Unhcr Topic Guidebook

UNHCR TOPIC GUIDEBOOK
Table of Contents
DAIS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 6
Phuong Linh, Vu – Chairperson .....................................................................................6
Tram Anh, Pham Thi – Chairperson ............................................................................. 7
Kien, Ly Tran – Chairperson ...........................................................................................8
Ha Vi, Khuong Thi – Content Developer .....................................................................8
Yen Khanh, Nguyen – Content Developer ..................................................................9
Sy Hoang, Do – Content Developer ............................................................................10
Linh, Mai – Content Developer ....................................................................................10
COUNCIL INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................12
History & Foundation ..................................................................................................... 12
Principles ............................................................................................................................ 12
Human rights ................................................................................................................. 12
Uniqueness ..................................................................................................................... 13
Age, gender, diversity .................................................................................................. 13
Participation ................................................................................................................... 13
Multi-Sectoral................................................................................................................ 13
Multi-Partner ................................................................................................................. 13
Quality of Services ...................................................................................................... 13
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Sustainability ................................................................................................................ 14
Scopes and Authorities.................................................................................................... 15
Member states and Periodic assembly........................................................................ 15
The Global Refugee Forum (GRF) ............................................................................. 16
High-Level Officials Meeting (HLOM) ................................................................... 16
Introductory notes & Council expectations .............................................................. 17
COMMITTEE TOPIC: Safeguarding humanitarian corridors in armed

conflicts..................................................................................................................18
Definitions .......................................................................................................................... 18
Topic introduction ........................................................................................................... 20
Topic background............................................................................................................. 20
Current situations ........................................................................................................ 20
Armed conflicts ........................................................................................................ 20
Humanitarian corridors .......................................................................................... 21
Effects and Consequences ......................................................................................... 22
The consequences of armed conflict .................................................................. 22
The benefits of humanitarian corridors in aiding civilians during armed

conflicts ..................................................................................................................... 23
Forthcoming challenges ............................................................................................ 24
Social safety level challenges ............................................................................... 24
Resources .................................................................................................................. 25
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Past actions ........................................................................................................................ 25
International efforts ............................................................................................... 26
Countries and regions ........................................................................................... 26
Chronology of events...................................................................................................... 27
Bloc/Country features .................................................................................................... 30
Afghanistan, Islamic Emirate of .......................................................................... 30
Belarus, Republic of .............................................................................................. 30
Belgium, Kingdom of ............................................................................................. 31
China, People’s Republic of .................................................................................. 31
Columbia, Republic of ........................................................................................... 31
Ethiopia, Federal Democratic Republic of ...................................................... 32
French Republic ...................................................................................................... 32
Geogria, Republic of ............................................................................................... 32
Germany, Federal Republic of............................................................................. 33
Israel, State of .......................................................................................................... 33
Japan ........................................................................................................................... 33
Latvia, Republic of .................................................................................................. 33
Neverland, Kingdom of ......................................................................................... 34
Russian Fedration ................................................................................................... 34
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of ..................................................................................... 34
Somalia, Federal Republic of ............................................................................... 35
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Sweden, Kingdom of............................................................................................. 35
Swiss Confederation ............................................................................................. 35
Syria, Arab Republic of......................................................................................... 36
Turkey, Republic of ............................................................................................... 36
Ukraine ..................................................................................................................... 36
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .............................37
United States of America ......................................................................................37
Venezuela, Bolivian Republic of ........................................................................ 38
Yemen, Republic of ............................................................................................... 39
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER .........................................................................39
REFERENCES..................................................................................................... 40
CREDITS .............................................................................................................. 49
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A. DAIS INTRODUCTION
I. Phuong Linh, Vu – Chairperson
Honorable Chairs, distinguished Delegates, Observers, and Members of the

Organizing Committee,
I am Vu Phuong Linh, a student of Nguyen Tat Thanh Lower and Upper
Secondary School class of 2021, and currently is a freshman majoring in
International Law at the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam. It is my utmost
honour and an extreme pleasure to finally be able to bring Model United
Nations - an academically challenging and knowledge-packed platform - to my
former high school.
NTT is the place where my curiosity for academic platforms was developed
and nurtured and is also where I took part in my first ever Model UN. I can
never seem to forget the encouragement I received from my seniors and
teachers when I was only an awkward tenth-grader, tiptoeing into the
academic world: to never give up and to challenge myself constantly. It has
become such a vivid part of my high school memories, and I soon recognized
that it is of utmost importance that older generations pass on that thirst for
knowledge down to younger generations. Thus, for NTTMUN to finally be on
its way to becoming possibly an annual event at NTT is an extraordinary
experience for me, as this is the most realistic proof of my sentiment: to leave
something meaningful behind for generations of students to come, and to give
back to my former school for all it has taught me.
I would like to send some words to the members of the Raise Our Voices
communication club as perhaps not just a co-founder, but a work partner, a
sister, and a friend: Thank you, from the bottom of my heart, for keeping the
flame of our previous generations alive, for being extremely professional and
hardworking even amidst the heavy school workload, and for finally bringing
this event together. No word can describe how much I am proud of you all.
Lastly, I welcome you all to NTTMUN 2022. Do not be scared, as we, your
Chairs, shall guide you and support you through this enthralling Model UN.
Yours truly,
Linh Vu
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II. Tram Anh, Pham Thi – Chairperson
Honourable Chairs, distinguished Delegates, fellow Observers, and esteemed

Members of the Organising Committee,
My name is Pham Thi Tram Anh and I am currently a sophomore at Nguyen
Tat Thanh Lower and Upper Secondary School. It is the highest honour for me
to present you with Nguyen Tat Thanh Model United Nation 2022 alongside
my admirable advisors, reliable associates and talented members of the ROV -
Raise Our Voices Club.
When I first started to learn about Model UN, I could not help but feel
overwhelmed and terrified. Fortunately, with the help of respectable
upperclassmen, teachers and friends, I have been able to achieve the courage to
step out of my comfort zone. Ever since then, MUN has completely changed
my life for the better. And as your Chairperson for UNHCR this year, I hope to
help broaden your horizons, spread good values and guide prospective
Delegates through the conference to provide you all with an amazingly
unforgettable experience.
Model UN is not just an extracurricular activity. It is an opportunity for us
students to rise above the surface of the mundane and repetitive school life, to
become more informed of situations around the world and issues surrounding
us, to find a way to resolve them like a true global citizen, to enhance multiple
set of skills that are extremely fundamental for our future such as group
working, presenting, communicating and so on. And most importantly, it is
also a chance to have fun, to relax and to make new friends.
Be rest assured that as your Chairperson, I can guarantee that the Dais, the
Secretariats and I will always be on your side, guiding you through every step
of the way on this journey of academic knowledge and thrust for
enlightenment. I would also like to thank the talented Members of the
Organising Committee for your tremendous efforts. Without you guys, this
event would not have been possible.
Welcome to NTTMUN 2022 and I hope this MUN will be a victorious one.
Yours faithfully,
Tram Anh, Pham Thi
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III. Kien, Ly Tran – Chairperson
Honourable Chairs, distinguished Delegates, fellow Observers, and esteemed

Members of the Organising Committee,
My name is Ly Tran Kien, an eleventh-grade student at Nguyen Tat Thanh
Lower and Upper Secondary School. The pleasure is all mine to welcome you
to Nguyen Tat Thanh Model United Nations - NTTMUN 2022.
Every first time for anything is, of course, the most confusing since you may
make many mistakes; but those mistakes will surely become valuable
experiences and enhance your ability greatly. These first experiences are also
the most memorable in everyone's life. As I believe that NTTMUN would be
the first self-challenge for many delegates academically, we, the Chairmans,
will make sure that this will be the most unforgettable experience in your
Model UN journey. Coming to NTTMUN, you will not only be able to discover
your hidden potential but also have an opportunity to find friends with the
same views and interests.
At NTTMUN, it is my great pleasure to serve you as your Chairperson along
with my co-chair Linh Vu, co-chair Tram Anh, and our Content Developers in
the UNHCR committee. I am looking forward to meeting you - talented
delegates - and hearing your fruitful debate at the conference.
Sincerely,
Ly Tran Kien
IV. Ha Vi, Khuong Thi – Content Developer
Dear Delegates and fellow Observers!

I'm Khuong Thi Ha Vi, a student in class 10D2 at Nguyen Tat Thanh Lower
and Upper Secondary School and a member of the ROV’s Academic
Department. It is honourable for me to be a Content Developer for this year’s
NTTMUN. As a new member of the club, I am aware that MUN plays an
important role in the development of students. I promise that whether or not
you are a newbie, you will absolutely enjoy this conference.
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NTTMUN 2021 was cancelled due to the difficult COVID-19 situation last
year, so I am hoping that NTTMUN 2022 will be a huge success. I would like to
send a special thanks to all the delegates for choosing NTTMUN. I hope you
have the most memorable experience at the event, and that you can address
the concerns raised during the conference.
Best regards,
Ha Vi
V. Yen Khanh, Nguyen – Content Developer
Honourable Chairs, distinguished Delegates, esteemed Observers and

Organisers,
I am Nguyen Yen Khanh, a Content Developer of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). I am currently a student at Nguyen Tat
Thanh Lower and Upper Secondary school. It is my pleasure to be a part of
NTTMUN 2022 and I am grateful to have many talented teammates and
seniors helping me in this journey.
From my point of view, Model UN is a place where people get to raise their
voices and discuss worldwide problems to make them better. Besides, people
will not only be communicating about politics or diplomacy but also making
new relationships and sharing their passions. Thus, even if this is your first
experience at Model UN, with confidence, I assure you will have a memorable
conference at NTTMUN this year.
Being a Content Developer, I have seen with my own eyes how effective and
industrious the Organising Committee is. Hopefully, this provides motivation
and high spirits for all the delegates to have the best preparation before the
conference.
Finally, I wish all the delegates an expressive and joyful experience at
NTTMUN 2022, especially at the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees.
Sincerely,
Yen Khanh
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VI. Sy Hoang, Do – Content Developer
Greetings Honourable Chairs, distinguished Delegates,

My name is Do Sy Hoang and I am a Content Developer of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). I am currently a student
at Nguyen Tat Thanh Lower and Upper Secondary School. It is such a big
honour to be a member of NTTMUN 2022.
For me, Model UN is where I can learn to grow up as well as improve myself
by broadening my knowledge and getting to know talented teammates and
seniors. Besides, having the chance to discuss the problems of the world with
other delegates will enable me to enrich my experience and is of huge benefit
to me later on. Should anyone have any intention of going for NTTMUN 2022,
it will undoubtedly be the right decision to make.
Last but not least, all the members of NTTMUN have put every possible effort
to make it happen, so I hope that NTTMUN 2022 will be a success and
everyone joining will have the opportunity to broaden their horizons and have
a memorable experience.
Sincerely,
Sy Hoang
VII. Linh, Mai – Content Developer
Greeting Delegates,
My name is Mai Linh, a Content Developer for the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). I come from class 10D1, Nguyen Tat
Thanh Lower and Upper Secondary school.
I started my Model United Nations journey last year. Since I became a
member of the ROV’s Academic Department, I have had more chances to learn
and take part in MUN. Despite being a newbie, I always try to learn from my
predecessors’ experiences to improve adequate knowledge and skills for
NTTMUN 2022.
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I would like to send a special thanks to all of my teammates on the UNHCR

committee and the seniors who helped me in the process of fulfilling my
mission. My contribution to NTTMUN 2022 is properly a fragile piece, but I
hope that it can form a part of the entire success of NTTMUN 2022 this year.
Last but not least, I wish all delegates and members to have a memorable
experience with NTTMUN 2022.
Sincerely,
Mai Linh
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B. COUNCIL INTRODUCTION
I. History & Foundation
The largest migration wave in Europe took place in 1939 when World War II
broke out. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was
established on December 14, 1950, to aid individuals who have been affected by
armed conflicts. This organization is a subsidiary body of the United Nations
General Assembly, located in Geneva, was given a three-year mandate to
accomplish its duties before being abolished. The United Nations Convention
Relating to the Status of Refugees, the legal basis for refugee aid and the
primary legislation directing the UNHCR's activities, was signed on July 28,
1951.
Since its beginnings, during the Hungarian Revolution, the UNHCR has
undertaken efforts to relocate Hungarians as 'prima facie' refugees. The
decolonization of Africa in the 1960s resulted in the first of the continent's
recurrent refugee crises. Over the next two decades, this organization also
assisted dislocated individuals in Asia and Latin America. Since the turn of the
century, UNHCR has been in crises in Asia, Africa, and other parts of the world
to help refugees. UNHCR has been providing millions of refugees with critical
emergency assistance in the form of clean water, sanitation, healthcare, as well
as shelter, blankets, household goods, and sometimes food in several
emergencies such as Afghanistan, Syria, COVID-19, or Ukraine emergency.
II. Principles
1. Human rights
Refugees and other PoCs (people of concern) lawfully have accessibility to
public relief and assistance as their nationals. (Article 23, Refugee Convention
of 1951).
Everyone has the right to the greatest standards of physical and mental health
(Article 12, International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights,
1966). This contains the right to be free of hunger and malnutrition, and even
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the right to enough food, nourishment, and fresh, safe drinking water, even in
emergencies.
The confidentiality and privacy of refugees must be acknowledged and
respected.
2. Uniqueness
Refugees and other PoCs, according to UNHCR, are a distinctive group with
special requirements as a result of their circumstances (e.g., trauma and
violence different languages and cultures, difficulties in long-term solutions,
and restricted economic possibilities)
Current policies, guidelines, and protocols for people who live in resource-
poor environments may need to be altered.
In some situations, new policies, guidelines, and protocols may need to be
established particularly for them.
3. Age, gender, diversity
All policies and programs must respect gender equality and the rights of all
refugees and PoCs regardless of ages and backgrounds, especially who are
women, children, older persons, persons with disabilities and minority groups.
4. Participation
Refugees and other PoCs should be legally enabled to take part in program
planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation to create policies and
programs that are acceptable, suitable, long-term.
5. Multi-Sectoral
Policies and programs are operationally interdependent. Thus, there must be
multi-sectoral, connecting those sectors within the Public Health and HIV
Section as well as those outside the section. This integrated approach will assist
assure long-term sustainability.
6. Multi-Partner
The section must rely on ongoing UNHCR relationships to deliver its
programs, which include implementing and operational partners,
governments, sister UN agencies, international agencies and other
organizations as needed.
7. Quality of Services
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The UNHCR shall provide adequate assistance for refugees and other PoCs,
listed below, in order to assess quality. Operational public health information
systems must be in place and utilised, as well as appropriate feedback given.
Availability: Appropriate services exist for the community.
Accessibility: Everyone regardless of sex, age, social status, religion,... must
be empowered to access services. According to the emergency or post-
emergency phase, services should be free of charge or affordable for refugees
and other PoCs. There must be a mechanism in place to guarantee that
vulnerable groups, regardless of cost, have access to appropriate services.
Equity: Different groups or parts of communities in a geographical region
can similarly access services. In most cases, host communities should have
access to refugee services offered in camps, and refugees should have access to
government services given to host communities in non-camp contexts. There
should be systems in place to assess the equality of services for women and
children.
Appropriateness: Prevention, care, and treatment are supplied under the
circumstances. Service continuity is critical. If such services are not available
in the latter, UNHCR must advocate for them and supply them to the host
community within its resources. In these situations, prioritization is critical,
and widespread access to primary health care must be prioritized.
Acceptability: The services offered meet the needs of the people who use
them. This includes, but is not limited to, privacy, informed consent, and
service selection.
Effectiveness: People's public health condition improves as a result of
services. This necessitates the UNHCR and its partners to deploy qualified and
professional personnel. Unless demonstrated to be ineffectual or do not satisfy
international standards, algorithms, protocols, rules, and recommendations
should follow host country procedures.
Efficiency: Services are given at the lowest acceptable cost while meeting all
other aspects of service quality on a timely basis.
8. Sustainability
The overall purpose of policies and programs should be to establish and
execute sustainable and long-lasting solutions. Appropriate technology,
capacity building, and the use of local skills and knowledge must be
considered.
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III. Scopes and Authorities
The authority of UNHCR is determined in these documents:

The Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees, adopted by the UN General Assembly on 14 December 1950
(Resolution 428 [V]), creating the UNHCR;
The 1951 Refugee Convention, which entered into force in 1954--currently
has 145 Member States (as of April 2013)--and establishes the UNHCR’s
mandate to monitor the implementation of the Convention (under Art. 35 of
the Refugee Convention);
Specific requests made by the UN General Assembly (Art. 9 of UNHCR
Statute) or by the Secretary-General (General Assembly Resolution 48/116 of
20 December 1993), on the basis of which UNHCR’s mandate may be extended
on an ad hoc basis to help States face specific refugee problems.
which stated the goals of UNHCR to be:
Ensuring the implementation of the Refugee Convention;
Enhancing and promoting fundamental rights for refugees during their
displacement and resettlement;
Protecting refugees by examining administrative and legal practice in
granting refugee status as well as defending the fundamental rights of asylum.
IV. Member states and Periodic assembly
As of 2015-2016, UNHCR consists of 98 Member States (UNHCR, 2022)

On a regular basis, UNHCR holds two main conferences, including:
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a. The Global Refugee Forum (GRF)

The United Nations General Assembly confirmed the Global Refugee Forum
(UNHCR, 2022) as a comprehensive refugee response mechanism in 2019. The
Global Refugee Forum creates mechanisms to guarantee that the support
benefits both refugees and their host communities. It is a key agreement in
which States and other players gather every four years to share their
experiences, financial assistance, technical skills, and policy reforms in order
to help the Global Compact realize its goals. These efforts are crucial in
transforming the compact's aims into positive improvements in the lives of
refugees. The inaugural Worldwide Refugee Forum, which took place in
December 2019, marked a turning point in the global movement to build
solidarity with refugees and the governments and communities that host them.
The next GRF will take place in December 2023.
b. High-Level Officials Meeting (HLOM)
The High-Level Official Meeting provides a forum for senior government
officials and representatives from important stakeholder organisations to keep
the Global Compact on Refugees goals going toward. Taking into account the
pandemic, participants note progress, challenges, and areas where additional
engagement may be required to promote support, self-reliance, and access to
solutions for refugees.
In particular, member states take efforts towards reducing the pressure on
countries hosting the largest populations of refugees. These include support for
additional instruments and programmes for refugees and host communities.
These supports are crucial for the national arrangements and refugee
responses that are coordinated across government sectors and other
stakeholder groups, which are central to the approach set out in the GCR. The
HOLM offers a revision of member states’ refugee policies, such as but not
limited to:
Consider the extent to which refugees have access to jobs, livelihoods, and
educational opportunities and that they are included in national systems. This
enables them to participate in the social and economic life of their host
communities and contribute to rebuilding their countries should they be able
to return.
Reviews where efforts have continued or been adapted and what more is
needed both to advance third-country solutions addressed in the three-year
strategy on resettlement and complementary pathways and to support
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conditions in countries of origin for sustain upon able voluntary return in

safety and dignity.
Member States response to such periodic assemblies might include:
 Expressing support for refugees and the countries who receive them;
 Announcing implementation of the pledges made at the first Global Refugee
Forum;
 Directing resources to the areas in need of further support; and
 Identifying challenges and areas in need of support will shape the substance
and implementation of both ongoing and future pledges, partnerships and
initiatives.
V. Introductory notes & Council expectations
At NTTMUN 2022, delegates representing UNHCR's Member States will

simulate UNHCR's quarterly meeting to discuss recent emerging issues. Since
this topic concerns other fields such as politics and military, we greatly suggest
that delegates should compete for a diplomatic and academic atmosphere to
give the best solutions to the given topic.
For the discussion to go well, the delegates should note some rules below.
Rule 10
1. The decisions of the Conference shall be taken by a majority of the
representatives of the States participating in the Conference present and
voting.
2. Representatives who abstain from voting are considered non-voting.
which means that all decisions, including both procedural and substantive
matters within this conference, require two-thirds of all delegates to vote
for. Delegates have the right to abstain from voting.
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C. COMMITTEE TOPIC:
Safeguarding humantarian
corridors in armed conflicts
I. Definition
Term Definition
Humanitarian A temporary demilitarised zone (routes, locations, etc.)
corridors agreed upon by all involved parties with the purpose of
allowing the safe transits of humanitarian aid, refugees
out of regions of crisis (OCHA, 2011)
Armed conflict A conflict between two or more entities specifically

between government authorities, parties and States that
involves the use of armed force and results in a certain
number of battle-related deaths in one calendar year.
(OCHA, 2011)
Demilitarised An area where States, organisations, parties, military

zone powers, and other related entities have agreed on
forbidding military activities under any circumstances.
(OCHA, 2011)
Ceasefire Suspension of fighting agreed on by directly related

parties in the conflict. Intended to be long-term and has
the coverage of the whole geographic area that is in
conflict. The main goal of this is for related parties to
engage in peaceful dialogue and hopefully, reach a
permanent settlement politically. (OCHA, 2011)
Temporary Suspension of fighting agreed on by all relevant parties

cessation of for a certain period of time. This usually covers the
hostility geographical area where humanitarian activities are being
carried out. (OCHA, 2011)
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Cessation of Suspension of hostile activities with the intention of

hostility allowing parties to adjourn from fighting. This can be for
various reasons, including serving as a step toward
political dialogue, a sustained ceasefire and so on. (OCHA,
2011)
Humanitarian A temporary cessation of hostility purely for

pause humanitarian purposes that needed to be agreed on by all
relevant parties. This usually covers the geographical area
where humanitarian activities are being carried out.
(OCHA, 2011)
Days of Mechanism by UNICEF, sometimes with the

tranquillity collaboration of WHO. This helps enable children to have
access to health care during conflicts. Days of tranquillity
needed to be agreed on by all relevant parties. Parties
must not interfere with the work of medical and
specialised personnel during the designated days. (OCHA,
2011)
Deconfliction The exchange of logistic information between

arrangements humanitarian groups and parties that are directly related
to the conflict in order to coordinate related information
about relief activities. These arrangements make certain
that military operations do not damage the lives of
humanitarian personnel, endangering beneficiaries and so
on. (OCHA, 2011)
II. Topic introduction
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Armed conflict can occur at any moment and in any place. When this occurs,
the most important consideration for governments is how to securely evacuate
individuals and provide them with vital supplies. In the midst of an armed
conflict, citizens frequently become inactive and endure death threats. Their
status is constantly precarious, and they require assistance. Despite the fact
that they are protected by international humanitarian and human rights law,
civilians continue to be victims of violence and are occasionally purposefully
targeted by belligerents. The humanitarian corridor was created to address this
issue, ensuring that civilians may safely flee unsafe places and that aid workers
can distribute food, medical supplies, and other essentials to those who stay.
This implies that the protection of people using the humanitarian corridor is
also their safety. States and non-state actors are responsible for preserving the
safety of humanitarian corridors at this time when armed situations are
occurring.
III. Topic background
1. Current situation
a. Armed conflicts
Armed conflicts are happening everywhere in the world in Asia, Europe,
Africa, and America. Among these regions, the Middle East seems to be the
most endangered region with most countries undergoing armed conflicts. In
the wake of these military clashes were the deaths of thousands of civilians.
For Asia and Oceania, in 2019, there were 3 intensive Armed Conflicts.
Afghanistan, India ( high-intensity interstate border conflict) and Pakistan
high-intensity interstate border conflict are the major ones. (Sipri) Africa is
also a centre point of the world’s armed conflicts. It is estimated that in 2019
there were at least 15 countries undergoing this kind of war such as Burkina
Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, etc. To encapsulate, it is obvious that civil wars are
happening in every corner of the world and there are unequivocal
repercussions. Here are some of the world’s emblematic civil wars.
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked

country located at the crossroads of Central and South Asia. In 2021,
Afghanistan managed to put an end to the continuous war commencing in
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1999. That being said, the country was seemingly forced into another crisis. The
situation remains uncertain and changing rapidly. The security situation is
extremely on alert since there is every likelihood that terrorism may break out
in the country. On 6th April 2022, a mosque was reported to have been
attacked by terrorists, and at least 6 wounded (Dawn, 2022)(UN). Also, a
number of human rights have been violated since girls are deprived of the right
to access education, and civilians’ lives have so far been greatly impoverished,
resulting in parents having to sell their own kidneys to eke out a living or even
sell their children. This is an emergency calling for a humanitarian corridor.
Syria, another country located in the Middle East, has undergone a long
process of wars and eventually ended up in a stalemated conflict. The war
broke out in the context of an uprising against the government. Syria's cities
and infrastructure have been destroyed. Today the poverty rate in Syria is an
unprecedented 90 percent; 14.6 million people in Syria depend on
humanitarian aid (UN, 2022). In Syria's northwest, many Syrians forced from
their homes “are still living in flimsy tents, stuck in snow, rain, mud”.
Ukraine is an Eastern Europe country where severe armed conflict is taking

place. The war actually broke out in February 2022 and is ongoing at present.
Since the occurrence of the war, a multitude of civilians has been affected.
Ukrainian civilians have been displaced against their will. A number of
constructions have been destroyed, forcing people to find a hideout that is still
at the risk of being attacked. It goes without saying that Ukraine is badly in
need of a humanitarian corridor.
b. Humanitarian corridors
It remains to be seen how many humanitarian corridors are taking place at
the moment. However, for the time being, humanitarian corridors are mainly
established in the Middle East region where a number of civil wars are taking
place. Together with the Middle East is the Ukrainian zone where the battle
between Ukraine and Russia is taking place. The implication is that it is high
time the humanitarian corridors in these regions be established.
i. Afghanistan
There were a number of humanitarian corridors established in Afghanistan.
Firstly, Italy has pledged to support those in Afghanistan who wanted to flee
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from their country. They have already set up a number of plans to avert human
trafficking should Afghan citizens desire to flee from their country. The US has
joined hands to subsidy the refugees right after its decision to withdraw the
troops from the country.
ii. Syria
Despite there being a humanitarian set up by Russia in conjunction with Syria,
it didn’t seem to be effective. A number of people were displaced and the
humanitarian corridor did fulfil its duties to some extent. However, this
humanitarian corridor was heavily criticized for not focusing on its purpose
but the government of both countries was concentrating on regaining control
of the opposition area.
iii. Ukraine
In Eastern Ukraine, a five-hour cease-fire was to be in place on Saturday,
March 5, to allow around 200,000 people from Mariupol and 15,000 residents
from the city of Volnovakha to leave. (CNBC) (Ifeanyi, 2022) However, the
process came to a halt as Russia was trying to bomb the city. Russia on the
other hand said that the corridor hadn’t been used. Eventually, Ukraine
accused Russia of not fulfilling the promise that 19 vehicles with humanitarian
aid had not been allowed through. To encapsulate, the humanitarian corridor
did not prove to be of great assistance. (DW, n.d)
2. Effects and Consequences
a. The consequences of armed conflict

Armed conflict has a number of serious consequences and impacts that can
be difficult to resolve.
i. Human damage
Human damage from armed conflicts is at an alarming rate. Every year,
thousands of people die and the number of injured is too huge to be estimated.
According to UNHCR, the mortality rates have declined considerably since
1946, from millions to thousands of people. However, it is still so high in a
world of peace.
ii. Displacement of people
UNHCR reported that millions of people have been displaced from their
homes because of armed conflicts. Mass migration causes a series of worrying
problems such as food supply, shelter, public services, security, hygiene and
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safety issues and cultural barriers. In addition to the issue of resettlement,

economic recession and employment is another concern of both the people
and the government. Because wages for refugees are usually as low as one-
quarter of that offered to a local worker, while the influx of references seeking
work has caused confusion among employers and the Head of the
Confederation of Trade Unions.
iii. Human health
Conflict has also led to terrifying outbreaks of infectious diseases worldwide
because of human contact and migration. At the start of the last century, the
unfolding of Yersinia pestis turned into irritation via means of fleeing from
struggle fare zones, which accelerated the geographical variety of the
epidemic. During the outbreak of COVID-19, the ailment is possibly spreading
intensely in terrible and struggling area-affected countries, wherein it may
wreak havoc in those fragile states. This is obvious in Libya, Syria and Yemen,
which have been locked in negative armed struggle fare for nearly a decade
now.
These conflicts have ended in sizable death, damage and populace
displacement, in addition to critical destruction of the fitness care system,
which made them ill-organised for COVID-19.
b. The benefits of humanitarian corridors in aiding civilians during armed
conflicts
i. Help protect innocent civilians’ lives and get to safety
Opening humanitarian corridors, which ensure the safe passage of civilians to
come to more peaceful places, could reduce the high mortality rate in conflicts.
The majority of people can much more easily leave their homes for a safer
area. Living in a restful place, receiving donations from the government and
organisations, immigrants settle down in a new better life. Moreover, they do
not have to face up directly to armed conflicts which probably take their lives.
ii. Prevents illegal migration and human trafficking
Humanitarian corridor is the most feasible solution to prevent innocent
people from illegal migration and human trafficking which results in the
migration crisis. With the exceptional motion of humans compelled to escape
Ukraine because of the beginning of the war, 90% of whom are girls and
children (GRETA, 2022), non-government organisations and media have
sounded the alarm over suspected instances of human trafficking. They have
been detected, and investigations are reportedly ongoing. It is estimated that
more than 1 million migrants have crossed into Europe (IOM, 2015) and this
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situation led to several worrying issues such as public services, security and
economic recession which made the European countries wobble during that
time. Migration has been and will continue to be, one of Europe's most
important challenges in the next decades, especially with the new Ukraine-
Russia conflict. The establishment of fine humanitarian corridors will be an
absolute necessity to secure law and order in the region, stabilise the current
situation of the predicted refugee crisis in the long run and most importantly,
protect innocent civilians and provide them with safety and security.
3. Forthcoming challenges
Together with the duties to remain in international protection and

humanitarian assistance, the forthcoming obstacles for the committee
operations are enormous. As a result, the relevant parties, civilians, and the
international community must grasp the essentials of humanitarian corridors
safeguarding, as well as their limitations and obstacles, to reinforce and build a
viable remedy for improvement.
In general, the major responsibilities of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in ensuring the safety in humanitarian
corridors are:
 Providing international protection and humanitarian assistance
 Seeking permanent solutions for persons within its core mandate
responsibilities (UNHCR)
Based on these core duties, the challenges for the UN to strengthen
humanitarian corridors in armed conflicts are categorised into sub-clause a.
Social safety level challenges, and sub-clause b. Resources challenges.
a. Social safety level challenges
Humanitarian corridors have shown to be unreliable in the past: Attempting to
evacuate through a route that was supposed to be safe, civilians have been
injured multiple times. It is essentially a last-ditch effort to get civilians out of a
situation where they're either out of supplies or always in danger. “But this
often means that there’s a lot of people who are left behind. What happens if
you’re bedridden, if you’re old, if you don’t have an option to get out?”, said
Crystal Wells, a spokeswoman for the International Committee of the Red
Cross. As the number of people in armed conflicts grows, humanitarian
corridors will have to tighten safety in the “safe areas”.
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b. Resources
i. Finance and budget
The UN Member States' investment and financial contributions are critical to
the accomplishment of safeguarding humanitarian corridors in armed conflicts
missions. Establishing humanitarian corridors and integrating newcomers is
costly. In 2018, Germany spent a record 23 billion euros on training and other
relating matters (Nienaber, 2019). Meanwhile, countries like Britain throttled
arrival rates with onerous resettlement policies. Convincing voters to go the
German route and shoulder the costs will be harder with state budgets
hammered by the pandemic. (The Washington Post, 2022)
ii. Necessaries
To provide a safe zone in armed conflicts, food, clean water, and heat have to
be prepared for the daily necessities of the civilians. In the Ukraine
confrontation, according to Lieutenant General Mikhail Mizintsev, head of the
Russian Center for Defense Control: “A total of 1,935 tons of humanitarian
goods have been sent to Ukraine and 237 humanitarian activities have been
organised. Among them were 22 operations in the Kyiv, Zaporizhzhia, Kharkiv,
and Chernihiv regions in the past 24 hours when 264 tons of necessities were
delivered to the local people”. The number of humanitarian corridors has been
expanded, which means that the number of necessities has to be increased. The
government and related members in the UN have to step up the preparation of
essential supplies to provide for the victims. In the future, if the confrontations
keep happening, more necessities have to be provided in the humanitarian
corridors zones.
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IV. Past actions

1. International efforts:
 1991: The adoption of resolution 46/182 with the title of “Strengthening the
coordination of humanitarian emergency assistance of the United Nations”.
The resolution provides a primary framework for humanitarian activities and
assistance.
 December 19, 1991: The establishment of the United Nations Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) from resolution 46/182. It is a
branch of the United Nations Secretariats and is responsible for bringing
humanitarian actors together in order to produce coherent counter-measures
to emergencies. The committee also makes sure that a framework is present so
every actor can contribute overall.
 Since the establishment of resolution 46/182, the framework has been
expanded and perfected exponentially through the decade through various
resolutions from multiple committees of the United Nations such as resolution
47/168, resolution 48/57, and so on.
 2003: Establishment of the FATF 40 Recommendation on Combating Money
laundering and Terrorist financing. This works as a guideline for States to
protect civilians in conflicts through financial measures.
 The United Nations has always advocated for peace and harmony in the world,
hence it constantly urges all Member States to contribute and join hands in the
protection of civilians during armed conflicts and reminds them of good values
and the framework that was established and developed through multiple
resolutions. Most recently are resolution 2642 and resolution 2482 adopted by
the Security Council.
 Despite the difficulties of the COVID-19 pandemic and tensions arising in
multiple regions, peacekeeping operations aimed at protecting civilians were
still carried out as stated in the Secretary-General’s report on the Protection of
civilians in armed conflicts.
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2. Countries and regions:

 The United States of America: Has always served as one of the main
contributors to humanitarian organisations including UNHCR, OCHA and so
on. For instance, in the year 2020, it contributed approximately 42% of the
total budget to UNHCR. It also provides nearly $94 million for the Reserved
Pledge for the Emergency Fund. (UNHCR, 2021)
 The European Union: The European Union has been a shelter to multiple
refugees throughout the span of modern history, for example, during the
Syrian refugee crisis and to this day the Ukraine-Russia conflict. The European
Union is also one of the main contributors to humanitarian organisations.
 The United Kingdom: Alongside the United States and the European Union, the
United Kingdom also provides humanitarian organisations with large amounts
of funds. It is one of the top donors for OCHA in 2020 with a donation of about
$32.4 million. (OCHA, 2020)
 Asia: Recently with the uprising in Myanmar and the Rohingya Refugee Crisis
ever since August 2017, it has been an absolute necessity to establish and
protect humanitarian corridors there. With the help of fellow neighbouring
States and the UNHCR, the safety of the people has somewhat been ensured.
The Asian Member States also help many humanitarian organisations with
their funding through both the governments and independent donors both
with earmarked and flexible funds. For example, in 2020, Japan has
contributed about $120 million to UNHCR with a totally flexible budget of
about $30 million. (UNHCR, 2021)
V. Chronology of events
Timeline Events Location
Armed Conflict
1948-2022 Internal conflict in Myanmar (1948-2022)

 Kachin conflict (1961 - 2022) Myanmar
 Karen conflict (1949 - 2022)
 Rohingya conflict (1947 - 2022)
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 Conflict in Rakhine State (2016-2022)

 2021–2022 Myanmar protests
 2021–2022 Myanmar insurgency
1978 Afghanistan conflict (1978 - 2022) Afghanistan

 Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015 -
2022)
 Panjshir conflict (2021 - 2022)
2011 Yemen Crisis (2011 - 2022) Yemen,

 Yemeni Civil War (2014 - 2022) Saudi Arabia
 Al-Qaeda insurgency (1998 - 2022) United Arab
 Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict (2015 - Emirates
2022)
 Saudi Arabian-led intervention (2015 -
2022)
2014 Russo-Ukrainian War (2014 - 2022) Ukraine

 War in Donbas (2014 - 2022) Russia
 Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February
2022 – present)
2020 Tigray War (2020 - 2022) Ethiopia

 Spillover of the Tigray War (2020 - 2022) Eritrea
 Ethiopian–Sudanese clashes (2020 - 2022) Sudan
Formation of humanitarian corridors
1988 -2021 Lachin corridor is a mountain road that Lachin

links Armenia and the enclave of Azerbaijan,
Nagorno-Karabakh. The corridor is de jure
in the Lachin District of Azerbaijan but is
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under the control of a Russian Kashatag,

peacekeeping force as provided for in Artsakh.
t020.
1993 The establishment of the United Nations Bosnia and

Safe Areas (UN Safe Areas) - humanitarian Herzegovina
corridors in the territory of Bosnia and
Herzegovina during the Bosnian War.
These cities and territories were placed
under the protection of the UN
peacekeeping units UNPROFOR.
1–12 August Russo - Georgian War: On 8 August 2008, Georgia

2008 the International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC) urged the combatants to form
a humanitarian corridor in South Ossetia
to evacuate the wounded civilians.
October 26, Nord-Kivu campaign: On November 23, Eastern Nord-

2008 – aid efforts improved as the planned
Kivu,
March 23, humanitarian aid corridor opened and
Democratic
2009 convoys were allowed access to several
Republic of the
previously isolated cities to begin
Congo
distributing supplies.
December Gaza war: On 7 January, Israel opened a Gaza Strip and

27, 2008 – humanitarian corridor to allow the Southern Israel
18 January shipment of aid into Gaza. The Israeli army
2009 agreed to interrupt fighting for three hours
and Hamas agreed not to launch rockets.
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: President Ukraine

Zelenskyy stated that nearly 125,000
civilians had been evacuated under the
humanitarian corridor agreement, while
Russian and Ukrainian negotiators
reported progress in peace talks.
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February Siege of Mariupol: An agreement between Ukraine

2022 Russian and Ukrainian authorities to allow
civilians to evacuate from Mariupol and
four other Ukrainian towns on 9 March
2022 in a humanitarian corridor; however,
it is later revealed that Russia attacked
these humanitarian corridors.
VI. BLOC/COUNTRY FEATURES
1. Afghanistan, Islamic Emirate of

Afghanistan's internal strife began in 1978 when anti-communist rebels
clashed with left-wing military officers. Over the next several years, violence
between mujahideen and the Taliban intensified. Human passageways are,
without a doubt, a requirement. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has
received numerous aid from states in recent years to assist in the struggle for a
better future for innocent residents. For example, the United Arab Emirates
has sent a plane to deliver "urgent medical and food help." This is the first
assistance flight from the United Arab Emirates to Afghanistan since the
country's recent events. The EU has stated that it is willing to work with the
new Taliban government in Kabul if a transitional government is formed
through dialogue. However, with over 3000 casualties and a significant
increase in the number of female victims, it remains one of the world's
deadliest places (UNAMA, 2021).
2. Belarus, Republic of
Following the collapse of ceasefire negotiations, Moscow has proposed
additional humanitarian corridors connecting Ukraine to Belarus and Russia.
Ukraine has rejected the help and has labelled Russia as "immoral." Belarus and
its border are now home to a huge number of refugees. According to the
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),
roughly 5,000 refugees and migrants are still stranded in Belarus, with no
significant new arrivals. Over 3,550 persons have returned to their native land.
30
Around 800 People of Concern are accommodated in a logistics centre in

Grodno, while hundreds more are stuck in the forest, suffering terrible winter
conditions with no way to get help. IOM Belarus is continuing to do everything
it can to keep refugees safe.
3. Belgium, Kingdom of
Belgium, being the home of the European Union's headquarters, has
historically served as a common ground and a mediator in matters concerning
the European Union. The Sant'Egidio Community and the Belgian State
Secretariat for Asylum and Migration signed an agreement today on a program
that would allow 250 refugees in risky situations to enter Belgium safely and
legally (Sant'Egidio, 2021). In 2017-2018, a similar humanitarian corridor
opened, allowing 150 vulnerable Syrian migrants to enter Belgium. They had
been welcomed and supported in their integration by religious communities.
The religious affiliations of refugees had little influence on their selection at the
time. The recently agreed-upon humanitarian corridor will be no exception
(Sant'Egidio, 2021). Furthermore, under the European program, which Belgium
has been a part of since 2013, Belgium provides resettlement opportunities to a
number of vulnerable refugees in need of international protection each year: in
2019, the program enabled 239 refugees to come to Belgium, thanks in part to
the IOM's assistance (IOM, 2019).
4. China, People’s Republic of
China has recently urged parties involved in the conflict between Ukraine
and Russia to develop new humanitarian corridors based on principles similar
to those outlined in UN Security Council Resolution 46/182. Their UN envoy
has also advised Member States to behave diplomatically and in accordance
with the United Nations Charter. They demand that people in Ukraine be
protected, as well as foreign nationals living there. China also took the lead in
reaffirming a six-point plan put up by a Chinese State Councillor to avert
future humanitarian catastrophes.
5. Columbia, Republic of
Colombia is located in South America, one of the countries in the LAC regions
(Latin America and the Caribbean regions). Colombia is currently in a crisis
with both the influx of refugees and thousands of people fleeing Colombia as a
result of undeclared civil war, threats of extortion, kidnapping, etc….The
majority of refugees fleeing to Colombia are Venezuelans. Living in a country
with hyperinflation, violence, and shortages of foods and medicines has urged
these people to find a new domicile. There are several problems that both
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refugees and the Colombian government might have to encounter, one of

which is the fear among the civilians that the acceptance of these refugees
might exert pressure on the country economically. The current approach is
that The World Bank is supporting the country by convening power, subsiding
the country, and providing the analytical capacity. For Colombian refugees, as
aforementioned, being fear of undeclared war, threats of extortion or
kidnapping has made the Colombians flee their country. Their primary
destinations are neighbouring countries.
6. Ethiopia, Federal Democratic Republic of
A number of Eritreans have fled to Ethiopia. Hundreds of thousands of
Eritreans have sought refuge in Ethiopia in recent decades, and the country
currently has some 149,000 Eritrean refugees (Refugeesinternational.org).
Ethiopia is a country located in the East of Africa. Despite its state of
turbulence and civil wars among ethnicities and outside countries, the
Eritreans are still seeking refuge in Ethiopia. Eritrea is a neighbouring country
of Ethiopia; the peoples here have to suffer from atrocities, displacement, and
deteriorating human rights. Although thousands of people have managed to
cross the border of Eritrea and Ethiopia, they are still under attack from the
tribe in Tigray and the Eritrean forces as vengeance for abandoning their native
country. Most of these refugees do not have steady accommodation. They are
constantly displaced and they live in camps.
7. French Republic
UNHCR’s representation in France has been in operation since 1951. The
country is estimated to have over 455,295 refugees and persons under other
forms of international protection (December 31, 2020) (UNHCR, 2020).
Asylum seekers are allowed to have social rights all your procedure long. These
social rights are health insurance (grant access to medical care),
accommodation (housing), monthly allowance (financial assistance each
month), and bank account (called Livret A). Also, like other countries in the
present time, France has opened its doors to accept refugees from Ukraine who
are suffering from the war.
8. Georgia, Republic of
According to UNHCR, as of September 2021, Georgia reported around
300,000 people of concern (UNHCR, 2021). Most refugees and asylum seekers
come from Iran, Iraq, Ukraine, the Russian Federation, and Egypt. In Georgia,
there is a program for refugees. These refugees are encouraged to be self-
reliant and self-sufficient within a short period of time after their entrance into
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the country. As the war in Ukraine continues, a number of Ukrainians have

also made their way to Georgia.
9. Germany, Federal Republic of
Germany has made a significant contribution to the UNHCR. Germany
reported over 1.24 million migrants and 233,000 asylum applicants as a
member state (UNHCR, n.d). As a result, Germany became Europe's largest
refugee host country in the middle of 2021. Syria accounts for half of the
refugees. 27,000 stateless people live in Germany (UNHCR, n.d). At the same
time, Germany has long been the second-largest bilateral donor behind the
United States, supporting UNHCR's global efforts. Germany also abandoned a
long-standing policy of never sending weaponry into combat zones, claiming
that the Russian invasion of Ukraine was a watershed point.
10. Israel, State of
Israel, is a country heavily affected by the ongoing armed conflicts. Among
the armed conflicts that have occurred, the war in Gaza has opened a
humanitarian corridor to bring necessities to the civilian population. At the
same time, these areas have been guaranteed not to fire missiles to ensure the
safety of civilians. As can be seen, humanitarian corridors have proven
effective in protecting innocent people.
11. Japan
Japan, as a neutral country far from areas affected by armed conflict, is still
demonstrating efforts to assist refugees from dangerous areas. According to
UNHCR data, Japan is the 4th largest government donor ($140 million) and the
third-largest private sector donor globally ($61 million) to UNHCR to meet
needs worldwide. world. Japan has been gaining public support for UNHCR's
activities worldwide and in Japan.
12. Latvia, Republic of
Latvia immediately announced its readiness to accept refugees from Ukraine
and suspend the issuance of Latvian visas to Russian citizens right after the
Russian invasion of Ukraine happened. Previously, in January 2022, during the
Russia-Ukraine crisis 2021–2022, Latvia announced that it would send the
FIM-92 Stinger air defence system to Ukraine, to be delivered in February
2022, just before the Russian invasion. Ukraine strategy. In parallel with arms
aid, the Latvian government issued an order to provide humanitarian aid to
Ukraine. “Aid to stabilise the situation in Ukraine is very important for all of
Europe and the Eastern Partner countries. I am very happy considering
33
Ukraine's priority needs and our ability, Latvia will send 9 generators and
4000 blankets ", Interior Director Kozlovskis pointed out. Humanitarian
support and transportation costs The transfer is worth 103,000 euros
(Reliefweb, 2022).
13. Netherlands, Kingdom of
The Kingdom of Netherlands acts as a member of the EU, NATO and OSCE
(Cooperation in Europe). The Netherlands supports EU sanctions in opposition
to Russia following Russia’s assault on Ukraine. In order to provide support to
Ukraine, the government is providing humanitarian, economic and military
support to the country.
The Dutch Relief Alliance (DRA) presents instant humanitarian alleviation to
sufferers of the battle and assists groups that host displaced humans. DRA
works with nearby companions in Ukraine to supply pressing assistance along
with meal parcels, nonfood objects for shelters, easy consuming water, hygiene
kits to the ones affected. Moreover, the Dutch Relief Alliance has set aside €2.5
million to assist the humans of Ukraine.
14. Russian Federation
Russia is a big country in terms of territory, economy and politics. On
February 24, Russian President Vladimir Putin released a large-scale invasion
of Ukraine. To explain why Russia invaded Ukraine, Putin has given different
causes. The main reason is that the invasion of Ukraine is an act of self-
protection in opposition to NATO growth into Eastern Europe and previous
Soviet Republics, particularly Ukraine. The above motives are considered
unreasonable. Consequently, Russian President Vladimir Putin and his country
had been going through severe worldwide backlash, starting from crippling
monetary sanctions to condemnation from the worlds of sports activities and
culture.
Putin promised to ensure the safe passage of civilians. The Ukrainian
authorities and Ukrainian non-governmental organisation leaders time and
again accuse Russian forces of shelling humanitarian corridors, laying
landmines alongside them and usually disrupting the secure passage of useful
resources people and scientific supplies. Some days the evacuations are shelled
by Russians or the corridors are not open.
15. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of
To express position in the Russia - Ukraine conflict, Saudi Arabia's Crown
Prince Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud has offered to intervene between
34
Russia and Ukraine to resolve the ongoing conflict by a non-violent solution.

Saudi Arabia has provided $10 million in humanitarian useful resources to
Ukrainian refugees who've fled the country (Arab News, 2022). Saudi
Arabia’s humanitarian charity, the King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief
Center, is coordinating the attempt to offer an emergency safe haven and
hospital therapy with the Polish authorities and the United Nations.
16. Somalia, Federal Republic of
UNHCR estimates that 3.1 million people in Somalia are in need of assistance,
including over 30,000 refugees and asylum seekers, mostly from Ethiopia and
Yemen. Several countries and organisations have moved forward to assist
Somalia in the face of the migratory crisis, including Ethiopia, With UNHCR's
help, almost 92,000 refugees have returned to Somalia voluntarily, the
majority from Kenya, Yemen, Djibouti, Libya, Sudan, and Eritrea. Furthermore,
nearly 3 million people are internally displaced in the country as a result of
conflict, insecurity, and climate change-related events such as cyclical droughts
and floods. Political insecurity, conflict, natural calamities such as drought,
flooding, and storms, as well as the impact of Covid-19, continue to be
challenged in Somalia. As involvement, Somalia governments have to find the
solution to solve security, diseases,... and other challenges have been
mentioned.
17. Sweden, Kingdom of
Today, Sweden renounced its official policy of military neutrality after the
Cold War ended and the Soviet Union fell apart, but it remained a neutral and
non-aligned country. Since 1985, the UNHCR has been working in the region.
In 2020, Sweden reported 12,991 asylum seekers, the lowest number in 20
years, with the majority of them coming from Syria, Uzbekistan, and Iraq
(UNHCR, n.d). The advocacy activity of Caritas Sweden protects the
fundamental human rights of asylum seekers and refugees. Poverty reduction,
counselling, and help for migrants, refugees, and victims of human trafficking
in Sweden are among its services. Besides, facing the Ukrainian refugee crisis,
approximately 20,000 people have arrived safely in Sweden since the start of
the war in Ukraine, with a further 80,000 expected before the summer
(Schengenvisainfo News, 2022).
18. Swiss Confederation
Facing intense fighting in the world, the Swiss Federation plays a role of
neutrality under fire over the Ukraine war. Around 130997 refugees and other
people of concern live in Switzerland (UNHCR). Afghanistan, Turkey, and
35
Algeria were the leading countries of origin for spontaneous applications in

2021 (Schengenvisainfo News, 2022). The Swiss State Secretariat for Migration
(SEM) reported that thousands of beds in federal asylum centres are already
available for Ukrainian migrants, but that further capacity is still needed.
Apparently, the authority has to control and ensure necessary provisions to
increase humanitarian corridors' safety.
19. Syria, Arab Republic of
In the world's worst refugee crisis in decades, millions of Syrians have fled
across borders. Turkey is home to the largest number of Syrian refugees, with
over 3.6 million registered (UNHCR).
In neighbouring nations, the great majority of Syrian refugees live in cities,
with only one in every twenty being housed in a refugee camp. For more than
a million Syrian refugees who have little or no financial resources, life is a daily
struggle in all of their neighbouring nations.
However, since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, many people have
lost their jobs. Nine out of 10 refugees in Lebanon currently live in abject
poverty (UNHCR). Because there are no formal refugee camps, Syrians are
dispersed throughout urban and rural communities, sharing cramped spaces.
As Syria is not one of the Member States of the UN High Commissioner for
Refugees and is an invited member to discuss the issue regarding its refugee
situation, it has no right to vote on substantive matters within this committee.
20. Turkey, Republic of

With its experience in aiding countries with conflict by hosting refugees,
especially by becoming the largest Syrian refugees host in the world (4 million
people) post-Syrian conflict, this time, Turkey also acts as a safe place for
Ukrainian to stay during the war, taking in over 68,000 refugees from the
nation (UNHCR, 2022). The country has a compassionate refugee policy, which
includes admitting millions of refugees, offering education to children,
empowering women, and allowing asylum seekers to earn a living within the
country. To ensure refugees’ safety and resist anti-refugee views, Turkey has
proven its genuineness in assisting and accommodating refugees amidst the
conflict. However, similar to the Syria conflict’s refugee crisis, despite pouring
in tremendous efforts to assist Ukraine during this tough time, Turkey has
never received enough support from the international community. Thus,
requesting aid from other nations is an extremely important quest Turkey has
to tackle.
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21. Ukraine
Numerous deaths have been caused and infrastructure has been damaged due
to the crisis in Ukraine. Many people have evacuated to other neighbouring
nations in search of safety, security, and support. Millions of Ukrainians have
migrated to other countries in the first five weeks of the conflict, and many
have been compelled to relocate within Ukraine, desperately needing
humanitarian aid. The government of Ukraine does not grant permits for men
between 18 to 60 years of age to flee the country, therefore, most refugees are
vulnerable groups such as women and children. The urgency and seriousness
of the refugee crisis have been declared by the UNHCR as a level-three
emergency - the highest level.
As Ukraine is not one of the Member States of the UN High Commissioner
for Refugees and is an invited member to discuss the issue regarding its
refugee situation, it has no right to vote on substantive matters within this
committee.
22. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has always been
complying with the international laws and universal code of conduct and
moral compass. The UK strive to use its impact on protecting human rights and
bringing justice to those who are under mistreatment. At the same time, it
would also like to encourage other Member States to follow suit and denounce
States that do the opposite. The nation strives toward these goals mainly
through political engagement, support for peacekeeping organisations and
operations, reinforcing its accountability internationally and so on.
However, because of the recent immigration crisis, the United Kingdom has
tightened its immigration regulations. Due to Britain's restrictive immigration
laws, the country has been accused of being unkind to Ukrainian migrants.
Online applicants will be allowed to supply biometric data, such as
fingerprints, once Ukrainian refugees arrive in the United Kingdom, according
to Home Secretary Priti Patel. However, the UK has provided humanitarian
assistance to migrants in armed conflicts. The nation has also expressed its
displeasure with ambiguous actions regarding humanitarian corridors. Russia's
humanitarian corridors, according to UK Government minister James Cleverly,
are "cynical beyond belief."
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23. United States of America

The United States of America has been one of the main contributors to
humanitarian organisations such as UNHCR, Red Cross,... According to
Funding UNHCR’s Programmes in 2020, the USA has donated about
2,036,079,800$( 42,6% of total) and $94 million towards its Reserve Pledge for
Emergencies. Support from the United States allowed UNHCR to immediately
respond to the outflow of tens of thousands of people into Sudan from the
Tigray War, where the UN has established humanitarian corridors. The annual
contributions from the USA have also assisted humanitarian organisations to
preserve humanitarian corridors in areas occurring armed conflicts.
In the Ukraine-Russia war, the US has urged Russia to provide humanitarian
corridors to allow civilians to exit Mariupol. As humanitarian corridors came
to a halt, Vice President Joe Biden accused Russia of "genocide." In addition, the
United States of America has sent humanitarian assistance to Ukrainians
through corridors.
As a result, it is clear that the United States is a donor to other developing
nations.
24. Venezuela, Bolivian Republic of
Venezuela has traditionally been a generous host to thousands of refugees
and third-country nationals further to the social and political instability.
However, the political situation in Venezuela has led to significant movements
of people to neighbouring countries and beyond.
Thousands of migrants were previously hosted by Venezuela. Venezuela
accommodated about 252,000 refugees, nearly all of them from Colombia
(World Refugee Survey 2008 - Venezuela). However, since 2010, as a result of
the crisis which began under Hugo Chávez's presidency and has deteriorated
under Nicolás Maduro's presidency in Venezuela, the number of refugees in
this nation has surpassed 6 million, making it the second-largest external
displacement issue.
Venezuela has traditionally been a generous host to thousands of refugees
and third-country nationals further to the social and political instability.
However, the political situation in Venezuela has led to significant movements
of people to neighbouring countries and beyond.
38
Venezuela has been unable to assist its citizens in overcoming housing, food,
and other crises as a result of its uncertain political and economic
circumstances. Fortunately, Colombia - Venezuela's neighbour has been
actively assisting their country's citizens. Between the two nations' borders,
the Colombian government has built several humanitarian corridors. However,
on March 13, 2020, the Colombian government stated that all borders would be
closed immediately to prevent the virus from spreading. Venezuelan
authorities barred the primary humanitarian channel used by returnees from
Norte de Santander on August 21. Thousands of Venezuelans have been stuck
near the border as a result of this.
25. Yemen, Republic of
Due to armed conflict, after more than six years Yemen has become the
world’s largest humanitarian crisis with millions of asylum-seekers. The
parties have made significant progress after 5 years. The two sides
implemented the UN-brokered Stockholm Agreement, which includes
demilitarising the city of Hodeida and allowing for a safe humanitarian
corridor. This status assisted governments, and NGOs to provide aid for
refugees. In particular, the Saudi-led Coalition has set up 17 corridors, which
allow the unabated flow of goods to key areas such as Sa’ada, Sana’a, Hajjah,
and Amran.
When the Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen occurred, Yemen's rebel
commander- Abdulmalik al Houthi has previously called on the United
Nations to establish humanitarian corridors in northern Yemen to enable
civilians to evacuate the warring zone and aid workers to deliver vital supplies
to thousands of displaced people.
VII. Questions to consider
1. Can humanitarian corridors be violated? If it were to be violated, how can it be

violated and why would it be violated?
2. Although the humanitarian corridors are funded by many organisational funds,
why is there still a backlog of financial problems, necessities, supplies,...
Therefore, how can state leaders, NGOs, and the United Nations collaborate to
ensure economic resources related to humanitarian corridors in armed conflict
zones?
39
3. Are there any policies that can be established by governments and

international organisations to protect humanitarian corridors from certain
threats of violation?
4. Will humanitarian corridors be taken advantage of as weapons and other
necessities by intentional actions from the opposite side? How will NGOs,
United Nations tackle these problems?
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putin-offering-evacuate-ukraine-russia-belarus-1501680
CREDITS
I. This background guide is written by the following Chairpersons, and Content
Developer of NTTMUN 2022 - United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees:
1. Phuong Linh, Vu - Chair, freshman at the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam;
2. Tram Anh, Pham Thi - Chair, student at Nguyen Tat Thanh Lower and Upper
Secondary School.
48
3. Kien, Ly Tran - Chair, student at Nguyen Tat Thanh Lower and Upper
Secondary School.
4. Sy Hoang, Do - Content Developer, student at Nguyen Tat Thanh Lower and
Upper Secondary School.
5. Ha Vi, Khuong Thi - Content Developer, student at Nguyen Tat Thanh Lower
and Upper Secondary School.
6. Yen Khanh, Nguyen - Content Developer, student at Nguyen Tat Thanh Lower
and Upper Secondary School.
7. Linh, Mai - Content Developer, student at Nguyen Tat Thanh Lower and Upper
Secondary School.
II. This background guide is graphically designed by the following designers of

the Department of Media-Design, Raise Our Voices Communication Club
1. Khanh Linh, Vu - Member of the Organising Committee, student at Nguyen Tat
Thanh Lower and Upper Secondary School.
2. Bao Lam, Nguyen Pham - Member of the Organising Committee, student at
Nguyen Tat Thanh Lower and Upper Secondary School.
49

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UNHCR TOPIC GUIDEBOOK

DAIS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 6

Phuong Linh, Vu – Chairperson .....................................................................................6

Tram Anh, Pham Thi – Chairperson ............................................................................. 7

Kien, Ly Tran – Chairperson ...........................................................................................8

Ha Vi, Khuong Thi – Content Developer .....................................................................8

Yen Khanh, Nguyen – Content Developer ..................................................................9

Sy Hoang, Do – Content Developer ............................................................................10

Linh, Mai – Content Developer ....................................................................................10

COUNCIL INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................12

History & Foundation ..................................................................................................... 12

Human rights ................................................................................................................. 12

Age, gender, diversity .................................................................................................. 13

Quality of Services ...................................................................................................... 13

Scopes and Authorities.................................................................................................... 15

Member states and Periodic assembly........................................................................ 15

The Global Refugee Forum (GRF) ............................................................................. 16

High-Level Officials Meeting (HLOM) ................................................................... 16

Introductory notes & Council expectations .............................................................. 17

COMMITTEE TOPIC: Safeguarding humanitarian corridors in armed

Topic introduction ........................................................................................................... 20

Current situations ........................................................................................................ 20

Armed conflicts ........................................................................................................ 20

Humanitarian corridors .......................................................................................... 21

Effects and Consequences ......................................................................................... 22

The consequences of armed conflict .................................................................. 22

The benefits of humanitarian corridors in aiding civilians during armed

Forthcoming challenges ............................................................................................ 24

Social safety level challenges ............................................................................... 24

Past actions ........................................................................................................................ 25

International efforts ............................................................................................... 26

Countries and regions ........................................................................................... 26

Bloc/Country features .................................................................................................... 30

Afghanistan, Islamic Emirate of .......................................................................... 30

Belarus, Republic of .............................................................................................. 30

Belgium, Kingdom of ............................................................................................. 31

China, People’s Republic of .................................................................................. 31

Columbia, Republic of ........................................................................................... 31

Ethiopia, Federal Democratic Republic of ...................................................... 32

French Republic ...................................................................................................... 32

Geogria, Republic of ............................................................................................... 32

Germany, Federal Republic of............................................................................. 33

Israel, State of .......................................................................................................... 33

Latvia, Republic of .................................................................................................. 33

Neverland, Kingdom of ......................................................................................... 34

Russian Fedration ................................................................................................... 34

Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of ..................................................................................... 34

Somalia, Federal Republic of ............................................................................... 35

Sweden, Kingdom of............................................................................................. 35

Swiss Confederation ............................................................................................. 35

Syria, Arab Republic of......................................................................................... 36

Turkey, Republic of ............................................................................................... 36

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .............................37

United States of America ......................................................................................37

Venezuela, Bolivian Republic of ........................................................................ 38

Yemen, Republic of ............................................................................................... 39

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER .........................................................................39

Honorable Chairs, distinguished Delegates, Observers, and Members of the

II. Tram Anh, Pham Thi – Chairperson

Honourable Chairs, distinguished Delegates, fellow Observers, and esteemed

III. Kien, Ly Tran – Chairperson

Honourable Chairs, distinguished Delegates, fellow Observers, and esteemed

IV. Ha Vi, Khuong Thi – Content Developer