Vaishnavi School of Architecture and Planning

Survey No 48/A, Guttala Begumpet, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad – 81

B.Arch., V Semester, Internal-1,
December-2022 Design of Structures-II - KEY
Max Marks: 50
1. Design a simply supported beam of span 6.0 m to carry a udl of 50 kN/m including self-weight. The beam is laterally
unrestrained and supported on 300 mm thick walls. Use Fy = 250 Mpa. Perform the check for shear and deflection.

Solution: Span = 6m, udl = 50 kN/m including self weight, Laterally unrestrained, Wall thickness = 300mm, Grade of steel Fy
250 Mpa.
leff = 6+0.3/2 +0.3/2 = 6.30m
𝑤𝑙2𝑒𝑓𝑓 50∗6.32
Max. BM = = = 248.0625kN-m = 248.0625*106 N-mm
8 8
𝑤∗𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 50∗6.3
Max. SF = = = 157.5 kN = 157.5 *103 N
2 2
Fy = 250 Mpa, σbt = 0.66*fy = 0.66*250 = 165 Mpa
248.0625∗106
Zrequired = = 1503409.mm3 or 1504 cm3.
165
Consider a section about 1.4 times Zrequired as the beam is laterally restrained
Z = 1.4*1504 = 2106 cm3.
Consider ISMB 550 @1.037 kN/m, D=550mm, b=190 mm, tf=19.3 (T) mm, tw=11.2 mm (t), Ixx= 64893.6 mm4,rxx=22.16cm,
ryy=3.73 cm, Zxx= 2359.8 cm3 , d1=h1 = depth of web = 467.5mm
T/t = 19.3/11.2 = 1.72 < 2 and d1/t = 467.5/11.2 = 41.74 < 85
D/T = 550/19.3 = 28.49 and l/ryy= 6.3*102/3.73 = 168.90
D/t D/T = 550/19.3 = 28.49 and l/ryy= 6.3*102/3.73 = 168.90
l/ryy
25 30 σbc1= 106 –(106-98)*3.49/5 = 100.416
σbc2= 100 –(100-92)*3.49/5 = 94.416
160 106 98 σbc= 106 –(106-100)*8.9/10 = 100.66 MPa

170 100 92

MR = 2359.8*103*100.66 = 237.54*106 N-mm = 237.54 kN-m < 248.625 kN-m, Section is unsafe select the next higher
section ISWB 550 @1.125 kN/m
Zxx=2723.9 cm3, d1=h1 = 473.4 mm, Ixx= 74906.1 cm4, tf=T=17.6 mm, t=tw=10.5 mm, ryy=5.11 cm (select a section
which will have less D/T and high ryy value)
T/t = 17.6/10.5 = 1.676 < 2 and d1/t =473.4/10.5= 45.09 < 85
D/T =550/ 17.6= 31.25 and l/ryy= 6.3*10 2
σbc1=/5.11
109 =–(109-106)*1.25/5
129.75 = 108.25MPa
30 35 σbc2= 103 –(103-99)*1,25/5 = 102MPa
120 109 106 σbc= 108.25 –(108.25-102)*9.75/10 = 102.16MPa
130 103 99

MR = 2723.9*102.16*103 = 278273624 N-mm = 278.27 kN-m > 248.625 kN-m, Hence safe
Check for shear:
Shear stress calculated =157.5*103 /(550*10.5) = 27.27 N/mm2 < 100 N/mm2.

Check for deflection:

δpermissible = l/325 = 6.3*103/325 = 19.39 mm
5 𝑤𝑙4 5 50 6.3∗103 4
δcalculated = ∗ 𝐸𝐼 = ∗ * = 6.92 mm , hence safe in deflection
384 384 2∗105 74906∗104

2. Design a simply supported joist to carry a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m over an effective span of 4.0 m, including
self weight. The beam laterally supported throughout the length, check for shear and deflection. Use Fy 250 grade steel.

Solution: leff = 4.0m, udl, w = 5 kN/m (including self weight), Beam is laterally supported throughout
Fy = 250 Mpa. σbc= σbt = 0.66*250 = 165 Mpa.
𝑤𝑙2 5∗42
Max. BM = 8 = 8 = 10 kN-m
𝑤𝑙 5∗4
Max. SF = 2 = 2 = 10 kN
Zreq. = Max.Bm/ σbt = 10*106/165 = 60606.06 mm3 = 60.6 cm3.
Consider ISJB 200, Zxx = 78.1 cm3, Ixx = 780.7 cm4, tw=3.4 mm
MR = 78.1*103*165 = 12886 N-mm = 12.886 kN-m > 10 kN-m (hence ok)
Check for shear: 10*103/(200*3.4) = 14.71 N/mm2 < 100 N/mm2.
𝑙
Check for deflection: δpermissible= 325 =4*103/325 = 12.31 mm
5 𝑤𝑙4 5 5 4∗103 4
δcal = ∗ 𝐸𝐼 = ∗ * = 10.67 mm < 12.31 mm , hence safe.
384 384 2∗105 780.7∗104
3. Design a plated beam (built-up beam) to carry a total udl of 60 kN/m over an effective span of 10.0 m. Use Fy = 280 MPa.

Solution: leff = 10.0 m, Total load = 60kN/m (including self weight), Fy = 280 MPa. σbc= σbt = 0.66*280 = 184.8 MPa.
𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓2
Max. BM = 8 = (60*102/8) = 750 kN-m, Max. SF = 60*10/2 = 300 kN
Z required = 750*106/184.8 = 4058441.6 mm3 =4059 cm3.
Let us provide ISWB 600 @ 1.337 kN/m, Ixx= 106198.5 cm4, width of the flange = 250mm, tf= 21.3, tw=11.2mm, Zxx = 3540
cm3.
AP = (4059-3540)/60 = 8.65 cm2 = 865 mm2.
Let thickness of each plate = 8mm
Width of the plate = 865/8 = 108.125 mm, Provide plates of 250mm x 8mm on each flange
250mm
8mm
Ixx= 106198.5*104 + 2[250*83/12 +250*8*3042] = 106198.5*104 + 369685333=
1431670333mm4
Zxx=1431670333/308 =4648280 mm3= 4648.28 cm3> 4059 cm3 (safe)
Fbc = 𝜎𝑏𝑐 = 750*106/4648280 =161.35 MPa. < 184. 8 MPa. (ok)
X X 600mm Gross area of the tension flange = 250*(21.3+8) = 7325mm2
Assuming 18 mm dia. Staggered rivets, dia. of the hole = 19.5 mm
Net area of tension flange = 7325-(21.3+8)*19.5 = 6753.65 mm2.
8mm 𝜎𝑏𝑡, 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 161.35*7325/6753.65 = 175.0 MPa < 184.8 MPa , hence safe in
bending compression and tensile stresses.
 Check for shear:
Shear stress induced = 300 * 103/(616*11.2) = 43.48 MPa < 100 MPa.
Check for deflection:
Permissible deflection = l/325 = 10*103/325 = 30.77 mm
5 𝑤𝑙4 5 60 10∗103 4
Calculated deflection = ∗ 𝐸𝐼 = ∗ * 1431670333 = 27.29mm < 30.77mm (hence safe)
384 384 2∗105
Check for out standing length: As the width of the plate is same as that of the flange width no out standing length, oK
Connections: Strength of 20 mm dia. Power driven rivets,
𝜋
In single shear = (100/1000)*( 4 ∗ 21.52 ) = 36.3 kN
300
In bearing on flange = 1000 * 8 * 21.5 = 51.6 kN kN (tp= 8 mm ---- thickness of the flange, smaller thickness)
∴ Rivet value, R = 36.3 kN
𝑅∗𝐼 36.3∗143167.
Pitch of staggered rivet, p = 𝑉∗𝑏∗𝑡(𝑑+𝑡)/2 = 300∗25∗.8(60+.8)/2 = 7.12 cm say 7.0 cm
Maximum allowable pitch = 12*0.8 = 9.6 cm , hence provide a pitch of 70 mmc/c

4. Find the maximum central load which an ISMB 200 can carry over an effective span of 5.0 m, if it is having top and bottom
plates of 150 mm x 10 mm. The compression flange is restrained throughout its length.

Solution: Given ISMB 200, D=200mm, b = 100 mm, tf=10.8 mm, tw=5.7 mm, Ixx=2235.4 mm4
Effective span, leff = 5.0 m,
Top and bottom flange plates 150mm x 10 mm
Compression flange is restrained throughout its length
 Y 150mm

10mm

Ixx= 2235.4 + 2[15*13/12 + 15*1*10.52]= 5545.4 cm4.

Zxx = 5545.4/11= 504.13 cm3.

X X Let W be the central point load

200mm Assuming 18 mm dia rivets , Gross tension flange area =
100*10.8 + 150 *10 = 2580 mm2
Net area = [2580-19.5*(10.8+10)]=2174.4 mm2
Since in tension flange deduction for holes to be
10mm considered, hence the design tensile stress in bending
should not be more than 165*(2174.4/2580) = 139 MPa
Y MR = 504.13*103*139 = 70074070 N-mm = 70.07 kN-m
Max. BM = MR= W*l/4 + wl2/8
70.07 = Wl/4 + 0.254*52/8
Wl/4 = 69.28 say 69.00
W = 55.2 kN say 55.0 kN, There fore safe point load at the centre = 55 kN
Check:
Max. BM = 69.54 kN-m = 69.54*106 N-mm , σbc = 65.54*106/(504.13*103) = 137.95 Mpa.
. σbt = (2580/2174.4)*137.95 =163.68 MPa < 165 .00 MPa(safe), hence the safe concentrated load = 55 kN
5. Design a suitable T section to carry a tensile load of 250 kN, Design the riveted connection and draw the connection details.
Use Fy = 250 MPa.
Solution: Axial load = 250 kN = 250*103 N
Permissible stress in axial tension, σat = 0.6*250 = 150 MPa.
A required = 250*103/150 = 1666.67 mm2 = 16.67 cm2.
Consider a section having area about 1.3 * 16.67 = 21.67 cm2.
Provide ISNT 100 with a=19.10 cm2, depth of the section, h= 100mm, width of fling, b= 100 mm, tf=tw=10.0mm
Assume 18 mm dia rivets , gross dia. = 18+1.5 =19.5 mm
Net area of the connecting leg , A1= (100-2*19.5)*10.0 = 610 mm2.
Area of the outstanding leg, A2 = (100-10)*10 = 900 mm2.
5∗610
K2 = 5∗610+900 = 0.77
Net area = A1 + A2*K = 610 +900*0.77 = 1510.77 mm2 < 1666.67 mm2 , unsafe hence revise
the section.
ISHT 100 , a=25.47 cm2, h=100 mm, b=200 mm, tf=9.0 mm, tw=7.8 mm

A1= (200-2*19.5)*9.0 = 1449.0 mm2.

A2 = (100-9)*7.8 = 709.8 mm2.
5∗1449
K2= 5∗1449+709.8 = 0.911
Net area A = 1449 + 0.91*709.8 = 2094.9 mm2 > 1667.67 mm2. (hence safe)
Connections:
Power driven shop rivets:
𝜋
Rivet value in single shear = 4 *19.52*100 = 29864.76 N = 29.86 kN
Rivet value in bearing = 19.5*9*300 = 52650 N = 52.65 kN
∴ Rivet value = 29.86 kN
Number of rivets required = 250/29.86 = 8.37
Hence provide 10 number of rivets 5 in each row at a pitch of 2.5*19.5 = 48.75 mm say 50 mm
And edge distance = 2*19.5 = 39 mm say 40 mm.

6. Design an unequal angle section as tension member of length 1.5 m in a roof truss to carry an axial load of 125 kN using
power driven shop rivets. The permissible tensile stress in steel is 150 N/mm2.

Solution: length of the member, l = 1.5 m= 1500 mm

Axial load = 125 kN
Permissible axial stress, 𝜎𝑎𝑡 = 150 MPa
Area required, A = 125*103/150 = 833.33 mm2 = 8.33 cm2.
Consider ISA 75 x 50 x 10 mm with a= 11.52 mm2 (about 30% more)
Assume 18mm dia rivets , gross dia of rivet hole = 18 + 1.5 = 19.5 mm
Area of the connecting leg, A1 = (75-10/2-19.5)*10 = 505 mm2. (Longer leg should always be the connecting leg)
Area of the outstanding leg, A2 = (50-10/2)*10 = 450 mm2
K1= 3*505/(3*505 + 450) = 0.77
Net area, A= 505 +0.77*450 = 851.5 mm2 > 833.33 mm2, hence section is safe.
rvv = 1.06cm
Slenderness ratio, l/rvv = 1.5*100/1.06 = 141.5 < 180 OK
Example 5: Design a column section to carry an axial load of 410 kN. The column is 4.2 m long
and is effectively held in position at both ends but restrained against rotation at one end only.
Yield stress of steel = 250MPa.

Solution: Effective length of column, l = 0.8*4.2 = 3.36 m (IS: 800-1984 –Page 41 (b))
Assume permissible compressive stress = 80 MPa
410∗1000
Approximate area = = 5125 mm2 = 51.25 cm2
80
From steel tables try ISMC 350 @ 0.491 kN/m, area a= 53.65 cm2,
rxx= 13.66cm, ryy = 2.83 cm
𝑙 3.36∗100
Maximum slenderness ratio = = 118.73
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 2.83
8.73
σ𝑎𝑐 =80-(80-72)* = 73.016 MPa
10
Safe load = 73.016*53.65*100 = 391730 N = 391.73kN< 400 kN ( revise the section)
𝑙 3.36∗100
ISLC 400 @ 0.457 kN/m, area, a = 58.25 cm2, rmin = 2.81cm, = = 119.57, σ𝑎𝑐 =80-(80-
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 2.81
9.57
72)* = 72.344 MPa, safe load=421.4kN (OK)
10
7. Design a laced column with two channels back to back of length 5.0 m to carry an axial load of 900 kN. The columns may be
assumed to have restrained in position but not in direction at both ends, Fy= 250 MPa
Solution: L= 5.0m, Effective length, l = 5.0m
Axial load = 900 kN
Fy = 250 MPa
Assume permissible compressive stress, 𝜎𝑎𝑐 = 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Area required A = 900*103/90 = 10000 mm2 =100cm2.
Consider 2 – ISLC 400 , a= 58.25 cm2
Area provided = 2*58.25 = 116.5 cm2 (OK) > 100 cm2. Ixx=13989.5 cm4, Iyy= 460.4 cm4, rxx=15.50 cm, ryy= 2.81cm
b=100mm , tf=14 mm, tw=8 mm, cyy=2.36 cm
Y Ixx = 2*13989.5 = 27979.0 cm4
Iyy = 2[460.4 + 58.25(S+2.81)2]
Ixx = Iyy
27979 = 2[460.4 +58.25(S+2.36)2]
(S+2.36)2 = 232.26
X S+2.36 = 15.24
S X
S S = 12.88 cm say 13.0 cm
Spacing between the channels = 26cm or 260 mm
Iyy= 28406.60 cm4 (ryy > rxx)
(l/rxx)= (5*100/15.50)= 32.26
𝜎𝑎𝑐 =145-(145-139)*2.26/10 = 143.644
Load carrying capacity =2* 58.25*100*143.644
=16734 52.6N = 1673.45 kN > 900 kN, safe
Y
Example: A column of 10m effective length has to support an axial load of 1000 kN. Design the
column, which shall consist of two channels placed back to back at a suitable spacing. Design
also a single lacing system for the column. Use steel of yield stress 250 N/mm2.

Solution: Assuming a safe stress of 100 N/mm2

Area required = 1000*1000/100 = 10000 mm2
Consider two channels ISLC 350 @ 0.388 kN/m.
A = 4947 * 2 = 9894 mm2
rxx= 137.2 mm
ryy will be made equal to rxx by choosing proper spacing between the channels
𝑙 10∗1000
Slenderness ratio = = =72.9
𝑟𝑥𝑥 137.2

Safe compressive stress corresponding to the above slenderness ratio = 108.8 N/mm2.
1000∗1000
Induced compressive stress = =101.1 N/mm2 < 108.8 MPa, the design is safe.
9894
To calculate spacing of channels, the distance 2s between the channels is adjusted such that,
Ix = Iy
Properties of one ISLC 350 @ 0.388 kN/m, area a = 49.47 cm2, width of flange 100 mm, tf = 12.5
mm, tw = 7.4 mm, cyy = 2.41 cm, Ixx = 9312.6 cm4, Iyy = 394.6 cm4, rxx = 13.72 cm, ryy= 2.82 cm

Y
2.41cm
2.41cm

X X
2*Ixx = 2*Iyy + 2*A*(s+2.41)2
2*9312.6 = 2*394.6 + 2*49.47*(s+2.41)2
s s s+2.41 = 13.43cm
s = 11.02 cm, consider
Y 2s = 23 cm = 230 cm is the spacing between the
channels.
1858.39
Iyy = 2*394.6 + 2*49.47(11.5+2.41)2 = 19932.9 cm4, ryy = = 14.19 cm > rxx = 13.72 cm
2∗49.47
Design of Lacing: Let us provide the lacing plates at 60o to the axis of the member.

Cos 30 = 240/l1
l1= 330/ cos 30 = 381.1 mm
Spacing of lacing bars l1= 2*( 330*tan30) = 381.1 mm 30o
rcmin of each component channel = ryy = 2.82 cm l1
Slenderness ratio of each channel section between
𝑙1 381.1
lacings = 𝑐 = = 13.51< This should be less l1
𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛 28.2
than 0.7 times the slenderness ratio of the column
i.e., 0.7 * 72.9 = 51.03, ∴ lacing geometry is
satisfactory
Total horizontal force for which the lacing plates should be designed = 2.5% of the column
2.5
load = * 1000 = 25 kN = 25,000 N
100
Let T = thrust in each lacing plate
Horizontal component of the force in the lacing plates
= 2Tcos 30o = 25000
T = 14,434N

Let us try 50 mm x 10 mm plates

Area of plate = 50 x 10 = 500 mm2
50∗103
I= = 4166.7 mm4
12
Length of lacing plate between end connections
= 381. 1 mm
4166.7
Radius of gyration r = = 2.89 mm
500
𝑙 381.1
Slenderness ratio = = = 132 < 145
𝑟 2.89
Safe compressive stress corresponding to the above slenderness ratio
= 55.8 N/mm2
14434
Induced compressive stress = = 28.9 N/mm2 < 55.8 N/mm2
500
Hence, the design is safe
Using 16 mm diameter rivets

𝜋∗𝑑 2 17.52
Rivet value in single shear =
fs = 100*π* = 24063 N
4 4
Rivet value in bearing = fb*d*t = 300*17.5*10 = 52500 N
Safe load per rivet = 24063 N
But the load on the lacing plate =T = 14434 N
Hence, the design is safe.
8. A built-up column consisting of two channels ISLC 350 placed back to back at a spacing of 300 mm if of length 10.0 m, and is
fixed at one end and hinged at the other. Calculate the maximum compressive load the column can carry. Fy = 250 N/mm2.
Y ISLC 350 , a=49.47 cm2, b=100mm, tf=12.5 mm, tw=7.4 mm
Ixx=9312.6 cm4, Iyy = 394.6 cm4, rxx= 13.72 cm, ryy=2.82 cm, cyy =
2.41 cm,

X
300mm

Y
L= 10.0 m, l= 0.8*10 =8m, Ixx= 2*9312.6 = 18625.2 cm4, Iyy=2[ 394.6 + 49.47(15.251)2] = 23802 cm4 > Ixx
132−122 ∗8.30
(l/rxx) = (8*102/13.72) = 58.30 , 𝜎𝑎𝑐 = 132 − = 123.70 MPa
10
The maximum load carrying capacity of the column = 123.70*2*49.47*100 = 1223887.8 N = 1223kN
Example: Design a base for a column section consisting of one SC 250 with two cover plates 300
x 250 mm carrying an axial load of 2500 kN. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 250 kN/m2 and
the permissible bearing pressure on concrete is 4000 kN/m2 (4 N/mm2) .

Properties of SC 250:
Depth, h= 250.0 mm
Width, b = 250.0 mm
Web thickness, tw = 10.0 mm
Flange thickness, tf =17.0 mm
Solution:
2500
Area of base plate, A = = 0.625 m2
4000
Side of square base = 0.625= 0.79 m say 0.80 m
w= 2500*103/(0.8*0.8*106) kN/m2 = 3.906 N/mm2, σ𝑏𝑠 = 185 N/mm2, a = b = 250 mm
3𝑤(𝑎2 −0.25𝑏2 ) 3∗3.906(2502 −0.25∗2502 )
Thickness of base plate, t = = = 54.489 mm say 55.0 mm
σ𝑏𝑠 185
Design of cleat angles:
Nominal cleat angles, 2 ISA 90 90 12 mm are provided with4 – 20 mm dia rivets to secure the
column in place.
Concrete base:
Axial load = 2500 kN
Assuming 15% as self weight of foundation,
Self weight = 0.15*2500 = 375 kN
Total load = 2500 + 375 = 2875 kN
2875
Area of concrete base = = 11.5 m2
250
Dimensions of concrete base = 11.5 = 3.39m say 3.40 m x 3.40 m
Assuming angle of dispersion of load = 45o
1
Depth of concrete slab = ( )(3.4 − 0.8)= 1.30m
2
*********
 Assuming 45o dispersion the depth of concrete
bed = 1.30 m

(340−80)
(340−80)
= 130cm
80cm = 130cm
45o 2
2

130cm

340 cm
Example: A column section ISHB 350 @ 0.6612 kN/m carries an axial load of 1100 kN. Design a
suitable gusset plate. Allowable bearing pressure on concrete is 4000 kN/m2 = 4 N/mm2.

1100∗103
Solution: Area of base plate required = = 275*103 mm2.
4
Assume the size of gusset material:
Thickness of the gusset plates = 16 mm
Gusset angles = ISA 150 x 115 x 15 mm
The minimum width required = 350 + 2*16 + 2*115 = 612 mm
Let us provide width of base plate 640 mm.
640−612
Projections of base plate beyond gusset angle = = 14 mm
2
275∗103
∴ length of base plate = = 429.68 mm say 440 mm
640
Provide a base plate 640 X 440 mm in size
1100∗103
Now stress under the base plate = = 3.906 N/mm2 < 4 N/mm2 , safe.
640∗440
The critical section for base is x-x, as shown in fig. Thickness of the angle
The length of the base acting as cantilever, c = 14 + 115 -15 = 114 mm
Combined thickness of base plate and gusset angle at critical section,
3∗𝑤 3∗3.906
t= c = 114* = 28.69 mm
𝜎𝑏𝑠 185
Thickness of the base plate required = 28.69 – 15 = 13.69 mm but minimum thickness = 16 mm
Hence provide a base plate of 640 x 440 x 16 mm base plate.
 Connections:
(a) Assuming 20 mm power driven rivets.
Gross dia. d=20 + 1.5 = 21.5 mm
π 2
Strength of the rivet in single shear = 𝑑 τ𝑣𝑓
4
𝜋
= ∗ 21.52 ∗100 = 36305.03 N
4
Strength of the rivet in bearing = d*t*𝜎𝑝𝑓 = 21.5*11.6*300 = 74820 N
( The thickness t is taken as the minimum of flange thickness of column section and of gusset
plate)
Rv (Rivet value) = 36305.03 N
Assuming 50 % of the load will pass through fastenings,
0.5∗𝑃 0.5∗1100∗103
No. of rivets required = = = 15.14 say 16 Nos.
𝑅𝑣 36305.03
Therefore, provide 8 rivets on each face in two rows. The number of rivets required to connect
the gusset plate with gusset angle are kept same. Therefore, 8 rivets should be used to connect
the gusset plate and the gusset angle. The gusset angle and base plate is connected by 4 rivets
of 22 mm dia.
Pitch of rivets on the gusset plate,
36305.03
𝑅𝑣 = (s-d)*t*𝜎𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = 𝑅𝑣 + d = + 21.5 = 42.3mm > 2.5* 21.5
𝜎𝑎𝑡 ∗𝑡
150∗11.6
= 53.75 mm, hence provide @ 60 mm c/c, minimum edge distance 1.5*21.5 = 32.25 mm , hence
provide 40 mm.
Size of the gusset plate:
Height of gusset plate = 150 + 2*40 + 60 = 290 mm
Length of gusset plate = length of base plate = 440 mm
Therefore, provide a gusset plate 290 x 440 x16 mm.
Provide 4 anchor bolts 24 mm dia. at the corners of the base plate to connect it to the concrete
pedestal.
Plate. Connect the gusset plate and the angle with equal number of rivets.
Nominal number of rivets is required to connect cleat angles with base plate and therefore 5-
22 mm dia. Rivets are provided along with one 24- mm dia anchor bolt at each corner.
Example: an ISHB 250 @ 0.547 kN/m with cover plates 300 mm x 20 mm is used as a column
for supporting an all inclusive load of 1600 kN. Design a gusseted base plate for the column.
Adopt the following working stresses.
Bearing strength of concrete = 4 N/mm2
Bending stress for the steel base plate = 185 N/mm2
Shearing strength of rivets = 100 N/mm2
Bearing strength of rivets = 300 N/mm2
Diameter of rivets = 18 mm
Solution: Column load, P = 1600 kN
Bearing strength of concrete = 4 N/mm2
1600∗1000
Area of base plate = = 4,00,000 mm2
4
Let 15 mm thick gusset plates and 150 x 115 x 12 mm angles be used for the connection.
Minimum width of base plate =depth of section + 2{ thickness of cover plates + thickness of
gusset plate + leg length of angle + overhang)
250 + 2*{20 + 15 + 115} = 550 mm
4,00,000
Length of base plate = = 727.27 mm say 730 mm
550
1600 ∗1000
Actual bearing pressure intensity on the base plate = = 3.985 N/mm2
730 ∗550
Cantilever projection = 115 -12 = 103 mm ( base leg- thickness of angle)
Consider a cantilevering strip of the base plate 1 mm wide and 103 mm long, Maximum
3.985∗1032
cantilever moment = = 21140 N-mm
2
Equating the moment of resistance to the cantilever moment
1 1
∗ 𝜎𝑏𝑠 *b*𝑡 = ∗185*1*𝑡 2 =21140
2
6 6
t=26.18 mm say 27 mm
The angle provides a thickness of 12 mm
∴ Thickness of base plate required = 27-12 = 15 mm
3202 1152
B. M. at the critical section X- X = 3.985*
- 3.985*
= 24660 N-mm
8 2
Equating the moment of resistance to the bending moment,
1
∗185*1*𝑡 2 = 24660
6
t = 28.28 mm say 29 mm or 30 mm
Hence provide 730 x 550 x 30 mm base plate.
Connections: The column ends and the ends of gusset plates are faced properly so as to provide
full bearing area. It is further assumed that half the column load is liable to be transformed to
the gusset plates.
1
Load on the two gusset plates = ∗ column load = 1600/2 = 800 kN
2
19.52
Assume 18 mm rivets, Rivet value in single shear = 100*π* = 29685 N
4
Rivet value in bearing = 300*19.5*16 = 93600 N
Safe load per rivet = 29865 N
Number of rivets required to connect the gusset plates to the column
800∗1000
= 27 say 28 rivets , Number of rivets on each gusset plate = 28/2 = 14 rivets
29865

300 mm
230 mm

Gusset plate 16 mm
thick

Gusset angle 115 x 115 x 12 mm

730mm
16 rivets have been used to connect each gusset plate to the column. Also provide nominal rivets connecting the gusset angle
and gusset palte.
 L 150 x 115 x 12 mm

15 mm gusset plate
115mm

320mm 250mm Cover plate 300 x 200

x x

115mm
103 mm

730 mm
 UNIT-VI
UNIT-VI: Design of grillage foundation for isolated columns only.

Example: Design a two tier grillage foundation to carry an axial load of 1000 kN. A base plate
700 x 700 mm is provided below the stanchion (column). The concrete is of M-15 grade and
bearing pressure of the earth is limited to 150 kN/m2.

Solution:
Axial load, P = 1000 kN
Assume the self weight of grillage foundation as 10% of the axial load.
∴ Design load for footing = 1.1 x 1000 = 1100 kN
1100
Required area of grillage foundation = = 7.33 m2
150
Say 7.40 m2
Provide a square grillage base
The side of the base = 7.4 = 2.72 m say 2.80 m or 2800 mm
Provide a base of size 2800 x 2800 mm
 𝑃(𝐿−𝑎)
Upper tier beams: Maximum bending moment =
8
L= 2800 mm, a= 700 mm
1000∗103
B.Mmax= *(2800-700) =262.5*106 N-mm
8
1
As the beams are encased in concrete, the allowable bending stresses are increased by 33 %.
3
𝜎𝑏𝑐,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.66*fy*1.33 = 0.66*250*1.33 = 219.45 N/mm2
262.5∗106
Z required = = 1196.172 *103 mm3.
219.45
The minimum clear spacing between the flanges of the beams should be 75 mm.
Consider 4 ISMB 225 @ 0.3061 kN/m
D= 225 mm, b=110 mm, tf = 11.8 mm, tw=6.5 mm, h2=25.85 mm, Zxx = 305.9 cm3.
700−4∗110
Clear spacing between the flanges of the beam = = 86.6 mm >75 mm (ok) (3-No. of
3
spacing's)(4- No. of beams)
 1 𝑃 (𝐿−𝑎) 1 1000 (2800−700)
Maximum shear force ,V = ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ = 93.75 kN
𝑛 2 𝐿 4 2 2800
𝑉 93.75∗103
τ𝑣𝑑,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = = = 64.11 N/mm2 < 100 N/mm2. ( safe)
𝐷𝑡 225∗6.5
𝑃
Check for crippling: 𝜎𝑝,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = where a is the length of base plate.
𝑛 𝑎+2 3 ℎ2 𝑡
1000∗103
= = 48.726 N/mm2 < 187.5 N/mm2 (safe)
4 700+2 3 ∗ 25.85 6.5
𝑃
Lower tier beams: Maximum bending moment = (𝐵 − 𝑏)
8
1000∗103
= (2800 − 700) = 262.5*106 N-mm
8
262.5∗106
Z required = = 1196.172*103 mm3.
219.45
The length of the footing is 2800 mm. The minimum clear spacing between the flanges should
be 75 mm. Let us provide 10, ISLB 175 @ 0.1638 kN/m. The properties are
b = 90 mm, t= 5.1 mm, h2=16.70 mm, Zxx = 125.3*103 mm3.
Spacing b/w flanges = (1/9) *(2800-90*10) = 211.11 mm > 75 mm (ok)
Z provided = 10*125.3*103 = 1253*103 > 1196.172*103 mm3. (safe)
1 𝑃 (𝐵−𝑏) 1 1000∗103 (2800−700)
Check for shear : V= ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ = 37.5*103 N
𝑛 2 𝐵 10 2 2800
𝑉 37.5∗103
τ𝑣𝑑,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = = = 42.01 N/mm2 < 100 N/mm2.(safe)
𝐷𝑡 175∗5.1
Check for crippling:

1000∗103
𝜎𝑝,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = = 25.875 < 187.5 N/mm2 (safe)
10 700+2 3 16.7 ∗5.1