IS 800 : 2007
5 * 20 = 33mm
SECTION 4
METHPDS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4.1 Method of Determining Action Effect
4.1.1 General
Given: Diameter of bolts, d = 20 mm, f u=410
MPa, fub=400 MPa, Ymb=1.25, Ym1= 1.25,
Thickness of gusset plate = 10 mm and 12 mm.
To Find: Strength and efficiency of connection.
1. The bolts will be in single shear and bearing.
The bearing strength of the bolt will be governed
by the thickness of the thinner plate. Hence, t=10
mm.
For 20 mm diameter bolt :Anb= 0.78 * pi/4 *(d2)
=0.78*pi/4*202= 245 mm2
Hole diameter, d0=db+2= 22mm
2. Shear strength per bolt,
Vdsb =Anb* fub/ √ 3γmb =245*(400/√3*1.25)*10^ -3
=45.26 kN
3. Strength of the joint per pitch length in shear
(two bolts fall in one pitch)
= 2*45.26 = 90.52kN
Here,Kb is least of (e/3do)=33/3*22=0.50
p/3do-0.25 =(100/3*22)-0.25=1.265;
fub/fu =400/410 =0.975; and 1.0
Hence, kb =0.50
Vpb =2.5*0.50*20*10* 400/1.25 *10^-3 =80.0 kN
4. Strength of the joint per pitch length in bearing
=2x 80.0 160.0 kN (two bolts fall in each pitch)
5. Net strength of plate per pitch length,
Tnd =0.9 *(f u/ Ym1) *An =0.9 *(f u/ Ym1) * (p-dh)t =
0.9 * 410/(1.25) * (100 - 22)* 10*10 ^-8 = 230.25
kN
Hence, the strength of the joint per pitch length
=90.52kN
7. Strength of solid plate per pitch length =
0.9*410/1.25*100x10x10^-3=295.2 kn
8.Efficency of the joint =90.52/295.2 * 100
=30.66\%
4.1.2 Non-sway and Sway Frames
Given: Factored load= 220 kN, /-410 MPa, f=400
MPa, 1.25, Y= 1.25, Width of both plate = 250
mm, Thickness of thinnest plate 10 mm To Find:
Number of bolt required.
1. For 20 mm diameter bolts:
Net tensile stress area of bolt
Anb = 0.78*pi*20^2/4 =245 mm² Hole
diameter, d, or d=20+2 =22mm
2.Strength of the bolt in single shear,
Vdsb =Anb*(fub /√ 3γmb) =245*(400/√3*1.25)*10^-
3=45.26kN
3. Strength of the bolt in bearing,
Vdpb =2.5 kb*dt* (f u/ Ym1)
i. Edge distance, e =1.
ii. Pitch, p = 2.5 x 2050
iii. Here, kb, is least of e/(3do) =33/(3*22) = 0.5
p/3do -0.25 = 50/(3 * 22) - 0.25 = 0.5076
fub/fu = 400/410 =0.975 and 1.0
Hence,
iv. Strength of bolt in bearing,
Vdpb =2.5*0.5*20*10* (410/1.25)*10^-3 =82 kN
4. Hence, strength of joint = 45.26 kN
5. Number of bolts = P V dab = 220 45.26 =4.8
approx5
6. The net tensile strength of plate,
Tdn =0.9 *(f u/ Ym1) *An=(0.9*410)/1.25 (250-
22*3)*10
Tdn =543.17 kN>220 kN
Hence joint is safe
4.2 Forms of Construction Assumed for
Structural Analysis
Given: Width of plate = 240 mm, Thickness of
plate = 12 mm ,Diameter of bolt = 20 mm,
Factored tensile load = 480 kN, Ymb = 1.25,
Thickness of cover plate = 8 mm, fu=410 MPa,
fub= 400 MPa, Ym1 = 1.25
To Find: Design the connection.
1. For 20 mm diameter bolts:
Anb= 0.78× pi× 202/4=245 mm²
2. Diameter of bolt hole,
dh and do=20+2=22 mm.
3. Let us provide a double cover butt joint,
Strength of the bolt in double shear,
Vdsb=2*Anb*(fub/√3γmb)
= 2*245*(400*10^-3)/(√ 3*1.25)=90.528kN
4. Strength of the bolt in bearing,
Vdpb =2.5 kb*dt* (f u/ Ymb)
i. The end distance e has been assumed to be for
rolled edge is 30 mm. Also, min pitch = 2.5*20
=50mm has been assumed.
ii. Here,kb is taken as least :
e/3do = 30/(3 *22) = 0.45 ;
p/(3do)-0.25 = 50/(3*22)-0.25 = 0.5 ;
fub /f u = 400/410 =0.975, and 1.
Hence taking kb = 0.45 Strength
of the bolt in bearing, Vdpb
=2.5*0.45*20*12*(410*10^-3)/1.25 = 88.56kN
5. Hence, strength of the bolt = 88.56 kN
6. Number of bolts required to make the joint:
480/88.56 = 5.4
Provide number of bolt = 6
Arrange the bolt in the diamond pattern
7. The tensile strength of the main plate will be
critical at section 1-1.
Tdn1=0.9*410/1.25 *(240-1*22)*12*10^-3 =
772.24kN
8. The tensile strength of the cover plate will be
critical at section 3-3.
Tdn2=0.9*410/1.25*(240-3*22)*12*10^-3 =616.38
kN
4.3 Assumptions in Analysis
Given: Thickness of plates, t = 8 mm, Diameter of
bolt, d = 16 mm Pitch, p=50 mm, f=410 MPa,
f=400 MPa, Ymb = 1.25 To Find: Efficiency of
joint.
1. Diameter of bolt hole, dh=16+2=18mm
2. Net tensile stress area of bolt,
Anb= 0.78*(pi/4)*d2=0.78xpi/4*(16)²=157mm²
3. Strength of bolt in double shear,
Vdsb=2*Anb*(fub/√3γmb)
=2*(157*400/√3x1.25)*10^-3 = 58.01 kN
4. Strength of bolt in bearing per pitch length,
Vdpb = 2.5 kb*d*t* fub/Ymb
Here k, is least of e/3d0,p/3d0-0.25, fub /f u and 1.
Assume end distance, e = 30 mm
e/3do = 30/(3*18) = 0.56 ; p/(3do)-0.25 =
50/(3*18)-0.25 = 0.676 ;
fub /f u = 400/410 =0.98, and 1
Hence, k = 0.56
Vdpb=2.5*0.56*16*8*400/1.25*10^-3= 57.34 kN
5. The net strength of plate per pitch length,
Tdn= 0.9*(f u/ Ymb)*An
Net area of plate per pitch, A,= (p-dh)*t
Tdn = 0.9*410/1.25*(50-18)*8*10^-3 = 75.6 kN
6. Strength of the solid plate per pitch length,
= 0.9*(f u/Ymb)*pt
=0.9*410/1.25*50*8*10^-3=118.08 kN
7. When the bolt are arranged in two row, the
strength of the joint per pitch length on the basis
of:
i. Shear strength = 2 x 58.01 = 116.02 kN
ii. Bearing strength = 2 x 57.34=114.68 kN
iii.Net tensile strength of plate will be = 75.6 kN
Only one bolt will fall in section 1-1. Hence, the
strength of the joint per pitch length will be 75.6
kN.
Efficiency of joint=75.6/118.08*100=64.03%
4.3.2 Span Length
Given: Diameter of bolt, d= 20mm,fu= 410MPa,
fub=1040MPa,Size of flat=150x12mm,Ymf= 1.25
To Find: Strength of joint in slip permitted and
slip critical axeses. Slip Critical a.Slip Critical
Connection (Slip is not Permitted):
1.Net tensile stress area of bolt,
Anb=0.78*pi*20^2/4=245mm2
2. Proof load,
Fo=Anb*0.7*fub=245*0.7*1040*10^-3
= 178.36k
3.Slip resistance of bolt,Vdsf =uf ne kh (f 0/ Ymf )
Let us assume, uf=0.5,Kh=1,ne=1
Slip resistance of 20 mm diameter bolt =
0.5*1*1*178.36/1.25=71.34KN
4.There are 4 bolts in the joint. Hence, strength of
the connection = 4 x 71.34 = 285.36 kN
b.Bearing-type Connection (Slip is Permitted):
1. Strength of the bolt in single shear, Vdsb =Anb*
fub/√3γmb =245*1040/√3*1.25*10-3 = 117.69 kN
2. Strength of the bolt in bearing,
Vdpb= 2.5kb
dt*fub/Ymb=2.5*1*20*12*1040/1.25*10^-3=
499.2 kN
3. Strength of the bolt will be minimum of
strength in shear and bearing. Hence,the strength
of 20 mm diameter bolt is 117.69 kN.
4. There are 4 bolts in the joint. Hence, strength of
the connection = 4 x 117.69 470.76 kN.
4.3.4 Base Stiffness
Welded Connection: When two structural
members are joined by means of welds, the
connection is called a welded connection.
Advantages: Following are the advantages of
welding joints:
1. As no hole is required for welding, hence no
reduction of area, so structural members are more
effective in taking the load.
2. In welding filler plates, gusseted plates,
connecting angles etc, are not used, which leads to
reduced overall weight of the structure.
3. Welded joints are more economical as less
labor and less material is required.
4.The efficiency of welded joint is more than that
of the riveted joint.
5.The welded joints look better than the bulky
riveted/bolted joints.
6.The speed of fabrication is faster in comparison
with the riveted joints.
7. Complete rigid joints can be provided with
welding process.
8. The alternation and addition to the existing
structure is easy.
9. No noise is produced during the welding
process as in the case of riveting.
10. The welding process requires less work space
in comparison to riveting.
Disadvantages: Following are the disadvantages
of welding joints:
1. Welded joints are more brittle and therefore
their fatigue strength is less than the members
joined.
 IS 800 : 2007
Following are the various types of defects:
1. Incomplete Fusion :
i Incomplete fusion is the failure of the base metal
to get completely fused with the weld metal.
ii.It is caused by rapid welding and also because
of foreign materials on the surfaces to be welded.
2. Incomplete Penetration:
i Incomplete penetration is the failure of the weld
metal to penetrate the complete depth of joint.
4.3.5 Simple Construction
ii.It is normally found with single vee and bevel
joints and also because of large size electrodes.
3 Porosity:
i.Porosity occurs due to voids or gas pockets
entrapped in the weld while cooling.
ii.It results in stress concentration and reduced
ductility of the metal.
4. Slag Inclusions:
i. Slag Inclusions are metallic oxides and other
solid compounds which are sometimes found as
elongated or globular inclusions.
ii. Being lighter than the molten material these
float and rise to the weld surface from where these
are removed after cooling of the weld.
5. Cracks:
i. Cracks are divided as hot and cold. Hot cracks
occur due to the presence of sulphur, carbon,
silicon and hydrogen in the weld metal
ii. Phosphorus and hydrogen trapped in the hollow
spaces of the metal structure give rise to the
formation of cold cracks.
6. Undercutting: Undercutting is the local
decrease of the thickness of the parent metal at the
weld toe. This is caused by the use of excessive
current or a very long arc.
4.4.2 First Order Elastic Analysis
Given: Factored tensile force = 300 kN, Thickness
of gusset plate = 12 mm, Size of angle = 80 x 80 x
8 mm To Find: Length of fillet weld.
Assume: For Fe 410 grade steel : f = 410MPa
For shop weld: Partial safety factor for
material,Ymw ,=1.25
1. Let the lengths of the welds at the top and
bottom of the angle section be
Lw1and Lw2respectively for each angle.
Total length of weld = 2 *(Lw1+Lw2 )
2 Minimum size of weld=5 mm
3. Maximum size of weld=8-1.5-6.5mm
Let us provide 5 mm weld size.
4.Effective throat thickness, t=KS=0.7*5=3mm
5. Design strength of weld, Tdw =Lw .tt.fub/√3γmb
Design strength of weld per mm length of weld
=1x 3.5 x 410/(√3 x 1.25)=662.79 N/mm
6. Equating the design strength of the weld to the
factored tensile force,
662.79 x 2 (Lw1 +L w2 )= 300 * 10 ^ 3
Lw1+Lw2=226.31 mm ….eq1
7. Taking moment about line XX,
662.79*2 L =1*80 = 300*10^ 3*22.7
Lw1 =64.21 m approx 65mm
8. From eq. (1), we get L w2 = 226.31 - 64.21
=162.10 approx165 mm
4.4.3 Moment amplification for members in non-
sway frames
Given: Size of plate-1= 120 x 8 mm, Size of plate-
2 = 150 x 10 mm To Find: Length of fillet welds.
Assume: For Fe 410 grade steel: fu=410 MPa, fy=
250 MPa,Partial safety factor against
yielding,Ymo= 1.10 ,For site welding partial safety
factor for material Ymu=1.5
1.Gross area of small plate,
Ag = 120 x 8=960 mm²
2. The design strength of the member governed by
yielding of gross section,
Tdg=Ag.(f y/Ymo)=960*250/1.1=218.2 kN
3. Minimum size of weld = 3 mm (upto 10 mm)
4. Maximum size of d = 8 - 1.5 = 6.5 mm
Assume size of weld = 5 mm
5. Effective throat thickness of the weld,
tt = KS = 0.7*5 = 3.5mm
6. The design strength of weld,
Tdg=Lwtt*(fu/√3γmb)
218.2*10^ 3=Lw* 3.5 * 410/(√3* 1.5) = 395.05 =
400mm
7.Length of weld on each side = (400-120)/2=140
mm
Given: Thickness of plate =12 mm,Width of plate
=100 mm, Width of gusset plate =160 mm,fu=
410 N/mm2,Ymw=1.25,fy =250 MPa,Ymo=1.1
To Find: Length of fillet weld.
4.5 Plastic Analysis
4.5.1 Application
1.Minimum size of weld = 5 mm
2. Maximum size-t-1.5-12-1.5= 10.5 mm
Use size of fillet weld, S = 10 mm
3. Full design strength of smaller plate
= Agfy /Ym0
Full design strength=12*100*250/1.1
=272727.3N
4. Let effective length of welds be Lw
Throat thickness of weld,
tt = 0.7*10=7 mm
5. Design strength of weld =Lwtt. (fub/√3γmw)
=Lw*7*410/√3*1/1.25=272727.3
6. Equating it to the strength of plate, we get
Lw*7*410/√3*1/1.25 = 272727.3
Lw= 205.74mm
Provide effective length of weld is 105 mm at
each side.
4.5.2 Requirements
Given: Angle ISA 50mm x 8 mm, Gusset plate
thickness=12 mm, fu = 410MPa,fy = 250MPa,Y
mo =1.10,Ymw =1 To Find: Design weld joint.
1.From IS Handbook No. 1, the relevant
properties of ISA 80 mm x 80mm are
Ag = 978mm^2 ,Czz =27.3 mm
2. The design strength of the member governed by
yielding of gross section,
Tdg=Ag(f y/Ymo) =978* 250/1.1*10^-3
=22.27kN
3. Therefore, the weld will be designed in transmit
a force equal to 222.27 kN. The force to be
resisted by the weld at the lower side of the angle,
P1= (222.27*(80-27.3))/80 = 146.42kN
4. The force to be resisted by the weld at the upper
side of the angle,
P2 = (222.27 *27.3)/80 =75.849kN = 75.85kN
5. Let us assume the size of weld,S =6 mm(>3
mm)
6. Effective throat thickness of the weld tt= KS =
0.7 * 6 = 4.2n
7. The design strength of the weld,
Pdw =Lw.tt *(fu/√3γmw)
Pdw1=P1=146.42*10^3 =Lw1*4.2*410/(√3*1.5)
L=220.91 mm = 221 mm
Pdw=P2=75.85 x10^3=Lw2*4.2*410/(√3*1.5)
L= 114.44 mm =115 mm
4.5.2.1 Restraints
Following are the advantages of fillet welds over
butt welds:
1. A fillet weld saves the operation of veeing and
finishing the ends of members.
2. In case of a butt weld, members are fabricated
slightly long and cut exactly to have a close fit in
the field. This process is uneconomical.
3. Butt welds have higher residual stresses.
Following are the comparison between welded
joints and bolted joints:
1. Welded joints are economical than bolted joint.
2. structures are more rigid as compared to bolted
joints.
3. With welding, it has become possible to
connect tubular sections which are structurally
very economical.
4. Alteration can be done with less expense in case
of welding as compared to bolting.
5. The process of welding is quicker in
comparison to bolting.
6. The process of welding is silent in comparison
to bolting/riveting.
7. The efficiency of welded joint is more than of a
bolted/ riveted joint.
8. The possibility of a brittle fracture is more in
the case of welded joints as compared to bolted/
riveted joints.
9. A more skilled person is required to make a
welded joint as compared to a bolted/riveted joint.
Where the member has unequal flanges, r, should
be streng taken as the lesser of the values of the
compression are us flange only or the whole
section.
Where the cross-section of the member varies
within the length Lm, the maximum value of r,
and the minimum value of x, should be used.
The spacing of restraints to member lengths not
containing a plastic hinge should satisfy the
recommendations of section on lateral buckling
strength of beams (see 8.2.2). Where the restraints
are placed at the limiting distance L, no further
checks are required.
4.5.2.2 Stiffeners at plastic hinge locations
Web stiffeners should be provided where a
concentrated load, which exceeds 10 percent of
the shear capacity