lOMoARcPSD|11539450

Structural Engineering Techniques

Coursework

Structural Engineering (Leeds Beckett University)

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Structural Engineering Techniques

Objective
The main aim and purpose of this experiment is to compare the experimental and design loads for a
direct shear bolted connection. Two types of bolt are used:

1. Class 4.6 black (ordinary) bolts, non-preloaded

2. Class 8.8 preloaded high strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts

The steel used for the connecting plates is Grade S275 steel. Figure 1 has the connection details.

Procedure
Black bolts:
Assemble the bolts and plated and test to failure in tension, in the Denison Testing Machine.
Observe the load indicator in relation to the behaviour of the bolted connection under test.

HSFG Bolts:
Assemble the bolts and plates ensuring the nuts and washers are properly located. Using the ring
spanner provided, ensure the correct tension is applied to the bolt, the correct tension is applied
when a slip gauge of 0.38mm thickness will just pass between the nut head and load indicating
washer. Repeat as for the black bolts, particularly noting the load at which plate slipping occurs.

Calculations
The following calculations have been used with the guidance of the British Standard BS5950: Part 1,
section 6.3 and 6.4.

From clause BS 6.3.2 the shear capacity is known as: Ps = ps.As

Where:

• Ps is the shear capacity

• ps is the shear strength (obtained from table 32 of the British Standard)
• As is the shear area as defined in clause 6.3.1
Table 1 of the handout showing bolt capacities, shows that a 16 mm bolt would have a tensile stress
area of 157mm2.

Therefore, based on this the shear capacity is:

Ps = 160 N/mm2 x 157mm2 = 25120 N = 25.12kN

157mm2 came from table 1 of handout as the bolt diameter is 16mm.

Ps is referred to as single shear, so for double shear (2Ps) = 25.12kN x 2 = 50.24kN

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The bearing capacity of the bolts Pbb

From clause BS 6.3.3.2 the bearing capacity is known as: Pbb = dtpbb

Where:

• d is the nominal diameter

• t is the thickness of the connected ply
• pbb is the bearing strength of the bolt obtained from table 32
Therefore, based on the equation above and with there being three plates with a 10mm thicknes:

Pbb = 16mm x 30mm x 460 N/mm2 = 220800 N = 220.8kN

The bearing capacity of the connected “ply” plates Pbs.

From clause 6.3.3.3, this is known as: Pbs = dtpbs < ½ etpbs

Where:

• Pbs is the bearing strength of the connected parts obtained from table 33
• d is the nominal diameter of the bolt
• e is the end distance, as defined in clause 6.2.3
• t is the thickness of the ply, as defined in 6.3.3.2.
So, the bearing capacity of the connected plates are:

Pbs = 16mm x 10mm x 416 N/mm2 < ½ 35mm x 10mm x 416N/mm2

= 66560 N = 66.56kN < 72800 N = 72.8kN

= 66.56kN < 72.8kN

10mm came from thickness of each plate. 416 N/mm 2 came from table 33 (other grades of steel)
0.65(Us + Ys) = 0.65(400+240) = 416N/mm2. 35mm came from distance from the centre of the bolt
to the end of plate in figure 1 of the handout, guidance from clause 6.2.3.

The design bearing capacity of the bolted connection, which is lesser

of Pbb and Pbs.
Since the design bearing capacity is the lesser value of Pbb and Pbs, the design bearing capacity is:
= 66.56kN as 66.56 < 220.8

Comparisons
The value for Ps obtained was 25.12kN for single shear and 50.24kN for double shear. In comparison
with the tables given in table 1 (single shear 25.1kN, double shear 50.2kN) it can clearly be seen that
these numbers are almost identical.

The value for Pbb obtained was 220.8kN. In comparison to the value given in table 1 (0kN), the value
obtained is much higher than that given in table 1.
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Class 8.8 HSFG bolted connection

(BS) The slip resistance PsL
Using clause 6.4.2.1, this is known as: PsL = 1.1KsuPo

Where:

• Po is the minimum shank tension as specified in BS 4604

• Ks is 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes, 0.85 for fasteners in oversized or short slotted
holes, or 0.6 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to the slot
• u is the slip factor <
0.55 This means the slip
resistance is:
PsL = 1.1 x 1 x 0.45 x 92kN = 45.54kN for single shear

So for double shear, 2PsL = 45.54 x 2 = 91.08kN

1 comes from fasteners in clearance holes, 0.45 comes from clause 6.4.2.1 and 92kN comes from
table 3 of the handout.

The bearing capacity Pbg

Using clause 6.4.2.2, this is known as: Pbg = dtpbg < 1/3 x etpbg

Where:

• d is the nominal diameter of the fastener

• t is again, the thickness of the connected ply
• pbg is the bearing strength of the parts connected obtained from table 34.
Therefore, the bearing capacity is:

Pbg = 16mm x 30mm x 1760N/mm2 < 1/3 x 35mm x 30mm x 1760N/mm2

Pbg = 844800N = 844.8kN < 616kN

The 30mm used in the equation comes from thickness of the three connected 10mm plates and the
value of 1760N/mm2 came from table 34. Diameter and end distance already used previously, so the
same numbers are used, 16mm and 35mm.

2.2 x 800 = 1760N/mm2 < 3 Ys (3 x 640 = 1920N/mm2)

The design capacity of the bolted connection

This is the lesser value of PsL and Pbg

45.54kN < 844.8kN so the design capacity = 45.54kN for single shear.

Comparisons
For PsL, which was obtained at 45.54kN for single shear and 91.08kN for double shear, are almost
identical to those values shown in table 2 of the handout.

However, for Pbg, which was obtained at 844.8kN, is much higher than that shown in table 2 of the
handout, which is actually 0kN.

The following calculations have been used with the guidance of the EC3 section 3.1 to 3.6
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Class 4.6 black (ordinary) bolted connection (Euro code)

The shear resistance of the bolts Fv,Rd.
This is shown in table 3.4 of this section of the Euro Code and is known as: Fv,Rd = αvfubA
λM 2
Where:
•
αv is 0,6
•
Fub is 400 N/mm2
•
A is the tensile area of the bolt 157mm2
•
λM 2 is 1.25

0.6 x 400 x 157

So the shear resistance is: = 30,144N = 30.144kN
1.25
The bearing resistance of the bolts Fb,Rd.
This is shown in table 3.4 of this section of the Euro Code and is known as: Fb,Rd = k 1 αbfudt
λM 2
Where:

• fub 400 P1 1
αb is the smallest of ( -
fu ) = 1, 1 or αd. As αd is( 3 do )(
400 4
2.2 x 18 1
- 4 ) = 0.483, this is the smallest value, so αb =
3 x 18 0.483
P2 43.2
• k1 is the smallest of (1.4 -1.7) or 2.5, as it is an inner bolt. -1.7) =
x d(1.4x
0 18
1.66, this is the smallest value so k1 = 1.66.
• fu is 400 N/mm2
• d is 18mm
• t is 10mm
• λM 2 is 1.25
1.66 x 0.483 x 400000 x 18 x 10
So the bearing resistance is: = 46.1kN.
1.25
Assumptions
Assumptions made for P2, assumed that this is 2.4do (2.4x18) = 43.2

Assumptions made for fu being 400N/mm2.

Assumed that λM 2 is 1.25.

Comparisons
It is clear from the calculations, that the shear resistance for the British Standards is much higher
at 50.24kN (double shear) compared to the 30.14kN in the Eurocodes which may be due to the
factor used for λM 2 of 1.25.
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Furthermore, the value of the bearing resistance for the British Standard is 66.45kN and the value
the value of the bearing resistance for the Eurocode is 46.1kN. Again, it is clear that the
Eurocodes value is much lower, similarly this may be because of the assumptions made and the
values used.

Conclusion
The calculations above show that the design bearing capacity for class 4.6 black bolts is 66.56kN and
45.54kN for high strength friction grip bolts. This shows that the black bolts have a higher design
bearing capacity than the HSFG bolts. The value provided in the handout for both black bolts and
HSFG bolts is 0kN, which is significantly lower than the calculated value. Furthermore, the design
bearing capacity values obtained experimentally were 116.5kN for the black bolts and 173.4kN for
the HSFG bolts, this clearly shows that both experimental values are much higher than that from the
table and the calculations. Also, the experiment shows that opposed to the calculations, the HSFG
bolts took a higher load failure than that of the ordinary bolts as 173.4kN>116.5kN.

The calculations also show that the black bolts shear resistance is higher for the British Standard in
comparison to the shear resistance in the Euro code. As stated above, this is most likely due to the
assumptions and factors that were previously stated and used throughout the Euro code
calculations. This is the same with the black bolts bearing resistance where the value is much higher
in the British Standards.

It is important to note that the HSFG bearing capacity is over 200kN higher than the maximum
value of 616kN. Changes would need to be made during the design period to ensure that these
conditions are met. An example of reducing this value would be to reduce the diameter size.