The following steps may be adopted in the design of a
Live load = 5 kN/m
simply supported one way slab;
Step 1: Effective Span: The effective span to be taken as
centre to centre distance between bearings.
Step 2: Thickness of the Slab: The thickness of slab is
governed by deflection consideration rather than flexural
strength consideration.
Step 3: Actual Effective Span of Slab: Actual effective
span of the slab is the lesser of the following:
I. Distance between centres of bearings.
ii. Clear span + effective depth.
Step 4: Loads on the Slab: Estimate the total load on the
slab, per square meter.
Step 5: Factored Load and Factored Bending Moment: I.
The factored load, Wu= 1.5 W
ii. Factored moment is given by, Mu=Wu.l^2/8 where’ll=
Effective span of the slab.
Step 6: Required Effective Depth:
I. the required effective depth to be obtained by equating
the limiting moment resistance to the factored bending
moment.
ineffective depth from flexural strength consideration:
Effective depth required,dreq=√Mu,lim/Ru.b
Step 7: Area of Steel Required Per Metre Width of Slab:
Area of steel required per m width, Ast
Mu,lim=0.87fyxAstxd(1-(fyxast/fckxbd)
Step 8: Spacing of Reinforcements:
By assuming diameter of bar, the spacing of bars are
computed as,
Spacing of bars=Area of one bar x b/Ast,req
Provide 8 mm diameter bars of Fe415 or 10 mm diameter
bars to 12 mm diameter bars of Fe250.
Step 9: Check for Serviceability: Find the percentage of
steel provided. This should not be greater than the
percentage of steel assumed initially. However if the
percentage of steel exceed the values assumed initially
then find the actual modification factor corresponding to
the percentage of steel provided and find the depth
required for serviceability.
Step 10: Distribution Steel: Provide distribution steel
running at right angles to the main steel. The distribution
steel shall be 0.12% of the gross area of the slab when
Fe415 steel is used and 0.15% of the gross area of the
slab when Fe250 steel is used.
Step 11: Check for Shear: Generally shear stresses in a
slab are quite low. However if it is desired to check for
shear, the nominal shear stress tau.v, at the support
should be lesser of design shear strength.
Step 12: Check for Development Length: According to
IS: 456-2000, the condition to be satisfied is
Ld<1.3(Mr/Vu)+Lo
Step 13: Anchorage Length: All bars must be taken into
the support at least for a distance equal to Ld/3.
Given: Size of slab = 7.5 m x 3.5 m.
To Find: Design the one way slab
1. Effective Depth and Span: ly/lx=7.5/3.5>2 hence it is
one way slab
Assuming total depth, D= 150 mm
d= 150-20-5=125 mm
Clear cover 20 mm and diameter of main bar = 10 mm
ii. Effective Span Length (leff): It should be least of the
following:
a. Centre to centre distance = 3.5+0.2 8.7 m
b. Clear span + effective depth 3.5+0.125-3.625 m
Effective span, leff =3.625 m
2 Design Load (wu), Factored Moment (Mu), and Shear
Force (Vu):
i. Load for 1 m width of slab:
Self weight of slab = 25 bD=25 x 1 x 0.15 3.75 kN/m
Live load= 5 kN/m
Total load 5+3.75 8.75 kN/m
ii. Design load, w=1.5x8.75=13.125 kN/m
iii. Factored moment, M= w, 13.125 (3.625)
iv. Factored shear
force,Vu=Wul/2=13.125x3.5/2=22.97kN
3. Check for Effective Depth of Slab:
Effective depth required, (For Fe415 and M20, Ru=2.76)
dreqd=√Mu/Rub=√21.6x10^6/2.76x1000
= 88.5 mm < 125 mm
Hence provide 125 mm thick slab of one way slab.
4. Area of Tensile Steel (Ast):
i. Mu=0.87.Fy.Ast.d(1-(Ast.fy/fck.bd)
21.6 x 10^6= 0.87x415x Ast x125x(1-
(Astx415/20x1000x125))=Ast=524.2mm2
ii.using 10mm diameter
bars,Afie=(3.14/4)x10^2=78.5mm2
iii.Spacing of 10 mm diameter bars =1000x Afie/Ast=
1000x78.5/524.2=150mm2
Provide 10 mm diameter bar @ 150 mm c/c, Ast=524.2
mm².
iv. Bending alternate bars at 510
mm(l/7=3625/7=517mm)from cente of support or 410
mm from the face of support (Ast/2=524.2/2=262.1)
5. Distribution Steel:
Distribution reinforcement is provided in the longer
direction i.e., 7.5 m, = 0.12% of cross-sectional area
=0.12/100x1000x150=180mm2
Using 6 mm diameter bar
Spacing,S=1000xAfie/Ast=1000x28.3/180=157.22mm
Provide 6mm diameter bar@150mm c/c in the longer
direction
6.Check for Shear
i Factored shear force,Vu=22970N
ii. Nomial shear stress tau.v,
tau.v=Vu/bd=22970/1000x125=0.184N/mm2
iii. Design shear strength of concrete (tc):
pt=100xAst/bd=100x262.1/1000x125=0.21%
For percentage of steel and M20 concrete
𝜏c=0.28+
(0.36-0.28/0.25-0.15)x(0.21-0.15)=0.328N/mm²
𝜏v>𝜏c ,hence design is safe.
7. Check for Deflection:
i. pt=100.Ast/bd=100x524.2/1000x125=0.42%
ii. Fs=0.58.fy.(Ast req/Ast
provide)=0.58x415(524.2/524.2)=240N/mm2
iii. For pt=0.4%,and fs=240N/mm2.kt=1.55
iv. (l/d)max=20xkt=20x1.55=31
v. (l/d) provide=3625/125=29
vi. (l/d)max>(l/d)provided,Hence design is safe.
8 Check for Development Length:
i Moment of resistance at support by 10 mm diameter
bars. @300 mm c/c.
Reinforcement at supports,
Provide , Ast= 524.2/2 =262.1 mm²
Mr= 0.87y.Ast.d(1-(fy.Ast/fck.bd)
=0.87x415x262.1x125x(1-(415x262.1/20x1000x125))
=11.30x10^6 N-mm
ii.Factored shear force Vu=22970N
iii. Providing no hooks, lo=0
iv. Mr/V+lo=11.30x10^6/22970=492mm
Ld=(0.87fy)fie/4.taubd=0.87x415x10/4x1.2x1.6=470mm
=Mr/v + Lo>Ld
Hence slab is safe.
Given: Overhang length = 1.1 m, Load = 1000 N/m²,
Finishing load = 800 N/m², fck=20 N/mm², fy=415
N/mm². To Find: Design cantilever slab.
1. Bending Moment and Shear Force: Assume the
cantilever to be of average total thickness of 100 mm.
Dead weight =0.1 x 1 x 25000 = 2500 N/m
Total weight, w = 2500+800+ 1000 = 4300 N/m
Moment, M= wL2/2= 4300(1.1)^2/2
=2601.5 N-m=2.6015 x 10^6 N-mm
Factored bending moment
Mu lim = 1.5 x 2.6015= 4 kN-m
Vmax =wL = 4300 x 1.1 = 4730 N
2. Design of Section by LSM:
d =√(Mu lim/0.138.fck.b) = √(4x10^6/(0.138x20x 1000)
=38.07 mm
Hence, provide overall depth of beam, D = 150 mm
Keeping nominal cover of 20 mm and using 8 mm &
bars,Effective depth, d=150-20-8/2-126 mm. Reduce
D=100 mm at free end
3. Area of Reinforcement:
Mulim=0.87.Ast.fy.d.(1-(fy.Ast/bd.fck)
4x10^6=0.87x415xAstx126x(1-(Astx415/1000x126x20)
Ast=89.24mm2
Minimum area of reinforcement=0.12% of X-sectional
area=(0.15x1000x150)/100=180mm2
Choosing 8 mm & bars, A, = (n/4) x 82=50.3 mm²
ii. Spacing, S=1000 Afie/Asd=1000 x 50.3/180=280 mm
iii. Maximum permissible spacing = 3d or 300 mm
whichever is smaller. Hence provide 8 mm fie bars @
250 mm c/c.
Actual, Ast = (1000 x 50.3)/250=201.2 mm².
4. Embedment of Reinforcement in the Support:
i.In order to develop full tensile strength at the face of the
support, each bar should be embedded into the support by
a length equal to Ld= 45fie= 45 x 8 = 360 mm.
ii. This could be best achieved by providing one bend of
90°where anchorage valueof thisbend=8fie=8x8=64 mm.
iii. Thus, total anchorage value achieved
=(300-20)+64+(150-2x20-4)=45mm>Ld
5. Check for Shear:
Neglecting the taper and taking an average, d= 110 mm
Nominal shear stress,
𝜏v=Vu/bd=1.5x4730/1000x110=0.0645N/mm2
ii. This is much less than the permissible value of
𝜏c= 1.3 x 0.18 =0.234 N/mm² for M 20 concrete
pt=100.As/bd=100x201.2/1000x110 =0.183% hence safe
(300-20)+64 + (150-2x 20-4) = 450 mm > L eries
6. Distribution Reinforcement:
i. Asd=0.126D/100= 0.12 x 1000D/100
= 1.2 D mm² = 1.2 x 150 = 180 mm²
Using 8 mm fie bars, each having Afie,=50.3 mm².
Spacing, S=1000 Afie/Asd=1000 x 50.3/180=280 mm.
A Serviceability of Limit State:
1.A structure must fulfill three basic requirements,
namely, structural, functional and aesthetic, during its life
span under normal service conditions.
2. Excessive deflection and cracking of the concrete
adversely affect the appearance and efficiency of the
structure and cause discomfort the user.
3. Excessive deformation may lead to local damage to
finishes. Excessive cracking leads to corrosion and
adversely affects the appearance.
4. The deflection that occurs in case of structure can be
divided into the following types: i Short term deflection.
Ii. Long term deflection,
B. Short Term Deflection
1. The short term or instantaneous deflection occurs due
to initial elastic deformation of member under dead load
and permanent imposed load under service condition.
2 The factors affecting the short term deflection are as
under:
i Span and supporting conditions.
ii. Magnitude and distribution of live load.
iii. Cross-sectional dimension.
iv. Tension and compression reinforcements.
v. Stress in steel.
vi. Grade of concrete.
C. Long Term Deflection: 1. Long term deflection occurs
due to creep and shrinkage under sustained load and
additional elastic deflection due to temporary live loads.
2. It is about two to three times larger than the short-term
deflection.
3. The main factors that affect long term deflection are as
follows:
i. Age of concrete at the time of loading.
ii. Humidity and temperature condition at the time of
curing.
iii. All other factors affecting creep and shrinkage.
4. This type of deflection causes local damage like
cracking of partition walls etc.
D. Total Deflection: The total deflection inclusive of
short-term and long-term deflection is a quantity which
requires overall control.
Given: Effective span,lcc=6 m,Imposed load =15kN/m,
fck=25N/mm2,fy,415 N/mm,Width of wall = 230 mm,
Effective cover-50 mm
To Find: Design the beam and check only for deflection.
Assuming, total depth D= 500mm(l/12=6000/12=500mm
Width of beam, b = 250 mm
Effective depth, d= 500-50-450 mm
1. Effective Span (l): The effective span is least of
following:
i. Centre to centre of supports = 6.0 m
ii. Clear span+d=5.77+0.45(Clear span=6.0-0.23=5.77m)
= 6.22 m Hence, effective span, l = 6.0 m
2. Design Load (wu) and Factored Moment (Mu):
i. Self weight of beam = 0.5 x 0.25 x 25=3.125 kN/m
ii. Imposed load= 15 kN/m
iii. Total load, w= 3.125+15= 18.125 kN/m
Factored design load=w x 1.5=18.125 x 1.5
wu=27.2 kN/m
iv. Factored bending moment, Mu=wuxl2/8
=27.26^2/8=122.4kN-m
3.Minimum Effective Depth Required:
For Fe415, xumax/d=0.48
Ru=0.36.fck.xumax/d.(1-0.42xu.max/d)
=0.36x25x0.48x(1-0.42x0.48)
Ru=3.45
Effective depth required,
dreqd=√Mu/Ru.b=√122.4x10^6/3.45x250
dreqd= 376.7 mm < 450 mm, hence OK
Since the depth of section is more than that required for
balanced setion. The section is designed as an under-
reinforced section.
AdoptD=500mmandb=250mm,d=500-20-8-20/2=462m
Assuming clear cover as 20 mm, 8 mm as dia of stirrups
and 20 mm dia main bars
4. Area of Steel Required:
For an under reinforced section the area of steel required
is calculated as follows:
Mu=0.87fyxAstxd(1-(fy.Ast/bd.fck)
122.4x10^6=-0.87x415Astx462(1- (415Ast/250x462x25)
Ast.reqd=834 mm²
5. Minimum area of steel (As):
As=0.85bd/fy=0.85x250x462/415
As= 236.56mm2<834mm2,hence OK
Using 20mm dia bars,Afie =3.14/4 x20^2=314mm2
Number of bars requires,n=Ast/Afie =834/314=2.66 say3
Hence provide 3-20mm dia bars,
Ast= 3x314=942mm2
6. Check for Deflection:
Percentage of steel,Pt = 100x942/250x462 =0.815%
fs=0.58.fy.(Ast reqd/Ast provided) =0.58 x415 (834/942)
=213.1N/mm2
Interpolating for fs=212 N/mm² and pt = 0.815%
kt=1.35-(1.35-1.2)/(240-190)x(212-190) (for
fs=190,kt=1.35 and fs=240,kt=1.2) (kt=1.29)
(l/d)max=20x1.29=25.8 (l/d)provided=6000/462=12.9
(l/d)max >(l/d)provided, Hence OK
Given : imposed load = 3kN/m2,Surface finished
load=1kN/m2,Width of beam = 230mm,Depth of
beam=450mm To Find : Design of continuous two way
slab
1.Note : Figure is not given in the questions.so,Assume
dimension of two ways slab is 4mx5m as shown in fig
3.11.1
2. From fig 3.11.1. ly/lx=5/4=1.25<2
i.hence this slab is a two way slab. Assuming
l/d=25=d=4000/25=160mm
ii. Overall depth ,D=160+20mm=180mm (cover=20mm)
3.Effective span :- Effective span in X-direction,lex
i. Centre to centre =4+0.23=4.23
ii. Clear span+ Effective depth=4+0.16=4.16m
iii. Similarly effective span in Y-direction ,ly=5.16m
4. Design load (w):
i. self weight of slab =0.18x1x25=4.5kN/m
ii. Floor finishing load = 1x1 =1kN/m
iii. Live load =3x1=3kN/m
iv.total load =8.5kN/m
v.factored or design load =1.5x8.5=12.75kN/m.
vi.Since the slab is supported on all four side and its edge
is continuous.it corresponding to case-1 of IS code
5.Moment coefficients :
i.for negative moment coefficient at continuous edge,
ax=0.043+(0.047-0.043)/(1.3-1.2)x(1.25x1.2)=0.045
ii. For positive moment coefficient at mid span,
ax=0.032+(0.036-0.032)/(1.3-1.2)x(1.25-1.2)=0.034
iii.For negative moment coefficient at continuous edge
ay=0.032
iv. For negative moment coefficient at mid span
ay=0.024
6.Design Moment and Shear
i. Negative moment at continuous edge,
Mux=ax.wu.lex^2=0.045x12.75x4.16^2=9.93kN-m
ii. Positive moment at mid-span,
Mux=ax.wu.lex^2=0.034x12.75x4.16^2=7.5kN-m
iii. Negative moment at continuous edge
Muy=ay.wu.lex^2=0.032x12.75x4.16^2=7.06kN-m
iv.Postive moment at mid-span,
Mu=ay.wu.lex^2=0.024x12.75x4.16^2=5.3kN-m
v. Maximum shear force,
Vu=wu.lx/2=12.75x4.16/2=26.52kN
7. Minimum depth requires (dreqd) :
dreqd=root(9.93x10^6/3.45x1000=53.7mm
(Ru=3.45 for M25 and fe415)dassumed >dreq hence safe
8.Design of Main reinforcement
i.Along shorter span in X-direction (middle strip)
a. width of middle strip=(3/4)ly=(3/4)x5.16=3.87m
b. width of edge strip = (5.16-3.87)/2=0.65m
c. Area of reinforcement along shorter span,
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d(1-(Ast.fy/bd.fck))
9.93x10^6
=0.87x415xAstx160(1-(Astx415)/1000x160x25))
Ast= 173.28 mm2
d. Minimum reinforcement,
Ast=0.12x1000x180/100=216mm2
e. using 8mm fie bars,
spacing Sv=3.14x8^2x1000/216 =232.7mm
ii. Along Longer Span Y-direction (Middle Strip )
.