Connections: Complied by Kavya H K Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Department, DR AIT

Connections
Complied by
Kavya H K
Assistant Professor
Civil engineering department, Dr AIT
Connections
• Various components of any structure need to be connected by
means of fasteners so as to enable them to behave as single
composite units.
• Connections are also required for extending the lengths of
members, for connecting columns to footings and for joining
two parts of a structure during erection.
Following are the requirements of a good connection in
steelwork:
• It should be rigid, to avoid fluctuating stresses which may
cause fatigue failure.
• It should be such that there is the least possible weakening of
the parts to be joined.
• It should be such that it can be easily installed, inspected and
maintained.
Simple connections
• In many cases, a connection is required to transmit a force

only and there may not be any moment acting on the group of
connectors, even though the connection may be capable of
transmitting some amount of moment. Such a connection is
referred to as simple, force, pinned or flexible connection
• The different types of simple connections found in steel
structures may be classified as follows:
– Lap and Butt joints
– Truss joint connections
– Connections at beam column junctions
– Seat angle connection
– Web angle connection
– Stiffened seat angle connection
– Tension and flange splices.
In general following types of connections are adopted:
(a) Riveted connections
(b) Bolted Connections
(c )Welded Connections
(d) Pin Connections
Bolted connections
• A bolt is a metal pin with a head formed at one end and shank
threaded at the other in order to receive a nut.
• Bolts are used for joining together pieces of metals by
inserting them through the holes in the metal and tightening
the nut at the threaded ends
Parts of a bolt assembly
• Grip is the distance from behind the bolt head to the back of a
nut or washer.It is the sum of the thickness of all the parts
being joined exclusive of washers.
• Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt.
• Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the
end of the bolt.
Classification of bolts
• On the basis of load transfer in the connection bolts are
classified as: (a) Bearing Type (b) Friction Grip Type
Bearing type – they transfer shear force from one member to
another by bearing
Friction type- they transfer shear by friction.
Types of bearing bolts
• There are two types of bearing type bolts, namely,
(i) Unfinished or Black Bolts.(ii) Finished or Turned Bolts.
Unfinished or Black Bolts
• Made from mild steel rods with square or hexagonal head and the
shanks of black bolts are unfinished, i.e., rough as obtained at the
time of rolling.
• As the shanks are unfinished, the bolt may not establish contact with
the structural member at the zone of contact surface. Joints remain
quite loose resulting into large deflections.
• For black bolts, diameter of bolt hole is larger and are used in most
of the work.
• A black bolt is represented as M16, M20, etc. which means black
bolt of nominal diameter 16 mm, black bolt of nominal diameter 20
mm, etc.
• Yield strength – 240 Mpa and Ultimate strength – 400 Mpa
• IS 1364 part 1
Uses: for light structures , temporary connections
Finished or Turned Bolts
• Turned bolts are obtained by turning hexagonal shank to
circular shape.
• The bolt hole diameter is only 1.5 mm larger than that of the
shank in case of turned bolt. Hence tolerance available for
fitting is quite small.
• Needs special methods to align bolt holes before bolting.
• As connection is more tight, results into much better bearing
contact btw bolts and holes
• IS 3640
• These bolts are used in special jobs like connecting machine
parts subject to dynamic loadings.
High strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts
• Made from high strength steel rods

• The bolts are tightened by using calibrated wrenches & nuts
are provided by using clamping devices.
• Shearing load is resisted by frictional forces btw members and
washers. The shank of the bolt is not subjected to any shearing.
This results in no slippage in the joint
• IS 3747
• Nominal diameter of HSFG bolts are 16,20,24,30,36mm
• Uses : connect members subjected to dynamic loading
Advantages of HSFG over bearing type
• Joints are rigid
• As load transfer is mainly by friction, bolts are not subjected to
shearing and bearing stresses.
• High static strength due to high frictional resistance
• High fatigue strength
• Smaller no of bolts results into smaller size of gusset plates
Disadvantages
• Material cost is high
• Special attention should be given to
workmanship
Lap joints
• Lap joint is the one in the plates are connected with overlap
with each other. The lap joint may have single – row,
staggered or chain bolting connections. Though lap joints
are the simplest, they result in eccentricity of the applied
loads.
Butt joints
• In butt joint the plates are connected against
each other and the connection is made by
providing a cover plate on one or both sides of
the joint.
Failure of a bolted joint
Determine the strength of M16 property class of 5.6 black bolts,
which is used to connect 10mm thick and 8mm thick plates
using lap joints. Take pitch 50mm and edge distance 30mm.
Grade of plate is Fe410
Solution:
10mm thk 8mm thk
Given data: d= 16mm =diameter of bolt

do = diameter of hole= 16 + 2= 18mm ------ table19, pg73 IS800
Bolt: Property class 5.6 Ultimate tensile stress fub= 500 N/mm2
Yield stress = 0.6 x 500 = 300 N/mm2
Plate: fu= 410 N/mm2 --------------- table1, pg13 IS800
Shear strength of bolt pg75 IS800
Number of shear planes = 1

Assuming that the failure occurs in threaded portion.
nn=1 ; ns=0
ᵞmb = 1.25
500 ( 16 2
V nsb =
3
1x 0.78 
4
)
Vdsb =  Vnsb
mb
=
45.26
1.25
= 36.21kN
Bearing strength of bolt pg 75 IS800
V 2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = mb = mb
npb
k b is the least of the following:

1) e = 30
= 0.56
3do 3 X 18
𝑝 50
2) − 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.675
3 𝑑𝑜 3 𝑋 18
fub 500
3) = = 1.22
fu 410
4) 1
Therefore, k b = 0.56
V
Vdpb = mb =
npb 2.5 X 0.56 X 16 X 8 X 410
1.25
t- thickness of small plate = 8mm

Vdpb = 58.7 kN
strength of bolt= least of the following

a) Shearing strength of bolt
b) Bearing strength of bolt
Therefore, strength of bolt = 36.21kN
Determine the strength of M18 property class 8.8 HSFG bolts
to connect 3 plates of 10mm thick.
Solution: 10mm thick
For HSFG bolts of Grade 8.8; Ultimate stress fub = 800 N/mm2 ;
d= 18mm
Shear capacity of bolt:
2
𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑓 µ𝑓 𝑛𝑒 𝐾ℎ 𝐹𝑜 0.55 𝑋 2𝑋1𝑋0.78 𝛱4𝑑 𝑋 0.7𝑋 800
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑓 = = =
ᵞ𝑚𝑓 ᵞ𝑚𝑓 1.25
ne = Number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip = 2

µf = co-efficient of friction = 0.55
Kh=1 ; Proof load = Fo = Anb X fo= {0.78Πd2/4 }{0.7 X fub}
Vdsf= 97.81kN
Compute the strength of a 20mm dia bolt of grade 4.6 for the
following cases: the main plates to be joined are 12mm thk
a) Lap joint
b) Single cover butt joint, cover plate being 10mm thick
c) Double cover butt joint, each cover plate being 8mm thick
Solution:
Given data: d= 20mm =diameter of bolt

do = diameter of hole= 20 + 2= 22mm ------ table19, pg73
IS800
Bolt: Property class 4.6 Ultimate tensile stress fub= 400
N/mm2 Yield stress = 0.6 x 400 = 240 N/mm2 ------- table1,
pg13 IS800
Plate: assuming Fe 410 Mpa grade of steel for plate
fu= 410 N/mm2 --------------- table1, pg13 IS800
Case a) Lap joint
12mm thk 12mm thk
Shearing Strength of bolt: pg75,IS 800

nn=1 ; ns=0
400 ( 20 2
V nsb =
3
1x 0.78 
4
)
Vdsb =  Vnsb
mb
=
56.575
1.25
= 45.26 kN
Bearing strength of bolt: pg75, IS800

2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = Vnpb
mb =
mb
Minimum edge distance =e= 1.5 do = 1.5 X 22 = 33mm
Minimum pitch = 2.5 d = 2.5 X 20 = 50mm
e 33
= = 0.5
3do 3X 22
𝑝 50
− 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.507
3 𝑑𝑜 3 𝑋 22
fub 400
= = 0.975
fu 410
1
V
Vdpb = mb =
npb 2.5X 0.5X 20 X12 X 410
1.25
t- thickness of plate = 12mm
Vdpb = 98.4 kN
Case b) Single cover butt joint


nn=1 ; ns=0
Shear strength of bolt pg75 IS800

nn=1 ; ns=0
ᵞmb = 1.25
400 ( 20 2
V nsb =
3
1x 0.78 
4
)
Vdsb =  Vnsb
mb
=
56.575
1.25
= 45.26 kN
2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = V
Bearing strength of bolt: npb
k b is the least of the following: mb =
mb
e 33
= = 0.5
3do 3X 22
𝑝 50
− 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.507
3 𝑑𝑜 3 𝑋 22
fub 400
= = 0.975
fu 410
1
Vdpb = Vmb
npb
=
2.5X0.5X 20X10X 410
1.25
t- minimum thickness of a)Thickness of main plate = 12 mm
b) Sum of the thickness of cover plate = 10mm
Therefore, t=10mm-
Vdpb = 82 kN
Case b) double cover butt joint


Assuming that the failure occurs in threaded portion and as well as in shank portion.
nn=1 ; ns=1
400 ( 20 2 20 2
Vnsb =
3
1x 0.78 
4
+ 1x
4
)
Vdsb =  Vnsb
mb
=
129.14
1.25
= 103.31`kN

2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = Vnpb
mb =
mb
e 33
= = 0.5
3do 3X 22
𝑝 50
− 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.507
3 𝑑𝑜 3 𝑋 22
fub 400
= = 0.975
fu 410
1
Vdpb = Vmb
npb
=
2.5X0.5X 20X12X 410
1.25
b) Sum of the thickness of cover plates = 8+8=16mm
Therefore, t=12mm
Vdpb = 98.4 kN
2 Plates of thickness 10mm each are to be joined with an
overlap. Design the connection to carry a tensile force of
300kN. Use M16 property class of 4.6 bolts and grade of steel
plate is Fe410
Solution:
300kN
300kN
10mm thk 10mm thk
Given data:
Service load = 300kN
Factored load = 1.5 X 300 = 450kN
d= 16mm =diameter of bolt
Lap joint

nn=1 ; ns=0
400 ( 16 2
V nsb =
3
1x 0.78 
4
)
Vdsb =  Vnsb
mb
=
36.19
1.25
= 28.95 kN

2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = Vnpb
mb =
mb
Minimum edge distance =e= 1.5 do = 1.5 X 18 = 27mm say
30mm
Maximum pitch < 32t or 300mm (whichever is less)
Therefore, p= 40mm
e 30
= = 0.55
3do 3X18
𝑝 40
− 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.49
3 𝑑𝑜 3 𝑋 18
fub 400
= = 0.975
fu 410
1
Vdpb = Vmb
npb
=
2.5X0.49X16X10X 410
1.25
t- thickness main plate = 10 mm
Vdpb = 64.28 kN
Strength of bolt / bolt value= least of the following
Number of bolts = Factored load / Bolt value

= 450/28.95 = 15.5 say 16 bolts
If 2 Plates of thickness 10mm each are to be connected by butt joint to transfer a load of
60kN. Design the connection using M18 bolts of grade 5.6 with a cover plate of 8mm
thick. grade of steel plate is Fe410. Also design a butt connection with 2 cover plates of
8mm each on either side.
Solution:
e
p
Case a) Single cover butt joint

Service load = 60kN
Factored load = 1.5 X 60 =90kN
Shear strength of bolt: pg75 IS800

nn=1 ; ns=0
ᵞmb = 1.25
500 ( 18 2
V nsb =
3
1x 0.78 
4
)
Vdsb =  Vnsb
mb
=
57.26
1.25
= 45.81kN
2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = V
mb
e 30 Minimum edge distance =e= 1.5 do = 1.5 X 20
= = 0.5
3do 3X 20 = 30mm
𝑝 45
− 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.5 Maximum pitch < 32t or 300mm (whichever is
3 𝑑𝑜 3 𝑋 20 less)
fub 500 Therefore, p= 40mm
= = 1.22
fu 410
1
Vdpb = Vmb
npb
=
2.5X0.5X18X8X 410
1.25
b) Sum of the thickness of cover plate = 8mm
Therefore, t=8mm-
Vdpb = 59.04 kN
= 90/45.81 = 2 bolts
Case b) double cover butt joint

nn=1 ; ns=1
500 ( 18 2 18 2
V nsb =
3
1x 0.78 
4
+ 1x
4
)
Vdsb =  Vnsb
mb
=
130.76
1.25
= 104.61`kN

2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = Vnpb
mb =
mb
2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = V
mb
e 30
= = 0.5
3do 3X 20
𝑝 45
− 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.5
3 𝑑𝑜 3 𝑋 20
fub 500
= = 1.22
fu 410
1
Vdpb = Vmb
npb
=
2.5X0.5X18X10X 410
1.25
b) Sum of the thickness of cover plate = 8+8=16mm
Therefore, t=10mm-
Vdpb = 73.8 kN

= 90/73.8 = 2 bolts
Find the efficiency of the lap joint shown in fig. M20 bolts of
grade 4.6 and Fe410 steel plate are used
Solution:
20mm thk 20mm thk
30
60
180mm
60
Given data:
60mm 30
Bolt: Property class 4.6 Ultimate tensile stress fub= 400 N/mm2 Yield stress =
0.6 x 400 = 240 N/mm2
Efficiency of bolted joint (η) = { Strength of bolted joint / Strength
of solid plate} 100
The strength of a bolted joint is the least of:

a) Strength of plate in tearing (Tdn)
b) Design strength in shear (Vdsb)
c) Design strength in bearing (Vdpb)
1) Strength of plate in tearing:
0.9fuAn
Tdn =
ml
t – thickness of the plate = 20mm

b-Width of plate = 180mm
Psi = 0
Number of bolt holes in the weakest section = n=3
Net effective area at critical section = An = (b-ndo)t
= [180-3(22)]20 = 2280mm2
0.9X 410X 2280

Tdn = = 673.05kN
1.25
Number of shear planes = 1 per bolt at the threaded region

Number of bolts = 6
nn=1 X 6=6 ; ns=0
ᵞmb = 1.25
400 ( 20 2
V nsb =
3
6 x 0.78 
4
)
Vdsb =  Vnsb
mb
=
339.47
1.25
= 271.58 kN
Shear strength of bolts = Vdsb = 271.58 kN

2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = V
mb
e 30
= = 0.454 edge distance =e= 30mm
Data given
3do 3X 22 pitch =p= 60mm
𝑝 60
− 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.659
3 𝑑𝑜 3 𝑋 22
fub 400
= = 0.976
fu 410
1
Vdpb = Vmb
npb
=
2.5X0.45X 20X 20X 410
1.25
t- minimum thickness of plate in case of lap joint = 20 mm
Vdpb = 149.07 kN per bolt
Therefore, for 6 bolts Vdpb = 149.07 X 6 = 894.45 kN
a) Strength of plate in tearing (Tdn) = 673.05kN
b) Design strength in shear (Vdsb) = 271.58kN
c) Design strength in bearing (Vdpb) = 894.45kN
Therefore, Strength of bolted joint = 271.58kN

fyXAg Due to yielding -----pg 32 IS 800
Strength of solid plate :
mo
Where, fy = yield strength of plate = 250 Mpa
Ag = Area of solid plate = (b X t) = (180 X 20) = 3600 mm2
γ mo – partial safety factor in yielding = 1.1
Strength of solid plate = 250 X 3600 / 1.1 = 818.18 kN
Efficiency η = [ Strength of bolted joint / strength of solid plate] x 100
Efficiency η = [271.58/818.18] X 100 = 33.19 %

Find the efficiency of the butt joint shown in fig. M20 bolts of
grade 4.6 and Fe410 steel plate are used. Cover plates 12mm
thick each.
Solution: 12mm thk
20mm thk
30
60
180mm
60
60mm 30
Given data:
Bolt: Property class 4.6 Ultimate tensile stress fub= 400 N/mm2 Yield stress
= 0.6 x 400 = 240 N/mm2
Efficiency of bolted joint (η) = { Strength of bolted joint / Strength
of solid plate} 100

a) Strength of plate in tearing (Tdn)
b) Design strength in shear (Vdsb)
c) Design strength in bearing (Vdpb)
0.9fuAn
Tdn =
ml
t – thickness of the plate = 20mm

Psi = 0
= [180-3(22)]20 = 2280mm2
0.9X 410X 2280

Tdn = = 673.05kN
1.25
Number of shear planes = 2 per bolt ; Number of bolts = 6
nn=6 ; ns=6
400 ( 20 2 20 2
V nsb =
3
6 x 0.78 
4
+ 6 x
4
)
Vdsb =  Vnsb
mb
=
774.8
1.25
= 619.83 kN
2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = V
mb
e 30
Data given
𝑝 60
− 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.659
3 𝑑𝑜 3 𝑋 22
fub 400
= = 0.976
fu 410
1 Therefore, k b = 0.454
Vdpb = Vnpb
mb =
2.5X 0.454X 20X 20X 410
1.25
t- minimum thickness of a)Thickness of smaller main plate =
20 mm
Therefore, t=20mm
Therefore, for 6 bolts Vdpb = 149.07 X 6 = 894.45 kN

mo
Efficiency η = [619.83/818.18] X 100 = 75.76 %

Two plates 10mm and 18mm thick are to be joined by a double cover butt joint. Assuming
cover plates of 6mm thickness. Evaluate the joint strength and calculate its efficiency.
Using M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe410 steel plates. Assuming a pitch of 60mm and edge
distance of 40mm.
Solution:
40
60
60
60mm 40
6mm thk cover plate

8mm thk
packing Main plate 10mm Main plate 18mm
plate
6mm thk cover plate
Given data:
d= 20mm =diameter of bolt ;do = diameter of hole= 20 + 2= 22mm ------
table19, pg73 IS800

0.9fuAn
Tdn =
ml
t – thickness of the smaller plate = 10mm

Psi = 0
= [200-3(22)]10 = 1340mm2
0.9X 410X1340
Tdn = = 395.56kN
1.25
Assuming that the failure occurs only in threaded portion.

Number of shear planes = 2 for butt joint
nn=2 ; ns=0 ; Number of bolts = 6( on one side)
βpkg = 1- 0.0125(8) = 0.9
400 ( 20 2
V nsb = 6[
3
2 x 0.78 
4
)]0.9
Vdsb =  Vnsb
mb
=
611.175
1.25
= 488.94 kN
2.5kbdtfu
Vdpb = V
mb
e 40
Data given
𝑝 60
− 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.659
3 𝑑𝑜 3 𝑋 22
fub 400
= = 0.976
fu 410
1 Therefore, k b = 0.60
Vdpb = Vnpb
mb =
2.5X 0.60X 20X10X 410
1.25
t- minimum thickness of a)Thickness of smaller main plate = 10 mm
Therefore, t=10mm
Therefore, for 6 bolts(on one side) Vdpb = 100.04 X 6 = 600.24 kN

mo
Efficiency η = [395.56/454.54] X 100 = 87.02 %

Connections: Complied by Kavya H K Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Department, DR AIT

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Connections: Complied by Kavya H K Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Department, DR AIT

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Connections

• In many cases, a connection is required to transmit a force

• Made from high strength steel rods

10mm thk 8mm thk

Given data: d= 16mm =diameter of bolt

Number of shear planes = 1

k b is the least of the following:

t- thickness of small plate = 8mm

strength of bolt= least of the following

Solution: 10mm thick

ne = Number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip = 2

Given data: d= 20mm =diameter of bolt

12mm thk 12mm thk

Shearing Strength of bolt: pg75,IS 800

Number of shear planes = 1

Bearing strength of bolt: pg75, IS800

Case b) Single cover butt joint

Number of shear planes = 1

Number of shear planes = 1

Case b) double cover butt joint

Number of shear planes = 2

Bearing strength of bolt: pg75, IS800

Shearing Strength of bolt: pg75,IS 800

Number of shear planes = 1

Bearing strength of bolt: pg75, IS800

Number of bolts = Factored load / Bolt value

Case a) Single cover butt joint

Number of shear planes = 1

Number of shear planes = 2

Bearing strength of bolt: pg75, IS800

Number of bolts = Factored load / Bolt value

The strength of a bolted joint is the least of:

t – thickness of the plate = 20mm

0.9X 410X 2280

Number of shear planes = 1 per bolt at the threaded region

Shear strength of bolts = Vdsb = 271.58 kN

Therefore, Strength of bolted joint = 271.58kN

Strength of solid plate = 250 X 3600 / 1.1 = 818.18 kN

Efficiency η = [ Strength of bolted joint / strength of solid plate] x 100

Efficiency η = [271.58/818.18] X 100 = 33.19 %

The strength of a bolted joint is the least of:

t – thickness of the plate = 20mm

0.9X 410X 2280

Therefore, Strength of bolted joint = 619.83kN

Strength of solid plate = 250 X 3600 / 1.1 = 818.18 kN

Efficiency η = [ Strength of bolted joint / strength of solid plate] x 100

Efficiency η = [619.83/818.18] X 100 = 75.76 %

6mm thk cover plate

1) Strength of plate in tearing:

t – thickness of the smaller plate = 10mm

Assuming that the failure occurs only in threaded portion.

βpkg = 1- 0.0125(8) = 0.9

Therefore, Strength of bolted joint = 395.56kN

Strength of solid plate = 250 X 2000 / 1.1 = 454.54 kN

Efficiency η = [ Strength of bolted joint / strength of solid plate] x 100

Efficiency η = [395.56/454.54] X 100 = 87.02 %

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