plate load test

Standard Penetration Test (SPT), IS: 2131-1981
Hammer Hoist
75 cm
Stopper
GL Rod
FL Sampling tube
15 cm N1
15 cm N2 N = 𝐍𝟐 + 𝐍𝟑 30 cm
15 cm N3

Apparatus:
• Split spoon sampler, which consist of driving shoe,
split barrel of circular cross section which is
longitudinally split into 2 parts and coupling.
• Standard drill rods.
• Hammer (63.5 kg).
• Hoist & cable arrangements.

Procedure:
• A bore hole is advanced to the required depth &

bottom is cleaned.
• The split spoon sampler is attached to the standard
drill rods of required length is lowered into borehole
& rested at bottom.
• The split spoon sampler is driven into the soil for a
distance of 45 cm by blows of drop hammer of 63.5
kg falling vertically and free fall of 75 cm.
• The number of blows required to penetrate every 15
cm is recorded while driving the sampler.

• The number of blows required to penetrate first 15 cm
is called seating drive and is discarded.
• The number of blows required to penetrate last 30 cm
is added together and recorded as N value at the
particular depth of bore hole.
• The split spoon sampler is then with drawn & is
detached from the drill rods.
• The split barrel is disconnected from the driving shoe
& the coupling.
• The soil sample collected inside the split barrel is
carefully collected & transported to the lab.

• The SPT is carried at every 0.75 m or 1.5 m in a bore
hole.
• If any presence of Boulders or Rocks, it may not
possible to drive the sampler to a distance of 45 cm, in
such case N-value can be recorded as first 30 cm
penetration.
• The borelog shows refusal & the test is halted if,
 50 blows required for any 15 cm penetration.
100 blows required for 30 cm penetration.
10 successive blows produce no advance.

IS 2131-1981, recommends field value of N be corrected for two
effects
• Effect of over burden pressure
N 1 = CN × N
Here,
CN → Correction factor for over burden pressure
 Peck, Hansen & Thornburn (1974)

2000
CN = 0.77 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( 𝜎1 )
0
𝜎01 → Effective overburden pressure at the test level 𝜎01 ≥ 25 kN/m²
Holtz & Gibbs (1957)

500
CN = 1.42 𝜎01 + 100
𝜎01 → Effective overburden pressure at the test level 𝜎01 ≱ 282 kN/m²
IS 2131-1981, recommends field value of N be corrected for two
effects
• Effect of dilatancy
Dilatancy correction is to be applied when 𝑁1 obtained after over burden correction
exceeds 15 in a fine sands & silts.
Terzaghi & Peck
𝑁11 = 15 + ½ (𝑁1 – 15)
𝑁11 → Final corrected value to be used in the design chart

Correlation of N with soil properties
Table gives the relation between corrected N value & angle of

shearing resistance Φ, Peck (1974)
N 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Φ 28.5 30 32 33 35 36 37.5 39 40 43

Correlation of N with soil properties
Fig. shows relationship between Φ & N as adopted by IS: 6403-

1981
Knowing the value of N, the value of Φ is readout from the chart
𝟏
𝒒𝒏𝒇 = 𝑺𝒒 𝒅𝒒 𝒊𝒒 𝝈𝟏𝟎 (𝑵𝒒 - 1) + 𝑺𝜸 𝒅𝜸 𝒊𝜸 𝟐 γ B 𝑵𝜸 𝑹𝒘𝟐
Where the shape, depth, load inclination factors are determined
and bearing capacity factors Nq & Nγ are taken from IS: 6403-
1981
Safe bearing pressure (𝐪𝛒 ): Use of N Values
Charts for determining allowable bearing pressure for foundation

on sand for a permissible settlement of 25 mm, differential
settlement of 20 mm & water table is at a depth of at least B
below foundation level
Safe bearing pressure (𝒒𝝆 ): Use of N Values
Empirical equations:
Teng’s (or) Terzaghi & Peck for 25 mm settlement
𝐁 + 𝟎.𝟑 𝟐
𝐪𝛒 = 34.3 (N - 3) ( ) 𝐑 𝐰𝟐 𝐑 𝐝
𝟐𝐁
Here,
Dw2
R w2 → ½ (1 + ) …. 0.5 < R w2 < 1
B
D
R d → (1 + 0.2 × ) …. ≤ 1.2
B
 if tolerable settlement is other than 25 mm, say ρ1 ,
the corresponding increase in net pressure is given by
𝟏 𝛒𝟏
𝐪𝛒 = 𝐪 𝛒 ×
ρ
Safe bearing pressure (𝐪𝛒 ): Use of N Values
Teng’s for 40 mm settlement
𝐁 + 𝟎.𝟑 𝟐
𝐪𝛒 = 55 (N - 3) ( ) 𝐑 𝐰𝟐 𝐑 𝐝
𝟐𝐁
Here,
Dw2
R w2 → ½ (1 + ) …. 0.5 < R w2 < 1
B
D
R d → (1 + 0.2 × ) …. ≤ 1.2
B

Meyerhof’s
𝐪𝛒 = 12.5 N 𝐑 𝐰𝟐 𝐑 𝐝 ….. For B ≤ 1.2 m
𝐁 + 𝟎.𝟑 𝟐
𝒒𝝆 = 8.3 N ( ) 𝑹𝒘𝟐 𝑹𝒅 ….. For B >1.2 m
𝟐𝑩
Here,
Dw2
R w2 → ½ (1 + ) …. 0.5 < R w2 < 1
B
D
R d → (1 + 0.3 × ) …. ≤ 1.33
B

Bowle’s
𝐪𝛒 = 20 N 𝐑 𝐰𝟐 𝐑 𝐝 ….. For B ≤ 1.2 m
𝐁 + 𝟎.𝟑 𝟐
𝐪𝛒 = 12.5 N ( ) 𝐑 𝐰𝟐 𝐑 𝐝 ….. For B >1.2 m
𝟐𝐁
Here,
Dw2
R w2 → ½ (1 + ) …. 0.5 < R w2 < 1
B
D
R d → (1 + 0.3 × ) …. ≤ 1.33
B

Numericals: SPT
Qsn. (1)
The field SPT N-value in a deposit of fully saturated fine sand was
40 at a depth of 6 m. The average saturated unit weight of soil is 19
kN/m3. Calculate the corrected N-value as per IS: 2131-1981.
Soln.
NO = 40, Z = 6 m,
σ1i = γ1 Z = (19 - 9.81) × 6 = 55.14 kN/m2 ≥ 24 kN/m2
2000
N1 = CN × NO = 0.77 log10 ( σ1i
)× NO
2000
= 0.77 log10 (55.14) × 40 = 48
N11 = 15 + ½ (N1 – 15)
= 15 + ½ (48Dr.-Ambedkar
15) =Institute
Numericals: SPT
Qsn. (2)
The measured SPT-N value at a depth of 10 m in fine sand was 23.
The water table was 2 m below the ground surface. Determine the
corrected SPT-N value. Take unit weights of sand above and below
water table as 18 kN/m3 and 21 kN/m3 respectively.
Soln.
NO = 23, Z = 10 m,
σ1i = 18×2 + (21-9.81)× 8 = 125.52 kN/m2 ≥ 24 kN/m2
2000
N1 = CN × NO = 0.77 log10 ( σ1i
)× NO
2000
= 0.77 log10 (125.12) × 23 = 21
N11 = 15 + ½ (N1 – 15)
= 15 + ½ (21Dr.-Ambedkar
15) =Institute
Numericals: SPT
Assignment: Qsn. (3)
A strip footing 1.2 m wide is located at a depth of 1.5 m in non-

cohesive soil deposit for which corrected N value of SPT is 20.
The water table is located at a depth of 2 m below ground
surface. Compute the allowable bearing pressure for this soil.
Use Terzaghi’s method.

Numericals: SPT
Determine the net bearing pressure for a 2 m square footing at a

depth of 1.5 m in medium dense sand so that the maximum
permissible settlement is 25 mm. the average SPT blows below
the footing are 20 per 30 cm. the average moist unit weight of
the soil is 17 kN/m3. The water table is at 5 m below ground
surface. What will be the bearing pressure, if the water table
level rises up to the base of the footing. Use Terzaghi’s method.

Numericals: SPT
Determine the size of square footing for a SPT N - value is 20 to

carry a imposed load of 800 kN on the soil at a depth of 2 m. The
ground water table level is 1 m below ground surface and unit
weight of soil is 20 kN/m3. Use Terzaghi’s method.

Numericals: SPT
A square footing is required to carry a net load of 1200 kN.

Determine the size of the footing if the depth of foundation is 2
m and tolerable settlement is 40 mm. The soil is sandy with N =
12. Take FOS of 3. The water table is very deep. Use Teng’s
equation.

Numericals: SPT
Determine the allowable bearing pressure for the rectangular
footing (5 m × 3 m) as shown in figure. Use IS code method.
Allowable settlement = 40 mm.
N EL (m) GL
8 0.75 D
10 1.50
B
15 2.25
15 3.00 γ = 18 kN/m³ GWT
18 3.75
γ' = 10 kN/m³
20 4.50
16 5.25 Fine Sand
γ' = 8 kN/m³
25 6.00
Numericals: SPT
A square footing of size (8 m × 8 m) is founded at a depth of 2
m below ground surface in fine loose to medium dense sand. The
water table is at the base level of the foundation. The standard
penetration tests conducted at the site gave the following
observed values. Compute the net safe pressure by the use of the
modified equations of Teng’s & Meyerhof’s. The effective unit
weights of the soil are given in figure.

N EL (m) GL
γ = 16.5 kN/m³ D
6 2 5m GWT
B
7 4
γ' = 8.5 kN/m³ Dense Sand
10
6
14 8 γ' = 8.5 kN/m³
Medium dense Sand
11 10 6m
20 12
γ' = 9 kN/m³
25 14 Fine Sand
7m
24 16
35 18

Bearing Capacity

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Bearing Capacity of Shallow foundation

Topic: Definitions of Bearing capacity terms & Modes of shear failure

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 1

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 3

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 4

Pressure intensity (kN/m²)

• The intensity of vertical pressure at the base level of foundation.

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 8

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 10

If the foundation soil is a dense sand or very stiff clay,

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 11

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 12

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 13

Allowable bearing capacity/pressure (𝒒𝒂 ):

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 14

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 15

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 16

• Foundations on dense sand (𝑅𝐷 >70%) fails suddenly

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 17

• Foundations on dense sand (35%<𝑅𝐷 <70%) do not show a

Topic: Bearing Capacity theory (Terzaghi’s method)

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 20

Allowable bearing capacity (𝒒𝒂 ):

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 21

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 23

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 24

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 25

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 26

Forces acting in the triangular wedge abc.

SC , Sq & Sγ → Shape factors depends on shape of footing

• Effective surcharge at foundation level (q 0 ) = γ D

• Ultimate Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐮 ) or

• Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (q 𝑛f ) : q nf = q f - q 0

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 29

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 30

• Safe load (Qs ) = q s × A

• Area of footing (A):

Shape of the footing Area of footing (A) m²

Shape of footing Strip Circular Square Rectangular

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 32

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 34

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 35

Effective surcharge at foundation level (q 0 )

For Strip footing: 𝐒𝐂 = 𝐒𝐪 = 𝐒𝛄 = 1

Ultimate Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐟 )

Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐧𝐟 )

Safe Bearing Capacity (𝐪𝐬 )

Safe load (𝐐𝐬 )

Footing Strip Circle Square Rectangle

qf (kPa) 1908.60 1989.96 2060.88 2010.12

qnf (kPa) 1872.60 1953.96 2024.88 1970.12

qns (kPa) 624.20 651.32 674.96 658.04

qs (kPa) 660.20 687.32 710.96 694.04

Q s (kN) 1320.40 2159.28 2843.84 4164.24

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 41

For Square footing: 𝐒𝐂 = 1.3, 𝐒𝐪 = 1, 𝐒𝛄 = 0.8

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 43

For Square footing: 𝐒𝐂 = 1.3, 𝐒𝐪 = 1, 𝐒𝛄 = 0.8

Assume soil fails by local shear failure.

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 45

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 47

For Square footing: 𝐒𝐂 = 1.3, 𝐒𝐪 = 1, 𝐒𝛄 = 0.8

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 56 49