Kurdistan Regional Government – Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education& Scientific Research

Presidency of University of Raparin
Civil Engineering Department
Second Year (2020-2021)
Steel design

Compression-tension-bending&biaxel bending

By:
Sharif Haji Rasul

Teacher:
Ahmed. Manguri

Academic year: 2020-2021

(Chapter 2)/ Example-1
A column {combination number} in the upper story of a building in subject to the falling loads:

Dead load: 500KN compression

Floor live load: 200KN compression

Roof live load: 90KN compression

Snow: 50KN compression

A- determine the controlling load combination for LRFD and the corresponding factor load.

B- if the resistance factor what is the required nominal strength?

Solution :  A
Combination1:1.4 D  1.4  500   700 KN
Combination 2 :1.2 D  1.6 L  0.5  L or S or R 
Because is  S  larger : 1.2  500   1.6  200   0.5  80   960 KN
Combination3 : 1.2 D  1.6  L or S or R   0.5  L or 0.5W 
1.2  500   1.6  80   0.5  200   828 KN
Combination 4 : 1.2 D  1W  0.5 L  0.5  L or S or R 
1.2  500   0.5  200   0.5  80   740 KN
Combination5 : 1.2 D  1E  0.5 L  0.2 S , As  E  0 
1.2  500   0.5  200   0.2  80   716 KN
Combination6 & 7 : 0.9   &  1W or 1E  NOT applying this example
Answer :
Combination 2 controls and factored load is 960 KN
Solution :  B
Ru   Rn
Rn  1066.7 KN
(Chapter 2)/ Example-2
A column {combination number} in the upper story of a building in subject to the falling loads:

Dead load: 500KN compression

Floor live load: 200KN compression

Roof live load: 90KN compression

Snow: 50KN compression

A- determine the controlling load combination for ASD and the corresponding required service load strength.

B- if the safety factor is 1.67 what is the required nominal strength based on the required service load strength?

Solution :  A
As with the combination for LRFD we will evaluate D, L, L and for ASD.
Combination1: D  500 KN
Combination 2 : D  L  500  200  700 KN
Combination3 : D   L or S or R   500  80  580 KN
Combination 4 : D  0.75 L  0.75  L or S or R 
500  0.75  200   0.75  80   710 KN
Combination5 : D   &   (0.6W or 0.7 E or because W and E are zero this expression reduce to combination1.
Combination6a : D  0.75 L  0.75  0.6W   0.75  L or S or R 
500  0.75  200   0  0.75  80  because of of W and E are zero this expression reduce to combination 4.
Combination6b : D  0.75 L  &  0.75  0.7 E   0.75S
This combination the same result as combination 4.
Combination 7 & 8 : 0.6 D  &  0.6W or 0.7 E   0.6  500   300 KN
Answer : C
ombination 4 controls and the required service load strength is 710 KN
Solution :  B
Ra  Rn / 
Rn  1185.7 KN

(Chapter 3)/ Example-1

Determine the net area of 3/8*8in-plate as shown in figure below, the plate is connected at its end with two lines
of 3/4 -in bolts.

Solution :
An  Ag – A  hol or bolt 
3 3 1 3
An  Ag  A(holorbolt ) An  ( )(8)  2(  )( )
8 2 8 8
An  2.34in (1510mm )
2 2

(Chapter 3)/ Example-2

for the bolted tension member shown in figure below, determine the effective area.(bolted conection)

solution :
3
 ;
4
3 1 7
diameter for design:  
4 8 8
A  3.65in 2
X 1.37
U  1  1 ( )  0.848; U from table=0.80
L 3*3
select the larger value ; so U=0.848
Ae  U * Anbolts
An  Ag  An
7 3
An  3.65  *  3.32in 2
8 8
Ae  0.848*3.32  2.82in 2

(Chapter 3)/ Example-3

For the welded tension member shown in figure below determine the effective Area Ae.(welded conection)

Solution :
Determine X  . from table;  x   y   from table  1.37

L  average  
 4  6
 5
2
L 1.37
U  1  1  0.726
L 5
Ae  U * Ag  0.726*3.65  2.65in 2

==================================================================================================

(Chapter 3)/ Example-4

determine the net area (An) for the angle given in figure below if (1/2in) thickness of plate and (3/4in) diameter
bolts.

solution :
pathABCD :
7 1
An  [11  (2)( )]( )  4.625in 2
8 2
pathABCEF :
7 1
An  [11  (3)( )(32 ) / (4*3)]*  4.56in 2
8 2
pathABEF :
7 1
An  [11  (2)( )(32 ) / (4*3)]*  4.8125in 2
8 2
So : pathABCEF (CONTROLS )

(Chapter 3)/ Example-5

Determine the design strength of an ASTM A992 W10*30 with four lines of 3/4in diameter bolts in standard
holes two per flange as shown in the figure below, assume the holes are located at the member end and the
connection length is 9.0in slenderness limitation in LRFD specification D1.

Solution:

from ASTM A992 material: Fy=50 ksi and Fu=65 ksi

for the W10*30 section: Ag=8.84in 2 ; d=10.5in ; tw=0.3in ; bf= 5.81in ; tf=0.510in ; ry=1.37in
design strength yielding   Pn   AgFy  0.90*8.84*50  379.8kips
design strength fracture   Pn   AeFu  0.75* Ae *65ksi
Ae  U * An
An  Ag  Ahole
3 1
An  8.84  4(  ) *0.4  7.44in 2
4 8

X
U  1  0.9
L
1.1
U  1  0.878
9
design strength fracture   Pn   AeFu  0.75*0.878*7.44*65ksi  318.46kips
according to LRFD specification D1
300ry=300*1.37=411in=34.25ft

(Chapter 3)/ Example-6

Calculate the block shear strength of the single angle tension member (L31/2*31/2*3/8 made from A36 steel is
connected to the gusset plate with 7/8in diameter bolts as shown below.

Solution :
the shear areas are
3
Agv  (7.5)  2.813in 2
8
and since there are 2.5 diameter of hols
3 7 1
Anv  [7.5  2.5(  )]  1.875in 2
8 8 8
the tension areas is
3 7 1
Ant  [1.5  0.5(  )]  0.375in 2
8 8 8
Ru  0.6 FuAnv  UbsFuAnt
Rn  0.6(58)(1.875)  1(58)(0.375)  87 kips
with an upper limit of
: Rn  0.6 FuAgv  UbsFuAntRn
 0.6(36)(2.813)  (58)(0.375)  82.51kips
the nominal block shear strength is there for  82.51kips
the design strength for LRDF is ( Rn  0.75(82.51)  ( Rn  61.9kips )

(Chapter 4)/ Example-1

Calculate the design compressive strength of a W14*109 column 20 ft long and pinned ends use ASTM A572
steel.
Solution:
Ky  Kx  1
Ky  50ksi
Lx  Ly  20 ft
from AISC manual for W14*109
rx=7.10in ; ry=2.51in ; bf=10.4in ; tw=0.585in ; d=17in ; tf=0.985in ; kdes=1.39in ; Ag=29.4in 2
Kx * Lx 1* 20*12
  33.8
rx 7.10
Ky * Ly 1* 20*12
  95.6  200 OK.
ry 2.51
b E
 0.56
t fy
10.4 29000
 0.56  =  10.6<13.48 OK.
0.985 50
h E
 1.49
tw fy
11.4 29000
 1.49 =  19.5<35.88 OK.
0.585 50
E 29000
4.71  4.71  113.4
fy 50
K *L E
 95.6 <4.71  113.4
r fy
 2E  2 * 29000
fe    31.3ksi
KL 2 (95.6) 2
( )
r
Fy

 Fcr  (0.658 ) * Fy
fe

50
 Fcr  (0.658 31.3 ) *50  25.62ksi
 Pn   c * Fcr * Ag
 Pn  0.9* 25.62* 29.4  677.9kips

(Chapter 4)/ Example-2

Select the lightest W-shape that can resist a service dead load of 62.5 kips and a service live load of 125 kips.
The effective length is 24 feet. Use ASTM A992 steel.

Solution:
the factored load is
Pu 1.2 D  1.6 L  1.2(62.5)  1.6(125)  275 kips
From the column load tables, the choices are as follows :
W8: Thereareno W 8, with c Pn  275kips.
W 10 : W 10×54, c Pn  282kips.

W 12 : W12*58,  Pn=292kips
W 14 : W14*61,  Pn=293kips
use:W10*54
the total applied loads is
Pu=D+L =62.5+125=188kips
from table column load tables the choices are as follows:
Pn
W 8 : there are no W8s with  188kips
c
Pn
W 10 : W10*54, =188kips
c
Pn
W 12 : W12*58, =194kips
c
Pn
W 14 : W14*61, =195kips  Use W10*54
c

(Chapter 4)/ Example-3

The rigid frame shown in Figure is unbraced. Each member is oriented so that its web is in the plane of the
frame. Determine the effective length factor K_{x}Kx​ for columns AB and BC.

Solution:

column AB:
for joint A:
I 833 1070
 col 
Lcol 12 12  0.94
G 
Ig 1350 1830
 
Lg 20 18
for joint B:
I col 1070 1070
 
Lcol 12 15  0.95
G 
Ig 169.2

Lg
FROM (AISC figure C-A-7.2) with G A =0.94 and G B  0.95 ,K x  1.3 for column AB.
column BC:
from joint B, as before
GA  0.95
from joint C:
GA  0.95
GB  10.0
K X  1.85 for column BC ;(from the aligment chart AISC FIGURE C-A-7.2)

(Chapter 4)/ Example-4

Compue the available strength of the compression member consist of W12*170 and cover plate PL(1*12) snug-
tight bolted at 4in spacing to the W section, the effective length KL is 10ft A992 steel is used.

Solution:
KxLx  KyLy  12 ft
Fy  50
from manual for (W12*170)
Ix  1650 ;Iy=517 ;ry=3.22 ;rx=5.74 ;Ag=50 ;d=14 ;bf=12.6
2
A=50+2(1*12)=74in
12*13
Ix  1650  2( )  (1*12*7.5)  1742in 4
12
1*123
Iy  517  2( )  805in 4
12
Ix 1742
rx    4.85
A 74
Iy 805
ry    3.3
A 74
KL 10*12
( )x   24.74
r 4.85
KL 10*12
( )y   36.4
r 3.3
KL
for x-axis use modified rate( )m
r
KL KL a
( )m  ( )o 2  ( )2
r r ri
12*13
ri  12  0.289
1*12
KL
( )o  24.74
r
for W12*170 rx=4.85 ry=3.3
a 4
  13.84
ri 0.289
k 1
ka 3 KL 3
  *36.4
ri 4 r 4
13.84  27.3 OK.
 KL
( )m  24.742  13.842  28.35  364
r
Fy
use 36.4 Fcr=(0.658) * Fy
Fe

 * E  2 * 29000
2
Fe    216
KL (36.4) 2
( )2
r
50
Fcr  (0.658) *50  45.4
216

 pn   .Fcr. Ag  0.9* 45.4*50

 2043
(Chapter 4)/ Example-5
Design the base plate for a W12 × 58 column with a factored axial compression load of 300 kips. Assume a 1-
in. grout thickness, concrete compressive strength of 4 ksi, and ASTM A36 steel for the steel plate.
Solution:
from part 1 of the AISCM
for W12*58, d=12.2in ; bf=10in
try a base plate 4in:
try B  bf  4in  10  4  14in
N  d  4in  12.2in  4in  17in  say 18in
A1=B*N=14*18=252in 2
try a 14in by 18in , base plate
select the minimume per size
=(B+2h g ) *( N +2h g )
 (14  2*1) *(18  2*1)
 16in * 20  in. pier  A 2  (16in)(20in)  320in 2
A2 320
  1.13  2and  1.0 .OK
A1 252
N  0.95d 18  0.95(12.2)
m=   3.21in(l arg est value governes)
2 2
B  0.80bf 14  0.80(10)
n=   3in
2 2
therefore L=3.21in
1 1
n` d * bf  12.2*10  2.8in
4 4
2 PuL2 2 Pu
tp  L
b A Fu b BNFy
2 Pu 2(300)
tp  L  3.2int p   0.87in.  7 / 8in
b BNFy 0.9* 252*36
A2
c Pb  c (0.85 f `c) A1
 628kips
A1
628kips  Pu  300kips .OK
Use a 14in.by7/8in.by18in. .base plate

(Chapter 5)/ Example-1

Compute the plastic moment MP for W10*60 of A992 steel.
Solution:

From manual AISC for (W 10*60)

Ag  6.48in 2 , Ag / 2  (6.48 / 2)  3.24in 2
y1  y 2  (d / 2)  1.63  (12.3 / 2)  1.63  4.54in 2
Zx  ( A / 2)  ( y1  y 2)  3.24* 2* 4.54  29.3in 2
This result is the same as the value given in the dimensions and properties table.
Mp  x  Zx * Fy  29.3 * 50  1464.5 k .in
Mp  x  122.1k . ft

(Chapter 5)/ Example-2

the beam shown in figure is a W18*46 of A992 steel. It supports a reinforced concrete floor slab that provides
continuous lateral support of the compression flange the service dead load
450 ib/ft , this is superimposed on the beam it does not include the weight of the beam itself , the service live
load is 550 ib/ft does this beam have adequate moment strength?

Solution:
Fy  50ksi
WD  450 ib / ft not including selfweight
WD  450  31  481ib / ft  0.481k / ft
WL  550ib / ft  0.55k / ft
Mu  ((Wu * L2 ) / 8)  ((1.457 * 402 ) / 8)  291.4k . ft
From ASIC manual for W 18* 46 ;bf  6.06in ; tf  0.605in ; Zx  90.7in3
Determine whether the shape is compact noncompact or slender
bf 6.06
( )( )  5.01
2tf 2*0.605
E 29000
0.38  0.38 9.15>6.28 flange is compact
Fy 50
web is compact for all shapes ib manual thus the section classified as compact continuous lateral support Lb=0
for compact shape and Lb  Lp>Mn=Mp
Mn=Mp=Zx*Fy=50*90.7=4535kips.in=378kips.ft
design strength= b * Mn  0.9*378  340kips. ft
 b * Mn  340kips. ft  291.4k . ft So is (OK.)
THUS W18*46 IS SATISFACTORY

(Chapter 5)/ Example-3

A simply supported beam with a span length of 46 feet is laterally supported at its ends and is subjected to the
following service load:
Dead load=450 ib/ft ,Live load 900 ib/ft ,If Fy=50ksi is a W14*99 adequate?
Solution:
Wu  1.2WD  1.6WL  1.2*0.450  1.6*0.9  1.98k / ft
1.98* 462
Mu   523.71 ft
8
bf / 2tf  9.34, Zx=157in 3 , Sx=143in 3
E 29000
0.38  0.38  9.15  9.34 flange noncompact
Fy 50
bf
=  9.34
2tf
29000
 p  0.38  9.15
50
E 29000
r  1.0  1.0  24.1
Fy 50
 p    r

Mp  Fy * Zx  50*173  8650kips.in
 p
Mn  Mp  ( Mp  0.7 FySx)( )
r   p
10.2  9.15
Mn  8650(8650  0.7 *50*157)( )  8429.15k .in  702.43kips. ft
24.1  9.15
from AISC Z table for W14*99 ,Lp=13.5ft, Lr=45.3ft
Lp=Lb>Lr  elastic LTB Mn=Fcr*Sx  Mp
fromAISC manual for W14*99 ,Iy=402in 4
Cw  18000in 6
rts  4.14in
ho  13.4in
j  5.37in 4
Cb 2 E Jc Lb
Fcr  2
1  0.078 ( )
( Lb / rts ) Sx * ho rts
c  1.0 for doubly symmetric I-shape ;cb=1.14
1.14*  2 29000 5.37 *1 46*12 2
Fcr  2
1  0.078 ( )  39.1ksi
(46*12 / 4.14) 157 *13.4 4.14
Mn  Fcr * Sx
 39.1*157  6133.2k .in  511.1k . ft
6133.2k .in  Mp  8650kips.in(OK .)

Mn( FLB)  702.43  Mn( LTB)  511.1

 Mn  511.1kips. ft
design strength= bMn  0.9*511.1  460kips. ft
 bMn  460  Mu  523  NG
thus the beam does not have adequate moment strength.
(Chapter 5)/ Example-4
Select a standard hot-rolled shape of A992 steel for 32ft simply supported beam, the beam has continuous
lateral support and must support a uniform service live load of 4kips/ft. the maximum permissible live load
deflection L/240.

Solution:
assume selfweight of beam =0.1kips/ft
Wu=1.2WD+1.6WL=1.2*0.1+1.6*4=6.52k/ft
Wu * L2 6.52*322
Mu=   834.58k . ft
8 8
assume ;Lb  0
for compact shape and Lb  Lp  Mn=Mp=Zx*Fy
834.5*12
 bMn=Mu   bZxFy=Mu  Zx=  222.5in
0.9*50
enter to zx table and select section W21*111 of Zx=279>222.5in .OK
5 WL * L4 5 4.5 /12*(30*12) 4
L    1.22in
384 EI 384 29000* 2760
L 32*12
the maximum permissible deflection is   1.6  1.22in.OK
240 240
29000
bf / 2tf  7.05  0.38  9.15  flangeiscompact
50
E
h / tw  3.76  the web is compact
Fy
from table Zx table for W21*111:  vVn  355kips
Wu * L 6.52*32
Vu    104.32kips  355kips  OK.
2 2

(Chapter 6)/ Example-1

A 20 feet span simply support beam of shape W21*201 lateral support of the compression flange is provided
only at the ends. The service load moment about X-axis are MDX=200ft/kips and MLX=300ft.kips, service
loads about the Y-axis are MDY=80 and MLY= 90, if A992 steel is used does this beam satisfy the provision of
the AISC specification? Assume that all moments are uniform over the length of the beam.

Solution:
flexural strength for X-axis
Lb=20 ;Fy=50
for W21*201
Lp  10.7 ;Lr=46.2 ;Zz=530
Sx=461 ;Zy=133 ;Sy=86.1
the shape is compact
Lp<Lb  Lr
Lb  hp
Mnx  cb[ Mpx  ( Mpx  0.7 FySx)( )]
Lr  Lp
Mpx  Fy.Zx  50*530  26500kips.in
cb  1
20  10.7
Mnx  1*[26500  (26500  0.7 *50* 461)( )]
46.2  10.7
Mnx  23784.6kips.in(1982.1k . ft )  Mpx  26500  OK.
compute flexural strength for y-axis
Mny=Mpy=Fy*Zy=50*133=6650kips.in  554.2k.ft
check upper limit:
Zy 133
  1.545  1.6 OK.
Sy 86.1
Mux=1.2 MDX+1.6MLX=1.2*(200)+1.6(300)=720
Muy=1.2MDY+1.6MLY=1.2*(80)+1.6(90)=240
Mux Muy
 1
 b.Mnx  b.Mny
720 240
 1
0.9*1982.1 0.9*5540.2
0.41  0.48  0.89 OK.
the W21*201 is safe