MJIMS1 MAHO.IOB CBOPHHK CBC 3AJJAUH lO XHMHH 3A KAHJIMJIAT-CTY TENTH TO CHENMAJIHOCT ME MUHA“ Yaunepenrer ,LIpowp. 1-p Acen 3atapon-byprac 2020COopuuker che 31a NO XHMHA © NpemAsHAHCH 3a caMonosrOTOBKA Ha ier ,Mennuuna” 8 Yuuneperrrer ,L1por. . Cosropaa 110 satasit io oGua v oprannuna xuMuit H sajiait HO Heoprannunia xuMMHa. [Ipeyteranenm ca peutennara Ha satauute, NSTEPATEHK Ha KAIVWWATCTYAEHTCKHA HOMIT NO XM, NpoBEeH tia 29 1oAH 2019 r. w Yunnepenrera, Asrop ia sataure e gou, xn Hist Manosos, pei FAMHMIHA XHMILA, XHMHKO-)apmautenrHsna —TexnOs1OrHst IPON3BOETHO Ha eKApeTRA, Penensenr: nporp. um Becka oy wena, onion iar, Byprac, 2020 s*-Byprac, 2020 Baan no o6ura HW Heopranuna xuMust Sagaua 1. Pasnosarare ¢ BoxuH pastHopH Ha cateyMHTe nemecTRa: K2S, NaC BaSOy, CHs;COONHs, CaCOs Zn(NOs)2. Kak Morar ja ce pasniosnast KATHOHHTE H AHHOHMTe Ha MOCOUcHHTe BenecTBa: 1) ¢ HHyMKATOp H 2) © momo peacrusit? Kos conn xuipoansnpar? Tocouere artopurte, Kowro Gaaronpustrermar xuponusiutTe npoUecy. Sagaua 2. Cpannere ocMorm4Horo Hansirane Ha RosuHTe pasraopHt Ha ¢pykTo3a, HATPHEB XH/APOKCHA, MMHKOB JUXSIOpH/L H aTyMHHNeB-TPAXsOpHAL pH T = const W KonucHrpanns 0.01 mol/L, Kakro u veMmeparypuTe uM Ha KunicHe m TeMnepatypate uM Ha samppavane. Mapasere © ypapienis TOANOsAU PeAKINH 34 jOKAaRAHE Ha We uM pasrnopi Baqaua 3, Boanure pazrropn Ha KOH oF BeulecrBara — ayorHa KHceNMHa, GapHen AUZIOPHA, AMONHES opMHAT, HArpHeRA OCHORA, AUKAIHER cysKpHA, Gapnes cymar Mw aMonneR uuTpar — xwponHsMpar, Onpejester xapaxrepa ia pasropure (pH). Hspasere npouecire ua xnapomnaa © XHMHMHH ypaBHenus. OGscuere (baktopHte, KOHTO BATT Ha Mpoueca xayIposiaa, Banana 4. Pasnonarare ¢ BoaHH pasTHopH Ha jMKaHeR cysKpar, epeGwpen HHTpar, KAI ]WXAOPHA, HArpHE xOpHA, tpHHaTpHEE ocdar, capHa kucemmma MW narpHewa ocHowa. Hpaxere ¢ XHMHNINH ypaBieHHs BbAMOAHHTE BIANMOReTiCTENA MexKy Tax. OOscHeTe KOH peakTHoit Morar Jia CC M3IONBAT 3a KaMeCTREHO jOKA3BANe Ha CboTBerHUTe semtecrBa,Banauya 5. C kon or w6poenmre nemectsa we ssaMMonelicrea pasrBop Ha narpitcsa ocuowa: Al, H2SO4, Ch, HS, SO, CO2, CO? Hanuuere ypablicunaTa Ha BLSMOxKUHTE XMMHHH peak, Hony4ere HarpHeBa OcttONA KATO HaMIOsIIBAITE 4 HIXOWHO REMICCTHO HAT PHEB XIIOPHIL Banana 6. Pasnoaarare che cosa KHcenHHa, KaIHeBA OCHOBa, KOHNeHTpUpaHa captia KuccmmHa H Kosta. C KOM oF HaGpoeHHTe peakrun Morar ja sauMojtelicrnar cut uieerwa: KO, AIC, Zn, Cu, Fe SOs? Hspasere chorneri Ht. S3anaua 7. Karon © usersr na stakmyca M xaparcrepwr Ha nojuutTe parrnopH coamte: ZnBr, Ko, Fex(SO4)3, K2COs, NaNOs, NayPOs, CuCh. OGscHeTe pasmeIHHs xapakrep Ha pazrROpHTE Ha TesH coun, Osnarere npouccite © xHMHHHH ypal Bagaua 8. Pasniosiarare © wowNH pasrRopH Ha jWaMOHHeR cy: cymar m amonnes xnopiyt. Kak ue ri pastios MIDUEKaTOp H ¢ pastHopHt Ha HOAXONAU EHeKTposUTH? KaKnH HpOsLYKTH ce Nonyyanar Ha aoa WHA KaTosA pH exieKrposmaa Ha RojteH pastBop Banaya 9, K <= kel <— kon fe s 4 6 7 0, =— «0, «7x "> xs 1, Ks0, |r \, i OITA Ha BCHYKH ChEJIMHEH HS, 0, Hi muuiere ion: B3aqaua 10, Mapasere © xHMuiH ypaBiicHit npexosurre, npejicranenn 8 cxeMara. OGscHere uporm4auueTe npouecn HW Hanpanere xapaKrepHcTHKa Wa XMMISIIHA CIICMCHT Epa HO MMICTOTO Ha cneMeHTa 8 FlepHomHAHaTa cuctem: 1 4 s pte 50) 2+ s0, 2 180, 2» C80, De Vos ° > Na,SO, —> Na,SO,—> \" CaSO, Sanaua 11, Hanmuiere wspasire 3a pasHonecnara KoNtcranra Ha BceKH ett HMepHTe Mi KOMeHTHpalire Ip KaKBH ycoBHs ( Hasaratie, KOHLICHTPallHs!) PaBHONECHETO Me Ce HIMECTH HO MOCOKA Ha panara peakiia. No@)* 3Ho@) = 2NHyq) + Q ACC + Or) FE 2WCOChy) + Che) Q 5NH,Cl === NH, + HCI - Q 2HgO =— 2Hg + 0,~ Q CHjCOOH qy + CH;OH ¢) === CHyCOOCHG q + Hy! g-ras; 1 reunoct Sanaa 12. C kon or nocosennre nemtecrna Moxe sta waNMostelicrBA a outta KucestMHa, cpeOApeH HUTPAt, HAHKOB UXLIOPHA, expHa KUCH KQIHeBa OcHOBA, MeseH jUHHTpaT, weer TPHATOPAR, aI0T KHcCuHa, HHKeOR juHITpar, oH, CTeApHHORA KHCCAIH Hapasere ¢ XHMH4iIH ypannenis mbaMonkiutte peaKiun S3anaua 13, Bonumat pasraop Ha wemecrnoro A ouserana sakmyca B cumbo, Tpit naanmoselicrnucro Ha A che coum KucenHHa ce orjed ras Bc MHpHoMa Ha pasmaeHH sila M CHAO ToKeHYHO selicraHe. [pH emecnanero Ha B © \MOKCHjIa Ha capara ce Nosly4aBa XHMMCH CIeEMCHT © Gnexoxsrr usr B. Or ro3H exemenr ca Bu usnecrHn sue oxcorncenmun, Honyuere rest OKCOKHCEMIHIH H OHUIETe Cnoiic Ha oKcoKHcesmHara, 8 KoxTO Be B MaKcHMasara crerteH Ha OKHCH Sanaua 14, Pasnonarare eve cxesmunre BeulecrBa: *KCIIIO, LIK, Rosa, KOMLL, CHPHA Kucesia, Mex, HaTpHi, coumna KHcemMHA, weNeIeH evs HL. MexKity KOH OF THX € BHIMOAHO XHMHUHO BIANMOJelicTRHe? Haparere HpouecHTe ¢ XHMHMIM ypanHeHna H rH Oxapakrepw3npaiire. 6 Baqaua 15. Tpesuioxkenn ca HaKonKo peakuH HsB Boa cpesta. Hocouere Mexty KOH AROHIKH pasTBOpH C BEIMOAKHO XHMHIO BIAHMONLeHICTBHE (NH4)280, + BaCl, ——> NaCl + Ca(NO,))_ —» AgNO; + NaS —» Fe 5 + KNO, ——> Pb(NO3)) + NaBr_ ——> onpeneaete xapaxrepa (pH) ta ReeKH ene OF HOCOMK pasrnopu. HTe ner BOFKH Bagaua 16, Hanpasere xapaxrepneriKa na xususinis cement ¢ nope, 8 TIC. Hapasere © XuMMMHH ypanHeHM nipexote, 0: exemara: Homep uel 2 > nano, 2+ nano,Hanumere Hanmenonanura na BeHuKn cpeaunenua. Hocouere OKHeNHTENHO-pexykUMOHMITTe —MpollecH Ha cxeMara, KaKTO okHemmens HM peaykropa. S3anaua 1 Hspasere ¢ xusmunst ypannienmia nocouenmre peappillaHiis B cxemata: 2 3 4 20 ——> CaC; —> C,H, —> fi 5 6 7 Ca{HCOy), <— CaCO; —> CO, = H,CO, Ke 9 10 1, cl, —> HCI + HOCI c Hanpasere xapaxrepueruxa wa estemer OGacuere xHGpHanoTo cxerosHHe Ha TOIH exeMe! or exemat Bmponecute 3.44 Bayaua 18, Tpencrascre Bu3MoxHHTe XHApOTHSHH NpOLECH Ha HOCOMeHHTE COU. K2SO,, CHsCOONHs, NasCOs, NaCl, CsHsCOONa, Cu(NOs)2, ZnS, CaCOs, Kak Morar sia ce maeurabunupar emecrBara c noMmoutra 1a slakMye, CHUpTia Janta H rlos~xopwutH artaTETHSIH peaKuun? Hocouere Youownsra, KOMTO GularonpustrerBar XxijIpomBuLETe poLecH. Sanaa 19, Tpcyiowere Hawn 3a pasimuanane Ha BoqHH pasTBopH Ha Medel AWXAOPHA, 2KCIEICH YPHXOPHL, Gapwes AMXZIOpHNA, aIYMMHHIER TPHX:HOPHAL C HOMOUITA CAMO Ha EHH peau, Morar su Tesit pasTROpH Ja Ghat pasanenn ¢ HoMOUKTA Ha slaKMyc’ 8 3anaya 20. Kaku pasrnopi ce o6paaynar hn nox ¢ a) eratios, 6) amonnien xs10pHA, 8) Gapnes auxnopmy Mor) alyMunHes TpHXTOpHA? OcMorH4HOTO Hanarane Ha pastsopure Ha ‘Tea cHEANHEHHA Cc KOMMEHTpALNA 0.01moV/L npu T = const pasnuuno sm e wan € equaKBo pH YerHprTe BomuH pasrBopH, KaKro TeMmteparypHe Ha KHHeHE 1 TeMHIepaTypHTe HM Ha 3amprspanie? Kak me joKakere orjteannte pastwopH? 3anasa 21, Tipewiowere nonxonsum Kasecrs 1 CAKE sa sloKasBAHe Ha Katies amonnes ¢bociar, sunarpHes cysupis, megen cyuar. Hapasere npouecure ¢ KaTHOHHTe 1 ANHOHUTE BEB BOLEH pasTROP 1 Xu1OpH, HaTpHeB xHIpo jomep 16 # TIC. nUITe, OSHLAMCHH Hat CXeMaTA: pawere XapaKrepucruKa ta Hapasere ¢ xuseuin ypanni zns S$ zn0 2» zn tr $0, so, <4 so, <2 s 1, ns 5% 5 2 |: y 6 11,80, “> paso, Aedunupaiire savona na Xeupw, Crasma sin ce voi 3a wouna pasrRop Ha cepell JWOKCHIL, CepeH TPHOKCHA, BOMOPo, KHCOPOL caposonopoxt?23. Bayan Boautre pasrnopi Ha Kou or nocoNenitre wemtecrBa ~ aorta KHcemMHa, kases Opomma, aMounes (bopmuar, Harpuena ocHona, jMKasmeR cynhust, Kamien eysrhar, aMonnes Hurpar, xnaponusupar? Hspasere NpouecTe a XWIpOAHsa C _XHMMIEH ypaBHeHUT H onpeseeTe xapaictepa 1a pasrnopure (pH). Hocowere pakroprrte, KoMro wKss xwaposuesa Baata 24, Jloxaxkete nocowenure BeulecTBa io KaTHol M aHHOHHa “act: TpHNaTpHeH ochar, UMIKOB sNXAOpH, ;AMAMOHMeH KapGoUl auKauinen eyaubar, aulysuunen rpunntpar. Tpeteranere © ypannenns Xwipomesara a comme —ocouere — dhaxropire, Kono Gnaronpusrernar xHponnsuure npouech Banaua 25, Ipencrancnn ca naKonKo cneKxrponnn dopmynu: 1s!2s?2p"3p"3s2, 1s!28*2p°3s'3p', Is!'2s?2p°3s'3p", 1s*2p'3d!3s°3p, 18°2s*2p%38°3p'. Mocouere sxpuara cbopmy.ta. Morupupaiire orronopa cu. Ha Koii XMMIMIEH eNeMeHTT choTBETCTBA uspHaTa cHeKrpoHIA opMysia? Mpencranere © KeaHrosn KierkKH BaneHTHH® eseKrponeH coli B OcHOBHO H HEABysIeHO cherosHe. KakRH CLEAHHCHHA ChoTRETCTRAT H TOsH XMM eHeMeHT: — XWIpOKeH,A WH OKcOKHECAIHHa? Xapaxrepusnpaiire crojicrsara na xmas exemenr. Orronopire eH losIkPeHeTe ¢ XHMHUITH ypaBiicuns Banana 26, Mpencranere © xuMuut ypannenma H KoMeHTap mWaMoxHEETe BaaMMOZelicTANA MexLY BOAUHTE pasTROPH Ha CIENT COM: KAMER Hou, Kamen Auxiopuy, cpeOrpen uMtpar, Tpunarpues (bocdar, este 6pm. TIpH Koa OF BESMOXKHHTe peakuHH CAMILAAT MposlyKT Moxke Ja ce OCH 4pes dbusTpyBaHe, a APyrHT ja ce HIMONIKA 4a Hosly'ianane Ha Hatpltena OcHOwa, Ho;Opo;L H XOP Npes CsEKTPOHA HA ota paxrnop? B3agaua 27. Haparere © xnmuirit ypantienis: cesunire rpottect Karo KoMentHpare peaxnwonnre yeaonix: 1 2 N,; —= NO——» No, ———» NaNO; + NaNO, i i. 4 | HNO, + HNO, ere rpolteca Ha AUcHporiopumonupane. Harn lara KUCesTHHA, Tpeacranere 1 0631 caojicrsara Ha a30 Banana 28, Pasntomarare © pasrsopn Ha auKaines cysbar, Capen suupar, narpuer xiopi eB JUXTIOPH, alyMuUHeR AuuuTpar, akeste3ert UIXOpHHA. ManossBAlie staKMYC, ct MOAXO/MINUL PeAKTUBH, 4a a LOKWKETe KaTHON fara 4acr Te com. Kon coaiw He npomensr pera Ha aKMyca? Bagaya 29. Hspasere ¢ xumiriim ypanitcui 1 oGactiere npexosure: K ——> KCl —— KoH ——» k2CO; ——™ KNOs —— 0: ——> 70 ZnSO, ——> Zn(OH)2 > Nao[Zn(OH)s]C kayecrucnn peaxinn jloKwkeTe KATHOHHATA W aHMOHHATA Hacr Ha KCI, K2COs, ZnSO. Tipu ennarsa konuerrpanns Ha paxtnopitre Kos or tpirte conn Ha Haii- BUCOKO OcMOTHAHO HaIaraNe? 3anaua 30. Uspasere ¢ xm Ht Tipe ho-jlon1y aco, Le cao 2 cxOH),—+& Cawno,)) Se Ir CaCl; —> Ca Hanpasere xapaxrepucrxa tia cirementta ¢ nopeten Homep 20 8 TIC 1 B3agaua 31. C Kou or #s6poennre nemectna ranMojelicrna Br: Nal, P, KBr, Mg, 1:0, NaF, NaOH, HSOs, Fe? Hpasere © ypannenia sssmoxnite XHMIMIHH peat, Bagaua 32. Pasnonarare ¢ won pasraopH Ha costre: FeSO4, NazCOs, AICI, NaCl, (NH4)2SO«, Zn(NOs)o. Onpenenere pH a pasrnopure. Kon or tax Morar sta w3auMoytelicraar ¢ HaTpHena ocHoRa, coma KuceHHA H GapHes auxsopur? Hpesteranere muamoaknire peakiin © XHMUIIN ypanHieHHs. 2 Banana 33. B ycnosnsra Ha rpboreauinn Gypu um cperkanmm ce OGpasysa Heyrpasen oKewt A, Hpojtykcr Ha Ra raga, ocHORHa cReTaBHa YacT Ha sogtyxa Bow B. Tpn oGuxuonenn ycnorna A ce npespoita 8 uepscHoKadss ras PF ¢ BHCOKa TOKCHYHOCT 1 BpEHO BIKAHHE BHPXY oxoumara cpeta # 4oBeKa, PastBapanero Ha F nbn nos € cHrpOBOsICHO ¢ mponieca ,tcnpontopunonnpane. Hpererancre ¢ xuMmHUHH ypaBlicHist BCHUKH MpouecH H cHolicTRATA Ha paspeseHar rpupanara, KHCemMHa, B-MHSTTO CTPYKTypa OCHOBHUAT eseMeHT € B MaKCHMALMHAT crenen na oKucsenue. Sanaa 34, Hanpanere xapaxrepueruka ita xHMu 8 Tepuosmmara cucrema. KM Kos rpynia exementH npmiajyiex TIpeacranere cnoiicrnara wa eseMenra esaumoselicrsneto My c Mera H Hemera, Kon ca xapakrepumre crenenn wa oKucHeHHE Ha TosH cutementt? Kos or oKcoKucesmmitre e rpHocHonita? Kak ce MpoMeHs creneHTa Ha cieKYpoMTHA sNCOMMALHA 3a BeIKA creneH — He ce npomens, napacrsa win Hamastiva? Morusupaiire orronopa eu. Sajaua 35. Meranmre Na, Cau Pb ca nojuiokeun a oGpaGorxa ¢ paspentena coaa Kucestita, a Meramre Cr, Fe n Cu xonuerrpupara eapra xucennna. JJoKaxere nony4enmre cost No KaTHONHATA H AMHONHATA uM act. Hospioxere na eurexrposiraa nosuurre Hm pasraops. Hspasere © ypaBHenus mporitanurre XHMIEHH HPoUcCH, jepUHMpalire FH H sannnuere HovanHsTa Ha CommTe H Hpo;YKTHTE Ha PeaKHUHTe, Sajaa 36. Hannurere xumusnirre ypastienia Ha peakiuirre, ¢ KoMTO Morar ita ce ocbiuectaa npexosutte:H,0 Ch ——» Hclo ——» 0; ——» FeO ——> Fe —— FeCh, ——> Fe(OH), ———> Fe(OH); ——> —— FeCl Coamte FeCh u FeCl ca pasrnopenn abs rosa ¢ Konuenrpanus 0.01 mol/L. Kakwa © vemmeparypara na xumene Temmeparypara x TeMilepatypara Ha saMpuananie Ha pasrBop Ha er onnetrrpanist? Saqaua 37. Ps Hspasere © xuausnn ypannienia nporiuanurre no-tos1y nponecn 1 2 3 Le 4 Cu ——» Cu(No,), ——* Cus ——» CuSO, —» [Cu(NH3)4)(OH), fro 3 6 7 4, cwor, A» cuo > cucl, > Cu } |: Cu,0 Ch Hpeacranere exekrposmsara Ha Bonen pasrsop Ha Cu(NOs)2. Kon jionn ce culeKrponeyrpanisupar wa Karona mM Ha anosa? Kaxso © mpwaoxennero a [Cu(NHs)|(OH)2 8 npaxruxara? Hanmuere HanMeHowanuara Ha BCHHKH CheAMHEHHS. Sanaa 38. Tp ssaumoxeiicrsne a Merana A (wetarer © ¢ xapaKrepen epREHHIKAB IKBAT) ¢ KUCEAMATA B jtba OF Hposlykerire Ha peaxiusTa ca “4 conra Bu seprenoKadasuar ras F.C noga raser P oGpasypa eee or Aine OKcoKHCeAMHH. TyK ce NPosBABA POET jWICTpOTHOpUNOHHpare, AKo BbB B3aMMOxelicrBHeTO Ha Tc Boslata yuacrea H KUCIOpOs, Ce nosyyasa camo craGwinata oKcoKucemiHa, H3secrun ca Be ‘TEXHOOTHMH BL3SMOAKHOCTH 3a Homy4aRane Ha rasa P, WO BNpaKTrHKaTa ce npiuiara npeammHo enuara. Kon ca tes Bismoxuocrn? Kakno Howexenueto Ha cotta B pu narpswaite ump pasrsapane BEB BOsa? Onpesenere wemecrnara M onmumere net npouect ¢ XuMHIIH ypanuenus. Banaua 39, Hannurere xuntuanure ypasnenits, ¢ kouro ce ocputecrasar exesuure penpmantns: KClO, ——» KCl ——» KoH ——> k.$0, ——~ KCI —> K — Kk.) —— K2CO; Oxapaxvepusupaiire scnukn npouecn. Or K2SO4 ¢ npirorren Bose pasrpop‘e Kounertpanus 0.02 mol/L, a or KCI ~ 0.03 mol/L. Eanakeo Hu pasinsno me O4,1e OcMoTHMOTO Haiarate pasraopa mpi noctosuia Temmepatypa ua = 1? Sanaua 40. moslardtre © paspestena H KOHLCHTPHpana cosa W capHa KMCeIT HaGepere Kucesmna m notxopaMl Mera H mosy'eTe CO:I, KOTO CHEM ‘Toba TIPeBLPHETE B KOMMNEKCHA CO Ha CHILL MeTAT (IIe AaKRa Kommuicke). Onmutere 4 oGsicnere npouecure. Mpeioxere peakuiH 3a AOKAsBAHE Ha MeTasHHTE H KHCEMMUHETE HoH Sayaua 41, Tipu uarpssae texproro neuecrno A msanmoneiicrsa ¢ Gesuncr Bu ce noaysasa ras Bc ocrpa jipasnema mupu3Ma, KoiitoAOnbAHHTENO B3AHMOJelicrBMe © B npH Harpswane HC yHactHe Ha karauparop (npuMep 3a XoMoreHHO HM xcreporenHo KaTammTH4nH Npouecn) ce npespbuta 8 HcKOTONMMO chemMHEHHe P. Towa RemLECTBO BaaMMonelicrna c Boja H OGpasywa cHcmMHeHHe JI, aHi'To Ronen paxrRop MpoMeHs cHHHA slakMyc B YepBeH. C HaKoH Mera or IIA rpyna Ha Tepuoxmanata cuctema Jl oGpasyva maskopasraopHMH cbesutctHA. Onpenenere wemectsara A, B, B, Fm JX, onumere © xumuvun ypasnenns H oGacHere npouee Sanaa 42. Tpu narpsnane or nemectsoro A ce nosysana crestunenne B, KocTo BoB ce npespputa ses B. Hpu npoytinkuresten npecroit na BuaLyxa OF ronyana A. [pit ssanMoselicrane na Be auorua KucesH ce nonysaa chequnennero P, Kero OuBeTsBa TuIaMBKA Ha crpria Jama B KepemHjcHouepaen una. B pastsop TP esanmoyeiicrsa c Pasraopumn cysarn u oGpasyba Gesuwerna yraiixa, Onpenenere ChesmHenHaTa, ONMUICTE H OGACHETE XHMELHHHTE TIpOLeCH ¢ ypaBHeHHs. Kak ¢ xapaxreppr (pH) 1a Bosna pasrsop Ha cbenunenne P. Banaua 43. Hanumere xummuntre ypasienns, ¢ KOHTO Mo HocoueHHTe Ho-Aos1y NpexosH: sta ce ecrnstT HS === S —» So, —> K,S0,—» k,s0, —> —> Na —> kcl —+ cl, —» HClO —> HCl —» yy, Pasrwoper ua KeSOs win — KCI ie ua n0-BHcoKo oemorHHo aNAraHe, AKO Ce MIPHeMe, Ye CONTE MMaT ejHaKRa creneH Ha culeKTpoMMTHA AMCOUMAH, a KoNKeHTpanHsATa € 100 g cone TL pasrnop, TIpu kakwn yconns ce cexpansna rpustr? Sagaua 44, UsGepere noaxoaama weoprannuna con m or Hea nonyyere BOLOPOACHIDPKAIO CHEIUMHEHUE, KOeTO ce PaxTRAps BEB BOA 1 PasrRopHT My MpoMeHs YepHeHi siakMye B cnt, OrmieTe CBO Ha TOBA ChEAMHEHHe © XUMHAHM ypaBHeHa 1 OGacHeTe rIpouecute. Bagaua 45, Hanmmere xumisuire ypasiienns, ¢ Koro Morar ja ce ocBUtecTBsT locoueHuTe HO-1ouly MpexonH s—> so, —> k,S0, —> — kso, —» KCl —» kK —» Kno, —» KNO, asBa sce 3aKo capowoxopojia 1 ia na Xeupit 4a ragore wr pt Jesunupa pONHTE pasTBOpH t re sakowta Ha Xeupu. Baqaua 46, or VA rpynia a clicreMa ce npespLuta w oKcoKncenHHa, HaGepere Hoayuere Mera. Oxaparrepnsupaiie new4kn xHMIMIIH peaKtuL Kaxbe TH XHMHtHHIH BpbakH ca Xapakreprin 3a 1310s ipoctn wemtecrsa H ChesuHenHsTa, coeTaD Banana 47, Vspasere c xumusinn ypapi com K:COs, KCN, Cu(NOs), CHyCOONHs, CaSO. BrsmMokno me. Hal XW/IPOAIHEATAL comme © MujuKaTop Hc Fe YeHOBHA, KONTO HO;THCKAr XHpoH 0 LOPIXOJMILI pearcrHBH? HITT MPOUCCHBanaya 48. C Kou oF mGpoctre Bemecrsa MorKe Ja BsaHMOselicrBA HaTpHEBATA ocnopa: K, Al, HNOs, Cl, SOs, P2s, NO, CHsCOOH, CO2, HCN Harmutere xummuninre ypasnenus Ha piamoxunre peakuun. Kon or nonysennre BemecrBa xHs1ponsupar? Hlosyyere HarpHeBa OcHOBA KATO HSHON3BATE 4a HSXOIHO REMLECTRO HATPHEB XATOPH. Banaa 49. Vispasere © xuMHYHH ypaniientis cnemmHTe XHMHAIH MpeApHInaHis: Ca t Ca(NO3)) <— Cat a0 —> Cal, — GH, — € } | CaCO; —> Ca(HCO5),— CO, > Cay(PO)2 CHO Tpu kaken yerosns ce coxpanana Kamut? Banaya 50. Chopes, xapakrepa Ha XHMIUHHTe BPLIKM H CrpoerKa Ha MosIeKysntTe KOH OF W3GpOCHHTE BEUIeCTHA Ca PAsTROPHMM HHA Hosa He KOM ca orpanm4eno pasrBopuMmu Wi HepasTBopumH wea Boma: NaCl, H CisHysCOOH, C3Hs(OH)s, NHaBr, CaH 3, CO, O2, Nz? Kon or yooGpasHuTe weillecrHa. cl ocMoTHHHOTO HauIAFAHe Ha paxrRopHMItTe ReUIecTRA, AKO pasTBOpHTE MMar eHakKa MOJapHa KOHNEHTpaWus HW MocrosHHa TeMmeparypa. Morusupaiire orrosopirre cu. 3ajaun no oprammana xunust Sanaa 51. Kak or I-iiono6yran m neoprannuin peaxrusn ue ce mony 2- HonteHTavona KucewmHa? Hannitere xumuuuitre ypani msanMoseiicrmuara Ha 2-aMMHoneHTaHoRara KUCeNHHa ¢ HarpHeRa octona, che cosa KHCCHMHA M € eraHON B MpHeHCrANe Ha cApHA kucestina Bagaua 52. Or Mera apes nosxopMH peak HosyHeTe eranon HM oMert kucosiima, TIpi-taxtiara KoHeHsaItHs ce 1103 IPUSTTHO MUAH BeulecTBO. AKO ToRA neMecTBO p ponykr. Kak or Hero ce monysara ayeronurpiut? Kaxna © XHOPHIGANNATA Ha BBIePOAUH HW AZOTHN aTOMH B HITTpIIH rpyna? Mocouere nposykritre Ha xnposiusa 1a aueTOHETpHUTA, 10 Mpa C AMOHAK ce Tlomy"aBa HOB TIpeastoxxere meron sa pasanuan: wmomepHiTTe BBrsIeROAOpOAN Opymia —hopwyna_— Catlin expyxtypun ——cbopsysn (CH3CH2CH=C(CHs)CHs (a) CHsCHo(CH)C=CHCHL (6). 1. Hanuuiere naumenonannara Ha jpere epeMHeHHa; 2. Onpexenere asstennero HoMepua; 3. Kaken Kauecrscnm peakuun ce wsiossBar 3a joKasHAHE Ha kpariia BpwaKa? Jedunupaiite nparnsoro pHcbenMHRANe Ha HonApHL MOJIeKYsIN (Bosa, XALOFeHOBO;OpOIH) KEM HeCHMeTpHMIHH ANKeHH (HsBECTHO B XUMMATA KATO NpABILIO Ha MapKORIIHKOR) 3a MOcoMEHHTE cKeMHEHHA aM GH HaIMMeTe mpuMep 3a natoctpauna.Sanaua 54. Bemectsoro A uma Gpytna dbopmyaa CsHly 1 naanmojielicrna © 6pomnia oa, pasraop Ha kannes nepManranar 4 novia, Hanmuere erpyktypHara ‘opmysia Ha BBrsIeHO;IOPORA, AKO € HIRECTHO, He TIpH RIAMMOsETICTRHE C KOHL. pasTBop Ha KasiMeR HlepMaHiranar 8 NpHCLCTBHE Ha KOHL. CPI Kucenmna ce mony4asa cMec or Gyranona KHCEAMHa, BBrIeposeH AMOKEHA It BONA 1. Hanmutere nanmenonannero my to IUPAC. 2. Hanmmere (bopmystnre H HaHMeHORaHHsTA Ha WaoMepitTe Ha A. 3. spasere ssanmoneiicranero na A c 6pomma nos. 4, Kars nponykr ce nonysana mpi msanmoseiicraHeTo Ha Ac nona? 5. Kon w30Mepi Ha BErnenosopora B3aMMosiciicrBar ¢ aKTHBHN eran? Baqaua 55. Or nponmn © noMoutra Ha nosxoAKMM Heoprannu peaKtuEH noayyere —enmianerar mm 2-meri-2-x11poKcHnponnoHiTpHLL Uspasere © ypaniienis xHMusinnre mpeapoitanns. Banana 56. Onpexenere ostascuitre © GyKuH cHeANHEHHs, OMMNere C XMM YpaplicHiia OTHCINHTE eTANH OT MOCoMeHATa CxeMa H HaxOHETE TO TUPAC nonystenre nponyktn: EKER, THB TKN Sanaa 57. Or kamen Kap6w2 H ApyrH Heoprann4nn peakrunu niosysere GeHseH, Gewsoena KHceNHNAa, eTHOR ecTep Ha Gen30e Tpencraere csojicraara na ouernara kucesnna, 20 3anaya 58. Tpu oxicuicnne na kyMen (kyMost, sormpomAGeH3eH) ce HoNyHaBar jBa Mpoaykra. Bonnar pasrwop Ha ejKHHs MpoMeHs Hera Ha staKMYCA B Po30B0-4epBeH H BIAMMONCIi nova. JIpyrusxr npogykr He OMEN uBeTa Ha Or mepsia npoaykr nomysere enompopmaniexima cMouia, a or Bropun — B pesyztar na OKHCAMTeAHO-PeAYKUMOHHH TIpouecH Hosy4eTe TeMHOCT ¢ IIOXOBA MupiCana B3anaua 59. Crenmuenne © MoueKysma cbopmysa Coli2 uma ocem H30mepu. Mpeaeranere wsomepure ese erpyktypun dbopmy.in H onpescaere BHyIa ha WaoMepusra. [pit KaTaMHTHEHOTO OKHEsIEHHE Ha EU OF HOMEpHTE ce HouysaRar MposyKrH c pasnusen xuMusen xapakrep. Exunnar UpoaykT ce joKa3Ba € pasrHOp Ha rkeNeIeH rpuxXaopua. Bropuar NposykT yuacrwa B NIpHCKEAHMTENIH peaKUWN MB —peaKuH PFUMHO OKHCICHHE CbC CHAHH OKHCIMTeMIH, [ocoucHHTe cBOiiCT nspasere ¢ xUMuHHM ypaBlienna, B3aqaua 60. Kerounre ca dbynkimonain nporsoann ta wuraeBoxopojute, KOHTO Che CHINN OKHEAMITEM BHEACpOsHATA HEpHTa Ce KHCA R CHEACTRO C kapOontiiara rpynia H ce nlostyHana eMec OF KAPGOKCHANH Kit pewnpiere Brom, a _spyrara aan, IIpestcranere Honysawanero wa jumeMTHsuETe aura, eAMATaNH a TeXHHTe HIMOAKHH HBOMEpIL Sanaa 61. 1H peakritan rionyyere ortysiana CbeAUNCHHe A, Or Kamen KapGonar HM ApyrH Heoprat MerniGensen (ronyen). Hpi oKnencnne ceKoeto np Gpomupane ce mpeapua w creannenne B. Or coins Haxosten marepHast (CaCOs) nonysere eranon (B). Coe cremmmenne A reauoctra BW Karaiusarop KOHILeHTpHpana capHa KAceTHHA HpoTHMA oGparuM npouec Hm ce nosy4awa nponykT T © nuIo_0KA MMpHBMa. Onpesenere nemecrsara A, b, Bu P. Hspasere npouecwre ¢ xnnanniit ypannenis Banana 62. Or wpriepox 1 BoqopoA momy4ere ram, OGscHere oGpara PASTHOPHMOCT BLE Boa HM BHCOKArA TeMmeparypa Ha TonleHe Ha rimuuina, Mpesierasere cHojicraara Ha raiuutia € HOMOULTa Ha XMM ypannenns, Sanaa 63. Or oxen ras m Heopranminn peakrian noayyere npoaykr A © pesyKumonnit caoiicraa, KoiiTo yuacTBa H B PeAKLNH Ha MpHcHEAUSBAHE, B ycuosistra Ha nolMMepH3anHs ce Hosy4aKar AMHEHAH HOsMMepH HWICIHMHH NpOLYKTH, a pH HOsLAKOHLEHsALWIA C peHOsL — GaKesuT. Uspasere npoucewre ¢ xuMM4HM ypanuenmt Mt HarMutiere HaNMcHOBaHHtTa 1a HoMyHeHHTE ChemMHeHHA, Sagaua 64. Or meray nonysere meranona (Mpaniena) Kucenuna, C Kon or HOCOYCHHTE BeMLECTHA MOKE ja BIAHMONEMiCTHA KHCCHHUATA: MC;ACH AUXHAPOKCHL, BO;IA, 3AXAPOIA, AMONEH pasTBOP Ha sMcpeGDpet okey, erusaneran, Harpuii, meranost? Mspasere c XHMHHK ypaBHerHst BRIMOKHHTE BSANMONeHCTANA MH HANHINeTe HAMMCHOBAKNsTTA Ha ponysritte. Koa KOH culekTpOsTH Ce OTHacs MeTAHOBATA KHCEsIHHA? Sanaua 65. joaysere denon, ann, yency:uponoua Or Kamen KapGonar Hw apyrH peaxruan GensoeHa KucemuHa, HUTpOGeHIeH, xOpoGeHse! 2 kucesmua, Hapasere ssanmoneiicransra na KHCCuHa € HATPHeBA OcHOBA, HaTpHeB KapGoHaT, cranow, OHETeH AUXHIPLL, BOA, FIHOKO3a, OGACHETE KHICesIHHHHA XapaKTep 11 or raeja TOHKA Ha CrpoerKa My. B3anaua 66. Or Kamen KapGonar Heopranninn peakrisn Hoayyere eam, 2- HutpoGens0eHa, —3-twtTpoGensoeHa, —4-turrpober30eHa = ammmo6crs0eHa Kucema. Tpeneranere cnojicrata Ha Gens0cHaTa KHCesIHHA C XHAMUIIE ypaBHieHns naa 67. C nonxonmm Kayecrnenn peakiun jtoKaxere kutcesmmna, devo, 1,2,3-nponautpHoa, HOKOxa, BsanMoytelicrauara che ChoTETHHTe XHMH Bagaua 68. Or meriepon # noxopon cunresupaitre 2,4,6-rpunurpoppenon 1 2,4,6- tpunuTporonyen. Hspasere npouecire ¢ XHMHuHM ypaBHenus. OGscuere opHentupamoro waMaHe Ha MetHTOBaTa’ rpyna —B KynaTa Ha ToAYeHa H OpHeHTHpAMOTO nansHHE Ha dpeHonHaTa rpyna B apomarHoTo spo. OGacHere KucemHutTe yenouta, Bagaua 69. Hoxperere no sacmane Ha KHceAMHHOTO sciicTeMe: camMuUIOBA Kucennna, deror, Gewsoewa kucenuHa, OGacnere experrure ua SaMCCTHTEIUTe BLPXY KHCEMHHHOCTTA Ha CheAUMeHUsTa. HpesuioKere HOON KaNeCrHEH peaKLUM 3a passt Kucemna or cammuniona kHcemHa, KakbH posykrn te ce nonysat pH ecrepuruxanis Ha GcHsocHa H CAIMUNUIONA KHCEAHEM © eTAHON B 23MIpHCHCTBHE Ha KOHL. CaApHa KHCENHHA H MPH BIAMMOseHCTBHE Ha (peHOH HW camMuuiona KucesHHa c oneTeH aNxWApHN? Bagaya 70. TIpeacrasere crpykrypuara dpopmysia a rioKorara, Onpenesiere 6pos 1a ACUMETPHUHHTE BEPEPOAHM ATOMM B MOseKY.tara Ha rmoKosara H onpexesere Gpox Ha onTH4HHTe W30MepH B KapGoHHMIHaTa Ht usnamanara opm, Hspaxere cnojicrnara jini XIDIPOKCHMUNTE Ht rpynH, KapGOHMEIATA rpyHa M MUIATA MosIEKy:Ta Hamupa st dbepmerraunsta Ha rmoxoxara upmoxcune 8 Owra Ha cbepemenuus woBeK? HoKosara, sacs Baqaya 71. Onpexenere osnascnite © GykRH CheMHEHHa, OMMUMETE © XHMHIL YpawicHita OTJCMMHTE EAH OT HOcoNeHATA cxeMa H HAs0BETE TUPAC nosyseunre nposysrn: Hocovlere xuGpnnoro chcroanMe Ha BbrsepoHHTe arom oF ébynkumonasuicre rpynn na nposyKrstre. 24 3anaua 72. Or eranos mpu Temmeparypa 140 °C nonysere nposykT A, a mpi ‘remnepatypa oKou10 180 °C ~ upoaykr B. Tpoaykrnr B oGesuserava Gpomna Hosa H ce HonyHaKa Hpostysr B. BeuectHoro B ce oGpaGorsa c AIKOXONICH pasTBOP Ha KANHEBA OCHORA H ce fosy4aBa HOB Nposy«T P. Burepoamure aroma na P ca 8 sp-xnGpuano escrosune. P npemunana npes WaxkexeHa >xens3Ha TpeGa HM ce mpesppma B npoxykr JA. Baaumogeiicreuero na Jc P Bogn 10 nosy4apane Ha mpostykr E, Kolo pH nosmMMepHsaHs peMHHaBa BoB arKeH 4a TORLTMEHATA HSO.ALU KM crpaj Marepuat IK. Hapazere mpouecure c xuMmntt YPABHeHHa H HAMIUIETE HANMCHONAHUTA Ha RCHKH CKEAHECHEL 3anaua 73. Tipu wsaumonciicrane Wa onleTHa KiceAMHA © XP B UpHEHETBHE Ha uepren (ocbop B saBHcHMocT OT KosHYeCTBeHHTe CHOTHOMENHS KHCeAHHA : XUIOFEHMpAML APeHIT Ce HOMLYYaBAT TPH BHEMOKHH NPOHYKTH. Tloapenere no wavassnauia KucemH impanure KucemHHH, Morusupaiire noapexjanero, Hanuiere HauMenonannsra Ha BoHUKH npoayktm. Hpencrauere cuolieraara na ouerHara KHCeAHHA. 1ocr xanor Sanaua 74. Or Kamen OKCH{ M HeopranH4in peakrHan nosyHere GeuseH. BeHsena HoWMOweTe Ha AKHMpAHE ¢ XOPOMETAH Mt KATATHEIATOD aly MHC tpuxstopua. Honysenuar nposykr xsopupaiire no awa vaMMHa ~ © Karanwsarop 4 mpi oGrbYRaHe ¢ YB-cpctunnia, XanorenonpowsH0s\- Horo, MoayHeHO pH peaKiHaTa ¢ oGuBYBaNe c¢ YB-cwerauna oGpaGorere © KAUIHER MAHI H Cite; TORA HOIOKETE Ha XHAPONIHIA B kucena cpena. Mosy4ennar npostykr cate, TperMpare © MeraHos 6 NpHCHCTANE Ha KONILEHTPHpana capita KHCEMMHA jtaBa ecrep, KoiTO C aMonsk oGpasyva any. Hspasere npoutecire ¢ XHMHMIH ypaBHCHHa 1 Hanimiere HaMMeHaKaMUTa Ha RCHUKH ChemUHeHHA, 25Saqaua 75. Uspasere ¢ xusunnin ypan HHA TIPOLUecHTe B CHIEsUITE NPExosH: CHy KMn0, , Bag 1,80, FeBry IMUICTE HAMMCHORANHMTA Ha RCHUKH CheyIHt 16. Saya Hpencranere © xnsmsnnt ypast no==cr Mtn a ae) KMn0, (H,809 B+E Or npoaykrire En F no wsnecren merox ronysere amnnokucesmmre ran Haran. Mspasere ceoiiersara na ramnuia. Hanauiere HaHMcHOBAHITTA Ha BOHYKH CheAUHeHHA, 26 Sajaua 77, MTpoBUIHIGeHIeH ce OGpaGorna c Gpomna noja. HosyHana ce Hpoaykr A. Mpoaykrst A ¢ aikoxouita Kauiepa ocHoBa npextutiana BB, Koiiro Cue] IpHCHEAMUABANE Ha BOA B_KHCEHA cpesta BO; AO NpostyKt B. B yuacroa B peakunn na npucnesumsnane. C noxopos ce oGparyRa apoaykr F.C unianoxostopor or B ce noaysara uposyk JL, Koiiro exe XMjIponHaa ce npespouta BE. Hpu o6paGorka ¢ er: epenta ce Houy4apa npoaykr 2K. Mspasere nponecire c XHMIIH ypaBHienits H pewioxere HaMMeHoBaNHs Ha BEHUKH IposlyKetH. 001 8 KC Banaya 78. y-Awmomaci ea or esamennmutte AMHHOKHCCIHEN, no cnerematnunara IUPAC HoMeHKatypa—& ona Kuccinia, ~—‘Hocosere bymenonamurre rpynit 8 MoseKysIara Hla AMHHOKMECTHHATA HW KAKDB e TexHUAT xapaxtep. Haruuiere crpykrypriara (popMysia Ha y- amMHHoMacsK a Kucenmna. C KOH OF NocoueHHTe BeUle 4 AMIHOGyraHOnaTa KHCENIHA € HBAMOKUO ja Pearnpa: CTAHOLI, CO. Kuceautia, Harpiieba ocHoBa, Harpues xsopii, aMouaK. Hspasere mpouccure c¢ XMM ypaBrk HoT. re XHMIHHTE mH npexteranere mpaMoxnitre Rojla H GPOMHa Hosta CHE CsHEAMIHTTE: CHEN épyxrosa, erustauerar. To KaKno pykrosara? Onpeslenere Gpoa Ha acnmerpu WyBomepirre a rHOKOsATA HM ppykTOxAa B KapGoHHsTEATA (popMa. 3anaya 80. Tpesutoxere pees. BCHUKH CTA OF CxeM:40° ro} A 2» CO, + H,0 180° Bry F re p KOHN cone. HySO, NaOH NaOH, t! HCL yy Op eS tH Tipexcranere ¢ xuMiuHi ypanenHs crojicreara Ha mposysra HL Basaua 81, Or kamen kapGorar H Heoprannsin peakTHBH cHiTresHpaitre npouyKT © mosiekysta Maca 30. TIpH ropene mpoykrésr ce npempeuta whe BEPIEpONLEH JHOKCHJL M Kosta. FIposnsRa pestyKIMOHHO jeiicrAMe HCE OKHCHIABA HO BEMLECTRO ¢ pesLyKUNONIIH CAolicTHA € MosIeKYsIHA Maca 46, yeacrsa 8 peakIMH Ha MpHCKe/MHINAKE, —HOMMeEpIAI romHKoHIeHsaUN, apaxere cHomeHaTHTe caojicraa ¢ xHMHMIHH ypannenus. Or kanunes KapGonar nonyucre 2,4,6-rpamrporpenon. Bagaya 82. Mspasere © XHMMMIHH ypaRHenHa nponecHte, upH Kor ACOpraHHMHH HeMECTBA JA Ce NOsysH erHIGEHIOAT H Mpeaaorere Kayecrnena peakuns $a pas cammumiona Kuicesma, Saqaua 83. Or CaCOs 4 Heoprannsin peacruaH tos: 1punwrporonyen, rpunueTpoGensoena 4 aanun, Hspasere npouecure c XUMIDIIIH ypaBHenita, nosipenere no Hapacrsalta cHIa Ha KHCEMHAHOTO 28 Aelicrsne GensocHa TpunuTpoGensocHa mW camHuMIORA KUCENHEH, Hpenctanere xuMunitte cHoiicTBa Ha aan. Banana 84, OGscHere erpoexa m caojicrsara Ha npoayKT ¢ MoseKy:Ha (popmysa CHAO, ako ¢ w3necrHo, Ye BemMecrRoTO nposnaBa pesyKUMONI cpoiicraa HW yuacTRa B peaKUMH Ha rpucKesMuaBane. Hspaxere cBoiicrBara Ha MposykTa ¢ XHMH4HM ypaBHeHHa H oF Hero MosyyeTe anannn, Koii e npoaykrbr Ha aBToKoHLIeH3aLUIA Ha alana? Banaua 85, Or ALC; 4 neopranninn Marepuain noaysere sunnGensen. Mpeasorsere exema 3a ciitres Ha Towa chesumenHe H MoTHBMpaiire NpWIOKCHHCTO My B CbEPEMEHINA ‘KHROT 3A TOIMIONOAILA Ha aH H OGuIecrBeHN crpajH. Hspasere wsanMostelicrAncTo Ha puniGenseH1a c BosLopON, GoM, Hosa. Kon peakuuH ca XapaKrrepHN 3a ApoMaTHOO s/1po H TPH KaKBH ycsIOBHa? Banaua 86. Tipu exiekrpossa na Bose pasraop na npoaykr A, 1310s38 KYXHsITa Ha RCAKO OMAKHHCTHO 110 cBera, ce nomysanar rasoncte B ut B. Aro B ssanmozeiicrea ¢ meresoxopos ¢ bopmysia CsHo ce Homysana upoaykror © Gpyrex cxcran C3Hs (P). Cwecsanero na Bou Pow oGirsaBane Ha peauHonnata Mec ¢ YB-creraniia Boj jlo Hoy4aRane na mpoaykr Jf. Or wero nonyyere 2-axunoGyranona Kucesma. Hocouere Bysmoxnire HsomepH pH xanorenupane na P S3agaua 87. enoxOpoA eve cucran CoHi2 ywacrna ranio m peaKUMH Ha upucpemmiawane ¢ Ha, Bro, HBr, H20. Koii or wsomepitre ta 13x04 BErNICBOLOPO MOE jla Ce HPEBLPHE BbB BrOpusIeH aNKOXOMT A, a IPH AeXHAporeMHpane ia asIKOXoHa ace ony Keron B, KoiiTO ONIPHH H O.LIPHM BOOPONCHIKHPAALIN MOTE 2%Tipu cnepruano oxnenenne kerownr ce npenppua R emec oF eranona, 2- MeTHUINPOrIaHOwA, NPOTIAHOKA KHCEIMIM, BHrsIEpOsEH AWOKEHIL H BOM. Mspasere npouecite ¢ xuMusHH ypannenia =m Hanmuere HaHMeHOBAHHATA Ha BeHIKH ChesMHeHHS. Sagauya 88. Bursenonopoa © Gpytia dopmyssa CsHe upucnenunsina wojka 10 nponykr A. [IpH yMepeno oxncnenHe wm jexHporenupane ce nosy4asa B, Kojiro yaacrsa B npHebesMHHTeNHH peak. HpoxyKreT B yuacrsa 1 6 peakunn Ha samecraane c xasoreHH, HIpH KoeTO ce Howyuapar peulecTHa che cEZ0TBOpHO sAelicrBHe. Tpoaykrnr B ce NONYaBA H MAMAYCTPHANHH KOHMMECTRA MIO KYMOLIOHA MeTOsL Tipencranere ¢ XMMMYHK ypanHeHMt ReHUKH MOco¥eHH mpouecH H B3aMMOJCHCTRHA H HaMHUcTe HaMMeHORAHMATAa Ha ToyseHHTe neutecna. Banaa 89. Or Meran H Heoprann4nn peakrHan nosyyere GensoeHa KHeesmHa. Mspasere croficraara na kucenuuara, sacsranut (pynkunonauiara rpyna HM apomarnoro spo, OGacHere opuentupamoro wie Ha dywxunonamara rpyna nu nonysere npowsnoann ua GeMsocuara KHCCHHHA, CHLPIANH ¢ esIeKTPoXpHUIHO 3aMecTRAHE H ApONt (xanorenupane, untpnpane, cynponnpane), 3anaua 90. Hspasere ¢ xin ia cnojicrmara na 3-merast-I-menrait mt 4- Meriui-2-xexenn, Hanmuere nanMenonaniata na mpoaykrHre oxapakrepusnpaitre nporntaure npouccr. OGacnere xHOpHsuoro CbeTOsUHE HA BHIMepoANHTE aTOMH BDA YMKIMOHATHATA rpyna Ww CONTE TIpUMEpHTe, B KONTO Ce MPOMeHA XNGpHsUAWUsTA Wa mpruiepogunte TOMH. 30 Sayaua 91. Ako msno3Bare IbpBHA WIeH OF XoMONOXKHHS pes 1a amkanutTe (A) MpeuIOxETE MeTO/ 3a HOLy4aBAHE Ha BeMIeCTRO ¢ GpyrHa (PopMysia CsHlio (B), Kero ce Xatorenmpa c¢ ysacruero Ha KaraIHsaTop H ce noaysasar npoxykrate (Bt P), a np oGirbupane ¢ YB-cnersmta npojykr (JI). Xasorenonpoussognoro J o6paGorere ¢ ankoxoner PasTBop Ha aKa ocHOBA AO NporyKT E. Hpoaykrsy E wasupa TINPOKO NPHIOKeHHE B HposMueHoeTra, Hapazere cnojicrwara Ha Ec XIII YpaBHCHIOL H HAMHUIeTe HaHMeHORANHATA Ha CheNUMeMHSTA 10 IUPAC. Sagaua 92. |, MGHOUBAMKM CTpO@Ka Ha ¢yHKUMOHaTHaTa rpytta, PeaKMHTE Ha MpHcKEMMHABANe —M saMecrHTenIMTe peaKtUH. OF OHA nomycre 2-MerHst-2-xWApOK. cpasricte mo cia Ha KiccaIMtHOTO Aelicrante ¢ 2-xuIpoKcHNporlanowata kuicestiia. Banana 93. Toayscre nesamenmmara amnnoxwcenmua dpenmastanin or CaCO3 it icoprammnn peakruon, Onmuere cnojicrnara Ha aMMHOKHeeAHHt Hspasere — BLTpeUIHOMOeKysIHOTO ——_msanMonteiierBHE dbywxunoname amunioxneesmuure, Tpecran © Narpnena octiora, co: Tpencrasere pi:smorkiunre wiomepit Ha ute TRHCTO e BIAUMOjL la KHCeHHHa, cranon, rin rue. Bagaua 94. Or C, Haw annum, Ge jcoprannsnn peakr VAeXHA, PeHHAOUETHA KH ronyen,‘OT BEIIeCTRATA € BLIMOAKHO XHMH4HO B3aHMoscicTBHe? Hspasere SoHMKH MpOMeCH © XHMHYHM ypaBuienia W rH OGacHETe. TIpesutoxere HauMeHoRaNuA Ha nposyierure 3anaya 95. Hospesere no orciaGsane Ha Kucenunuoro jelicraue nocovennre kapGoxcwin kHcesMH: ° Gt I,CHCH,COOH a wee (CHyCH;CH,CH,COOH ‘0—on \ fe cxgcoon CH,CH,COOH ~—-CH,COOH, Cy Tpescrasere xumusuutre cHoi ha kapGoxcwamure KHCesIHH, PBA Ha IIbPBHSI Mt OT XOMOORKHHS Pert Banaya 96. Hpesuiorere cxema 3a cunres wa denon or C, Ha H Heoprannin peakrupi Mo mpeycranere ¢ XHMUMHM ypaBHeHHa npouecuTe Ha HONMKONACHIAIHA, B KONTO y4acrHa (peHoBT, OGacuere KUCesHHIETE croiicra Ha benona, Kakro H cHojicrnara, canpsaiiH ¢ apoMarHoTo 111p0 4H enommara xwpoKewsna rpyrna. Te HaMMeHOBaHHstTa Ha BOHUKH CHEAMHCHIA. Sayaua 97. Hpeasoxere mero 3a nosysanane na enmaann oF ipenmeranan: 32 Sagaua 98. C kon or nocouennre peaxtusn: bb, NaOH, Cu(OH), [Ag(NHs)2]OH, [Cu(NHa)J(OH)2, Gpoma nota Morar ‘mcpuupar: PIMILEpONT, FHOKOSA, HeNysIO3a, ETAHOLL, mpouccnre ¢ XUMHUHH ypaBHeHHia H HasoBeTe Tony" Sayaua 99, Or \CO3 Hw neop' 1H peakrinn riostyuere GenseH, xtopoGerser, umn, Esui OF mpostysrare fre 3a cures Ha /MpOKO-ynorpeOsnanHs B TepanceTHsNaTa mpaktiKa acnMpunl. C KOs peaks me HOKaxKeTe HUCTO mpoays' pouecute © XMMHUHH ypapiennsa. Hannuiere anMenoBanusTa Ha RCHUKH ‘chenmenna. Sagaua 100. Kaxea ¢ erpykryprata dopmysia Ha BeutecTBo cbc cbcran CyHs, ako & 0, HC MPHCLeMMHABA BOXOPO:L, GPOM, BOs, UHAIOROAOPOH, JOAMMEPISHPA HM MPOAYKTKT HAMHpa LMPOKO MpHtoxeHHE B Gutta, FIpi-tpermpante na MGpoMuOTo NpoHsBoAHO ¢ atKOXowIeN paxTBop na ocHowa ce nouysant nporykr eve chcras Cxb TIpwcweaninsanevo na vona tio Kysepos wonm 10 newtecrsoro Cxltx0. TIpenioxere crpykrypuara dopmyaa ua ros nposyer- Hanmuere HANMCHORAHNHATA Ha RCHIKH CHEMMNEHHA HM Hspasere MpouecuTe ¢ XHMMMHHE ypaBHtents. 3Sagaua 101, Upn o6paGorka na I-6yrnn ¢ warpaii (HarpHes amu) H npoayKrer BaanMostelicrsa ¢ 2-mermit-1-xstopoGyrait mle ce Hlomyunt neulecTROTO A. Hanumere crpykrypuara qhopmysia um wauMenionanuero Ha A, Hocsesonaresiio uspasere ssanmonelicranero Ha A ¢ GpoM, Hosa 1 PasrBop Ha KAINeR HepManraHar © XHMMMIHH ypaBHHeHHs H HamHuLeTe HaMMeHORANNGITA Ha BEHIKH CbemMHCHHA nasa 102. Tpesuiowere crpysrypuara (popmysa ia peuecrRoro cbc encran ‘sHsOz, [pi xatopupanie © rpuxparen HaIMUDK OF x:LOP It OGuTHUBAME & YB-cpersniia WH HarpaBane ce Hosy4aBa LIposyKr ¢ Gpyria dbopmy.ta CsHsClhO2, Xuptpounsara Ha npostykra ¢ nojta B KHEEa Cpezta BOK JO ona KuCeMMHA (1,4-GeHseHAMKApGoKCHHA KuCesMHHA). TIpH ssavMojielicranero wa Tepedratopara KucemmHna c 1,2-eranjuon ce Ha NPOAYKCT, HSHOIIINAT 4a TPOHIBOCTRO Ha RUIAKHOTO TepHIEH HOKCTE WIXOOTO BEUIECTRO Ha XAOreHApAHe B IPHCKETRHE Ha karamsarop. TIpescranere ¢ XHMHHH ypaBHeHHs mpouecuTe 1 Hanwuere nanMenonainirra Ha npostykTitte, Banaya 103. Tipencrasere ¢ cbopmysH H HanMeHoBannA H3OMEpHTe Ha xXeKCHHA. OGacHeTe BHAA Ha HsOMepHTA. Hspasere xHMMUHHTE cHoticTHA HA N3oMepa, ChADP-KAML HETEHPTHYEH BLITEpOeH ATOM B cHcesteTBO Kpatuara spw3Ka ¢ HoMoutra Ha xuMiuHH ypaneni. OGscnere XHOPHANOTO CLCTOSHME Ha BLETEpOAUHTe ATOMH, CBLP3AHN Cc Tpoiina spwaka. B3agaua 104. Buraevoaopoa c dopmysa CyHs He oGesteraBa Gpomna Bona H 2% PasrROp Ha KAIHEB HepMaHranar, Ho KoNUeHTPHpal PasTBOp Ha KAsINEB 34 HepManranar KOHL, cxpua —KHeestHa BirneROMOpOs B CHEMIE ¢ GpytHa dopmyaa C ctpykrypara Ha H3xOjUIHs BErsIEBOROPOA, HporyKTa Ha OKUCHEHHETO H XUMHUHHTe My CBOFCTBA ¢ OMOILTA Ha XHMHIHH ypaBHeHHst rKeTe Banana 105. Mexily Kou or MocoseHHTe CHEAHHEHHA ¢ BbIMOKHO XUMEIHO BaauMoyelicrane: GeHsocHa KHICeAHNA, TAH, KuceuIHHa, ACTON, HHAHOBOAOPO,, GpoM, Boxe? HspaseTe NIpoH XUMH'HH YpaBHCHHts H MOTHBHpaiire OrrowopHTe CH. Bajaua 106, rena c re cuoiicrBa Tpencranere RCHHKH BRIMOKHH BIVLOBe HOMEpH Ha popmysin, Hanmenonannia 1 oGactctHs, ispascre xHMit a HaoMepa, KOTO MPH eHeprHtino OKHENEHHE te HORE tO EMEC OT 2- MeTHUINporlaHona KUCENHIHa, BHEIEPOsAEH JMOKCHIL H BONA. Baqaua 107. Borienojiopost ¢ GpytHa dbopmysia CoHi2 oGesupersisa Opowia wo;ta, pit XWJIpatauu OOpasysa tperHvien anKoxon cbc cheTAB Coll OH, @ PH OKHeneHHe ¢ KONNeHTpHPAH pasrBop a KaIHER HepsaTaMar capa kitcemma ce noaysaRar auleTon 1 mponanosa xuceautta, Hapaere npouecure © XHMAYHM ypaBHEN iH HamMUIeTE HaNMeNonANHATTA Ha Banaya 108. Kaxso cbeaunenne ce oGpasyva pu wa 4 xuopobersmtxiopHA ¢ HaTpHeR auerar? Kaka © mpoaykrer Wa mavMorelicrsve wa 4-xnopoGermuxsiopn ¢ KANHeR UAHA HocseswaNIa XH/IPOINA Ha MuETpIUIA B KHeeA epena? Hspasere Mpouccure © XUMIMNH ypaBHeHHa H HannuleTe HaNMeHOE RCHHKH Che sHMHCHA, 35Sagan 09. Hanuuere (bopmynara ua nemecrao © emmprsna dbopmysa CHCl, KOCTO MPH XJOPHpane ¢ HIIMUFBK OT XVIOP H OO:TUBAHe Che cRETTHHA. Hai HarpsBane ce Mpenpoita B chegMHeHHe che cucTaR C>H4Cl.. B pesysrrar Ha xuapousa ¢ Bose pastHop Ha HaTpHeRa ocHoBa XaOrenuparnar NposYKT ce ipeupwuta w 2-xs10poGeHyoeHA KUCEIHHA, Tlocovere 1 MoTHBHpaiire BLSMOxEH MONXON 3a IpespemlaHeTo Ha 2- xsopoGeriocnara KucenHHa B camMUIOBA KUceHHHA, Hspaxere Npouccure © XMMNMHH ypaBHeHus, HanMueTe HanMeHOnanutTa 1a BCHHKH ChEAUHEHUA H Honysere alleTHuICAMHUIOBA KHCESTHA. B3agaua 110, Bemecrso © Gpyrua cbopmyaa CsHyO npn ui KHCOUIHHA B NPHEECTBME HA KATAMIEIATO CAPA KCEHUHA BO JO Hlonysaranero Ha cbenunenHe ¢ (popmysia C7Hi4O2. Hpn oxnesenne IIXOAHOTO BEMIECTBO ce HOTy4aRA MposyKT coe cECTAB CsH,0O, Koi‘ro pH no-wararoumo oKHeseHMe ce HpONHOWOBA KUCEIHHH. Onpesteste ipasere © XHMUMHM ypaBHeHHs rlocouentTe NaHMeHowaHHsTa Ha ACHKH ChesHeHHs peaphinanns. Hanmere 36 PEIMEHMS HA 3AJIAUHTE, V3TEPIEHH HA KAHJWUIATCTYENTCKHS MSIL HO XHMH4l 3A CHEMMAJIHOCT ME/(ULMHA B YHMBEPCHTET ,,11PO®. /I-P ACEH 3J1ATAPOB*, CbCTOAI CE HA 28 IOJIH 2019 r. TposIN3a Ha BONEH pasTROP anere XapaKTepHeTHKa Ha etementTa B, CboGpastio MACTOTO MY wie o6pasynar HOB rasoo6pasen npoaykr BB, nitro noen pasrnop HMa KHICeIA PeaKUHs. BB wsaumogelicrsa c mera (uarpuii, Kaun, *e1930), Tiara saMHa TO ONlBETABA BHE BHONETORO. [pH esIeKTPONINIA Ha CTONWIKA Ha ReUIeeTBOTO A Ha AHORA ce THEA BeMEcTBOTO B, at karoga — P, Oxaparrepusupait To npesteraBuTe BaauMosglicrRHero My ¢ KHCIOpOLt, Borta, rasosere b, BH BB. me: Hpumepno p Tp exekrposia a Roma pasraop Ha GestIBCTHOTO Kpiicramo neutectro A ce ores rasonere B 1 B, unio MOsICKYsIH Ca jpyatomun, Tosickaswany cuieMenT B ycaopnero Ha ra ca pMepa Ha raxooGpastitre npostykru. Fassr Bc nopesett omep | ¢ noopo.L, a raze B ¢ nopesteH Homep 17 © xs0P. Xaoppr c enemenr or HI nepnos, VIIA rpyna Ha Heprosmenar cucrema. [opeyuMar HoMep Ha cieMeHTa noKasBa, ue B AApoTO Ha XJIOpHHA ATOM ce CbADpKAT 17 NporoHa, a B EeKTpoHHaTa OOBHBKA 17 enextpona, Crpoexktr na exexrpontiata OOBHBKa H pasnpeNcstCHHeTo Ha EHEKTPONNTE HO CHOBE H HO;IEsIOLBE MOK JIA Ce MPEHETABH CDE (popmysia: 1s2s?2p°3s"3p*. B ocHoBHo CRCTOAHHE HA XO] avo My stiKIcBa CNM eeK TP 7Koncburypania Ha miepria cutemenr apron (Ar). Esiementire or tpern HepHos B Hocae;IHA CH exICKTPOKLEH CHO; MAT TPH TlO,ICION —S-, p- d. Hasmanero na nesaern 3d-op6uram nosponawa 10 Bpeme Ha xHMUO ssaMMonelicrane aromur ja mpHeMe eHeprHa, pH KOETO csIeKTPOHLKA awoiiKA OT 3p-HONHMAOTO Ce pasKEcHA, ENMHHAT cxIeKTPOH OGpHula Hua CH H saewa wakantrita 3d-op6urasta, Taka ce noysanar Nerupute RANCUTUM CHeTosHHA Ha xOpHHs atom: +1, +3, +5 H-F7. Pasmmuiuete BACHTHH CKCTORHNA Ha XsIOpa Morat J1a ce Hit Hpumepu: HCl — xnopunsT arom 6 comuara KucemHa © B crereH Ha ime -1, HOCI — crenen Ha oxnenenue Ha xiopuns arom ® xumoxsiopncrara kucenuiia +1, HCIO2 — xaopunat arom 8 xuopuerara kitcemmina € 8 crenen Ha oKHcsteHHe +3, HCIO3 — 6 xnopHara knees AsOPHAT atoM € H creneH Ha oKMEHEHHE 45H HCIO4— 8 nepxstopHat KilceMIIHa XstOpHHsT ATOM € B ETeMeH Ha OKHETEHHE +7. G L] 38 fy wl # XapaKrep HM M3pa3K Xuoper e p-cuieme oxwteaurrestin cHojicrna. ‘asonere B (Bosopoa) u B (xnop) nsaumonelicraar # oGpasynar hon rasooGpasen uposykr BB (xutopowoxopon). Hpouecst ¢ OKHEHHTENHO-peyKUMOHE! pu pasrrapaue = wb Bost XJIOPOBOAOPOALT CC jUCOUMMPA Ha BOAOPOUIN KATHOHH H XsKOPHLLWH Hcl —> H+ cI wut 7 Hammnero na soopojiiH WH XHIPOKCONMeHH KATHOMHE Bb BONUHA PasrBop Ha xAOPOBOjAOpoA ONpesEHA KUCEIMHHHS xapaKrep, PH < 7. Unersr Ha sakmyca ce npomensi 8 eppen. Kucenmara BB (coma Kucenmua) B3anMogelicrsa ¢ Merasnre Harpnii, Kaun H oKei30. H tpitte Hoco¥eHH enemenTa ce HaMupat IpesM KoOposta & POAM. HCI + 1,0 —» H,0* + 2Na° + 2H + oe 39© ——> Nat 2 ee Cao + 2H +2 Cl —» ce eg fe wey + Ca - 26 —» Cat 2 2H" + 21e —» 2H ut 1 Fe’ 26 —» Ca 2 2H" +216 —= 2H —.,/ 1 Cosnara kuceamna saanmosei (aun), na. € amthorepiit enemenrti Zn? + 2H" + 2Cl —» Zn + 21 wut 40 Zn — 2¢€ 2H’ + 2.1e —» 2H! —.t Bsanmoxelicrsnero ia Meraimre 2KeNsI0 HM UHHK HLIpoKO ce upyuiara 8 saGoparopHara npakrika Hpi nporexjtane ta OKHEHTEHO- PenYKUHOHHH Npoweci ¢ y4acTHETO Ha BOROPOA. Cue cpeGepen nurpar counara Kucesmta O6pasywa Gesuwerna yraiixa or cpeGupen XuIOpHyl, HaBECTHA che CBeTOMYBETBHTENHOC CpeGepminrr xsopHa Hot JeliermHero Ha cHeTIMHATA TTepROHAMAHO Ha towa Ag’ +NO3 + Pasrnop Ha Remectnoro A, HosHeccHO B TuIaMDKa Ha sraniia, ro ollHeTARA BHR RMONCTORO, Tona onpertesix OKOHYATEHO neutectndro A — Kasinen xuOpHyl. Veco e, 4e pu crans pasnaia Ha KaNKeBH KaTHOMH i crommikara ce jpWKaT xAOTIE KbM kaToja, a aHHOHHTe — KEM aHoja. Ha esteKrpoguTe mpoTHuar oKHcHMTenHO-pexyKUHOHHUTE HpouecH. [pH eneKrposMsa Ha crommtKa Ha KAMER XGIOPH}L Ha KaTOa ce enleKTpoHeyrpamMsMpar KaMeBHTe kaTHOHH, a Ha aoa — XHOpHAHMTe AHHOHN Ki +e —» K° Tip cxexrpounsa na noen pasraop + cucremara uma Kanes xsopit upH minute tion, Kanineansr xsopwt Karo cHute! 41suurcotutnpa pa oOparumo. fionn, a pone Kcl ——» K' + cl H+ On pit cxtekrpomitsa Ha cron © caement or IV uepnon, 1A ppeste Homep 19, ci Tpon. te) pit anMontelicrane © KUCHOPON Kau Mt YCHOBI — IPH OXstaKLANe KHCHIOPOAL~ HlepoKCHIL oGparyna OKCHLL pH HeNOCTHHY Ha KHCAIOPOs, a 4K +0, —* 2K,0 2K + Oy — > K02 Baaumoneiicrsucro 1 KQIHeB XHAPOKCHAL MH BOOP peaykunonen, 2K° + 2H—OH K c—— kK! 2H) + lle —» 2 LIN BAMMOdiiCTBAT C BOsLO paopostt OAH OKHCITELTITO stele Aun resH Me 2K + H) —— 2KI na KQUINER XJIOPHIL, aKe ~ ©» k 2H" + 2.16 —» 2H 1p Banaua 29, C Homoutra Ha XMM ypastenHa H3pasere H OGaCHETe XHMMuHTE Npenprmtanns Ha npexeranenara Ho-no.ty exena 40 ts LL caso, 2» cyor, 2» cuo {6 i 8 CUNO, —> Cus ——> cuc, o> cy, Y a Here MIpouecire 061: CACKTPONIUEA Ha HO;NMEETE pasTBOpH Ha Mest! auuutpar W Menen auxstopHA. Kon fionn ce exexrponteyrpamaupar na Karola H Ha anoja? Mpumepuo pemenne: 48 POAM ce nammpa cies Boxoporta. Tona MCHITH BBaHMoxeiicTHAT CAMO C OKHCIMTENHO Ima, Me TEIN eH aeiicreaumt oxcokucesmun, C Komenrpupania capa kutcenua bsauMozeticreHero Ha Mexta TIporHsa Ha sBa eratta. Feran — oxncamrenno-perykunonen nponee: Cu + Hyso, ——» CuO + so, 4 H,0 H eran ~ o6menua peaina: CuO + HySO, ——» Cuso, + 1,0 Cyapuo: 44 Cu + 2H)SO, ——» © 30, + SO, + 21,0 Menen cyapar (1) Menus eyaupar ¢ pasrnop ta Harpiicna ocr yraika or mesient uxnapoxcra (2). 1a oGpaxyaa neGecHocum cu '+ $0.7 + 2Na'+ 26H ——s Cufont),, + 2Naé+ 02 Mesuinarr sunxnpoxen np ana Memten oKcHt (3) I'PsIBAHe OTHE MOMIEKYsIa BOPLA Ht 1° Cu(OH), ——» CuO + 1,0 Meannar auxsapoxen ¢ cna oxnesures 1 pearupa ¢ xoGpuTe oprann4nn pesykropn ayiexwsure. [pw caaGo Harpsawane Ha atjlexHy © neGecHocHHHA Mee ANXHAPOKCHA porHa OKHCHHTE PeHyKUHONeH Mpouec M ce Hosly‘anA KapGoKcHNA KHCENHHA 1 Kepemntenovlepacria yraiixa or yumeyten oKcust (4). o- 9 ° p a . oe —% c+ ACOH), cue H ‘OH + CuO + 2H,0 "Ta CC COMIHA KHCCIMHA HB MOH pouee ce nosy4anar meste! Menus uixnapoKens, saan son pesysrar Ha neyrpasns: surxnopust (5) # Boma. Cu(OH), + 2H* + 2 + 21,0 cata. How 45Cu + 2HNO; ——» cuo el 4+ 1,0 4 — a? CuO + 2HNO; ——» cCuNOs)) + HO cyMapno: Cu + 4HNO; ——» CuNoy), + 2HLO + not Ako Boj pasTBop Ha MeANHA jMMITpAT ce MOsLIOKN ta crektposiisa B cHcTemara chulecrRyBar YerMpH BULA HoH: Cu(NO;), —» Cut + 2NO; H,0 === H' + OH Tp nponyckane ia npas enexrpuen toK mpes pasrnopa MeAHHTe H BOOPOUUITTE KATHOHH Ce HACOUBAT KEM KATONA, a KbM attOsta ce Nacoumar HTparHnTe H xHIpoKeHHTe aNHoHH. Ha KaTosa ce eueKTpOHeyTpANNsHpaT MeAWHTE KATHOUN, 3aMOTO crost cule; sonoposa 8 POAM m 11a karoga ce omens Merassr mest (7). Ha anoga Ce eneKrponeyrpamnsupar XHAPOKCHAMITTC AHHOHIL, pastiosiorKen BinABo OF MET] ion » POAA, Ha anona ce orien raxoo6pa Kucxopot. B exekrponu3nara sana octanar iionnTe Ha asorHara kucesi 2 =. oe. Cu! + 26 Cu’) Ho - © ——~> HO 4HO ——» 2H,0 + 0, Ako KbM payrsopa Ha MejHHs JMHiETpar ce pHGaBM pasTBOp Ha aunarpnes cyarpit ce ovesa YepHa yraiixa or Menten cyanpiit (8). 4 2NOs, + ana! 4 $2) ——e Cus) + QNa' + 2NO, ee ene SS | Menuusr eysrbiiy np oGpaGorka cre conna KucesmMHa 0 "a3 C MHPH3Ma Ha pasnaienH sina. Tonysaga ce Mexen zuxsiopHit (9). ft CuS + 2Ht + 2Cl, ——» cu! +2Cl, + HS! cut tc, Boaunar pasrwop wa mexen suxHopHa ce mosutara etexrpoawsa, B cicTemara usta seri Bra Fort CuCl —> Cu?" + 21 HO === H' + On Tipu nponyckane Ha upan enexrpuien TOK KKM KATONA ouMAT MENTE HW BONOPONHHTE KATHOHH, a KDM aHOJIa xwapoxcusmure —-M_—xopunmiTe amon. Ha xarojta cueKrponeytpaiusupar MejuHTe HOM H ce OTNENA cHEMeHTHA MEAL, a Ha ana — xHOpHsUNTE AHHOHM ce csLeKTpOHeyTpasHsMpAr HCC OTHE x2006paren x:top (10). ce Cut + 26 —» cur 2c - 26 ——» 2cP —» J0-rope pH paarsienctane MejeH AMXTOpHN ca8 chornernmre He noKasano Kon fionn exekTponeyrpasiu3npar Ha Karola H Ha aHOsIa. B3anaua 45. Mpescrasere wsomepure wa xexcena. Hanmuere dopyanre w HawMenonannata um, OGacHere anja Ha w30Mepusta. Mspasere XHMHIHHTe CROtiCTRA HA H3OMepA, CbyTHPKALL TPeTHMIeH BHIIEpo.teH arom B cbeeneTBO C KparHara BpEsKa ¢ MOMOULTA Ha XHMHMIIH -ypannenus. Hpumepuo pemrenn Creamer, KoHTO UMaT entakDR KaNecrHeH H KoNHYECTHEH creran (esHaKna MosteKysia Maca), Ho ce passutiazat fo cBoiicrBara cH, ce Hapiuar HaoMepiH cLesHHeHHs (H30MepH), a siBCHHETO — N3OMCpHA. Burenogopoan, KouTo ce pasmnyanar Ho HoceonareamocrTa BbpIMAHe Ha BLCCPOAMHTE ATOMH BHR RepuTaTa, ce HapHMaT 0 MacTOTO Ha josHuHoHtH na BepinKHH H3OMEpH. A iKioMepH, KOHTO ce pasmtaBar awoiinara Bppska (pynKuHoHaHara rpyna), ce HapHat Hsomepi CH, —CH,—CH, —CH, —CH==CH, a) I-xexcen CH) — CH —CHy CH ==CH—CHy 9) 2exex CH; —CH, —CH==CH—cH, —CH, @ 3-xexcen 48. ca NOsHIMOHH HIOMEpH Ha 1-Xexcen, 2-xekcen # 3-xeKce xexcena, a ce @ 4-merust-L-nien CH;—CI eee es CHy 6) 3-mermut-I-nenren, CH3——CH,—CH,—C== CH CHy G) 2-meruu-1-n CH,;—CH, —CH==C— CH, CH; oy 2-mern-2-nenrel cue (CH—CH CHy (8) 3-merwut-2-t1eHreH 49—CH—€H==Cli— cH, 9) 4-merwi-2-nenren CHy;—C—=—=c—cu, cH l, . 3 (10) 2,3-ammernn-2-6y CH, CH;——C—cCH==cH, | CH; : ay 3,3-quMerH-1-Gyren ie oan —c—=cu, CH. ° (12) 2,3-aumetua-1-6yren Cr 7 (CH,CH. = (13) 2-erns-L-Gyrer 50. win, Or npesioxenitre HaoMepH BiIMATEsIHOTO Hay"aE jo MEANY TAX HMA H reOMeTpHHH WioMepH. 3-XekceHBr HMA & 1H eoMeTpHHO-HioMepHa [BOF KA oct ye cHcH, cis-3-xeKcen trans-3-xexeen, B crpykrypara Ha eH or oMepHTe cbutecrRYBa acHMETpHICH mBruepoyleH aTOM, cHBpsaH € MeTHpH pasIMMHM saMecTHTesH. Coutecraysar st8a ONTHYHH aHTHHO;La, KOHTO ce oTHAcKT HOMEAY CH KaTo NpeAMET H HerORHA OrHICHaUTeH OGPas, KArO jlACHATA H siaBATA PLKA. Onruanara akruniocr ce Wpaisna BhE mDpreHe Ha LO.APHSHPAHATA CRETIHA B {LE NPOTHBOTOORHH HOCOKH Koraro B MosieKys 1 BBIIEROOPOA ce CHAbpHa ACHMCTPHYeH BErICposeH arom (c YeTHpH pasH4HK 3amecTHTEsH) CC naGuojapa onrHuna HsoMepus, Hanp. npH 3-merwt-I-nieHTeHa cH eae > CH, ca nosnara jtue NpocrpancrsenH popu, KoHTO ce OTHACHT HoMeEAKsLy CH KaTO MIpesMer H HeTOBHAT OrsesasIEH O6pas: SIJWHHAT BLPTH paBHMHata Ha HonspHsHparara crema HO Hocoka Ha WacoRHHKOBaTa eTpesIKa, a OITIELHHST My AHTHNO; — 10 Hocoka, oGparua a vacoBnuKopara expenka. B ycutosnero na satanara e Hocoueno ja ce HspasaT XUMHUHATE crofiersa fa HSOMepa, CbitbprKaL TpeTHeH BEENepomeH ATOM B CHceHCTBO € KPATHATA BpHaka C NOMOUITA Ha XHMMMIIH ypannenus, Or MPCACTABEHMTE H30MePH TPH OTFOBApsT Ha ycioRHeTO: 3-mernnl- neuren, 4-Merut-2-nenrer, 2,3-sumernn-l-6yren. Ho us60p Mowe ja Ce CimomsBa CAMO CAMMY OF HoMEpHTe, KONTO oTroRApaT YenonHeTO Ha saasara, HOB Nova Ha KaIAMLAT-Cry;eHTHTE Ute GBsat Peacranenn xusueuunre cvolicrea u Ha Tpitre H0Mepa, orronapsti Ha youlonnero na sajauara, |. Xuuporennpane — npn eucowa tewnepatypa, noni Hasarane 4 kaTanusarop (Ni, Pt, Pd). wii-I-nenren 3-Merwunenran ° Ni SS caycucncrc Hy Cly—C—cHr—=cH—en, + 1, 2-mermuinenral CH Fath +, cH, 2,3-smme ur-I-Gyren 2,3-uMerHsGyrant 92 2. Xanorenmpane — oGesuseranar Gpomna Bo, PeAKINA 3a OKASHAHE Ha KPATHa BPEIKA. cuy— eps CH, Br 2,3-anGpomo-4-mers Cl FH Ech + Bry eH FE © c 23.qumerwa-l-6yren 1,2-;6pomo-~ 3. Xwqpoxastorenupane — npucnesunsnane Ha xatorel 00 OPON. Tip ssamwoxelicrane 1a nionapum nosopoxcturepxat MONIEKY!IN ¢ HECHMETPHYIIH ANKEHH ce cHasBa TIpaBHEIOTO Ha MapKonnnos. ers CH, 3-merma-|-nenren 2-Gpomo-3-meriu IPOILYKT Ha peakMHATa) 53yoKeHE a rt 5. Ymepeno oKucstenve — ocwutectaana ce ¢ HoAOpO;TCH an crsguene wan 2.% nonen pasrsop Ha kanes nepmauiravat. [Ton | I cn cu, JABYBANIEHTHH ANIKOXOSIH, HAPCHCHH FIHKOIN. 4-mern6-2-neuren 3-Opoo-2-merannetrran CH, —CH—CH==CH, + 0 +H,0 ——> CHy (KMn0g, H302) aa f° ii CHy 3-merit- I 2-nenraHuH0s1 ! | 3-merwi-I-nenrent Cis cH, Br ou +O +H,O —— CHCHC 2,3-umeruai-1-Gyren 2-6pomo-2,3-uuMerHGyran 4. Xuaparupane — npucveamminane na nosa 8 mpuencrene na Munepania —kucenma. —Tpouecwr — xwaparupane ua HeCHMeTpHAHH AIKEN NpoTHHA HO NpaBHTOTO Ha MapKoBHHKoR (KMn04, 1305) on 4-mermt-2-nenten cnscrscdnen, my CH, CH; H eH 3-merm1-2-nenranios 2) + O FH, ——> CHy— CHO 3emernur-L-m (KMn0g, 1305) cH, OW 2,3-numerit-1,2-Gyrantnost 6. Enepriuno oxucienue — ocbutecrnana ce © KOHLCHTpHpaH cheTRHe Ha ' uien —nepM 8 mpi ee ee pasrnop aK ee atta 4-merit-2-nenren 2-meviit-3-newranos pupana capa eicermia 1 warpawate. Burneposutara own 3 Ee "1 Repiira Ha aikena ce KbCa TIpH JtwoliNaTa Bpb3KA H ce HOsyIABA Co “SCH, + H—OH CH GHC —cn, | ee + weo0H Hs cu, On = Fon a0, 2,3-sumerust-1-6yren 2,3-uumernn-2-6yranon 54 55q 2-metuuiGyranona k-ta H Mpanuena K-Ha ara KicesHHa Chapa B cTpykTypaTa cH aexHHA it HOPAAN Toba HpoawaBa peAyKUHONNH cRolicrHa. B ycnoBnaTa SHEPFHAHO OkHeseHHe TH ce OKNEHBA H cslaGara MH HeTpaiina rea boaHa KucesHHa, KoRTO ce pasmasa ¢ OTAeHAHE Ha EMEIePO;EH AMOKCH HHO} 0 0) ee Hec% BON Hoc Nou ‘OH (H,C03) no Heprusnoto oKHcHeHHe Ma 4-MerHI-2- BaHE ta Mec or 2-MeTILIponianopa H craHowa KHCENUIIL H ' Cy —ec—e, pFHCOOH + CH, CHy 1,CooH, -auMerHsi-I-GyreHa Bon j10 Hoaysanalie Wa MeTaHoBa KUCCIHHa H 3-MeTLIGyraHoH. OKnenenneTo 10 M10-rope, a KeTOIBT B yenOMHsTA HA GHEPrHSIHOTO OkHesICHHe © KOHILpastnop Ha KasMeR HepMauitanar 1 Fant CAPHA KucemHHa ce paskucna B cucesteTBO € KapGoMHUIHAra rpytta "ce nlomysana eMec or KapGoKcHHH KuCeZttn, ie jis Cus— CH= cy, KML yc to + HCOOH 1 1,50, j cH cH 56 u CHJCOCH, + CH,COOH ci ny 2 core Tpu cueprisitoro oxnenenne Ha Keroua (3-mernsi6yranon) ce Nonysabar 2-MeTHsITIportaHoBa, eTAHORA, MeTAHOBA KHCENMIH H ALeTOH, Aueronr ce oKHciaBa 110 cxemata: ° a Z ye ‘oH 0, 0 a i ie as Non (H:C05) 7. Topene—rosi npouce Moxke a ce npesicrasi ¢ ejHo ypasnenne. 4alOTO H3OMepHTE ca C e;HAKEB KaYeCTREN MH KOAHECTRCH ene “Hin + 902 ——= 6 CO: + 6120 8. Hoammepusanns rc cH—cHy | CHoHCHy / rs Homm-(3-mervt- melee eH, 37enter Lcr ey > tet 7 Vem dn nomn-(2,3-aumernt-|-Gyren) . | ios CQ oe HH eheNMHEHHA MH MOCoNETE Tpumepuo pemenne: Merant more sa ce noy'in upes mpak entiTes OF BBIIIEPON H Banaya 62. + Ni ‘ Tpencranere ¢ xAMMUHH ypaRneHHa nmpouccure B cxeMara: Cc + 2H ole CHy Meroner © Baker B Teoperii renerHunara BpEsKA MEY HeOpr ornomenue, 1 58Tpit sucoKa remnepatypa (~ 1000 °C) B orenerane Ha KUcHOpo; MeTaHBT ce pazsiara Ha BErAEpOR IH RO;LOPOs: 1000°C CHy C+ 2H, Bucokorewmeparypriara npepaGorka wa Meran npescrassana eros, 3a NloayHanante Ha erat: + 3H Lunicueinara tpumepusaiis Ha erina ocurypana nostysananero a Gensen. ° eZ Sen —— | sil Wey tH fi Or tpi mona cru ce nonysana eH Mon GeHseH, CorstacHo na Ibo Ularesue-Bpayt nonnuapanero wa Hasaranero eucremara Guaronpustcrsa npawara peaxuna. Harpsanero 1 HSNONSBAHCTO Ha KaTAMN3aTOp YekOpaBAr TPUMeEpHBANHOHIMA NpoLLec. Bensersr echo ce cysbormpa. Mosysana ce Gewsencyspouona kucesmua, SOsH + HO, ——» Or + 0 Gewsencyspouona K-na WseHcymponowara KuCeMMHA © CHHA KHCeMMA HM ce Heytpasmsupa ¢ HarpHena ocHoBa. B TosH ciry4aii Heyrpamusanusta © HeoOparHm npouce, samloTo yHacrnar Ba CHIH eseKTposHTA. Tloaysiana ce natpen Genxencystpouar. 60 com s0,Na CT ne “ue narpues @evon ce noaysana mp ana cranane Gensencysponar npH Kono 180°C. = > \ 80sNa_ + NaOH ty cp } NaySO3 eenomara xwpoKcnnta lL O- H p-opuerr Comuiocrra Ha gansntero (OBOTO LIPO BEPXY XH/IPOKCHANATA rpyna (Cl uF M-eibexr) (p-empexeune) © eseKrpounoro naauMoyelicrane Mexkyty m-ceKerera 1 HOTO WIpo H eBOGOAHATA eneKrporiiia jwoiika Ha KUeHOpo;Hs atom OF XHJIpoKcIMIHATa Fpyna. B peaysitar Ha TOBA w3aMMonelicrBHe cHeKTpoHHATa KUCHOPOAHHA ATOM HaMaUIIBA H TO! MPHBMINA TO-CHIIHO eeKTPO! sunoiiKa oF BpbaKara My ¢ BO;LOPO,IA: oa Hopan Toba nosiipHocrra Ha apLaKara KuCHOpOsL-Bonoport Ce sacHsIBA HOTONKOBA, HC BBB BO;EH pasTHOp (beHOsrHT cpabnurTEsHO ECHO OTHE Bosoposnn iioun (H'). Dexosrmr ce nposBaRa KaTO KHeeNHHA, OTTYK H cao oF crapute My HauMeHoRaHia — KapGonoKa KHCeAIHHA. Bhs BOCH pazrnop Toil ce smcoummpa ¢ pom u! 6Penomrsr e cnaGa kucennna, Crenenra MO-TonaMa, OTKONIKOTO Ha Rosata, Bprueponwara Knee, HK TPONHITHA AMCOUBALS © H MO-Manka, OTKOTKOTO Ha ApomarHoto apo € custo akrHBupano. JloKaro 3a xanorenupane Ha Gersena ¢ HeoGxoAMMO HSHOsISBAHETO Ha KaTaIH3aTOp, HpH eMecRAHE Ha ‘enon c¢ Gpomna noaa ce orjeasr urnectH KpHerain or 2,4,6- ‘TpnGpomopenor. a te #30 > na be 2,4,6-1puGpomospentost enor T Ce Nostara Ha HHTpHpaHe c¢ paspenteHa asorHa Kucesita, Tbii Karo ¢ 4yBcrEHTeeH cnpsiMo oKeMTTesH, B3aBHCHMOCT OF KoAMHeCTHCHITTE CLOTHOMICHHA Mexkjty EHO H HUTpApau are we Ce noaysn 2,4,6-punurrpoderiost (nukpuoRa KHeemMHa). Ta HantHpa Mpwoxcune b KaMUMHTe LaGopatopHn. ol 1 Nos NO + 3HONO, ——> + 34,0 No, 2,4,6-Tpunrrpospenton (Fluxputiona kucesnna) 2 10 MeTOA. Cannuyurona KucestiHa More sta ce nostyan or pent Kon6e-IlImur. @enowsr co oGpaGorwa c HarpHena ocuoBa H ce lony4ana narpuer (peronar. Hpouecer Ha neyrpasusanuistia ¢ oGparHM, MOTO YuacrRAT CHIHATA HaTpHEBa OCHOBA UH CAGHATT eseEKTPOHT enon. 7 Na d + son + M0 TIpn psaumogeiicrane na cyx narpuen dpenouiar ¢ Bh AMOKCHA BARTOK IPH MOBHUIeHO NaATae M108 ‘remtiepatypa ce nouly4ana Harpies camHILTaT anal 00N OH "| +O, 3a ja ce noayHM camMuHIOBA KuCEAIHHA & HeOGXORHMO arpnenara cont sla ce O6paGorH eve costa Kr ‘0ONa | on 3a nonysananero upowene mpowec Ha ecrepmdbiKalui Ha eran, pouent a sa 1a ETHICAIMNMIAT € HEOGXOHMO ja Ce ‘asiuuTonara KELANA C 6B‘00H 00C,I, on on + €H0H1 + 1,0 Ecrepudpuxanusra ¢ Gancr, Monekynen, oGparum nponec, Karainmsupait Of MHHepamHH KuCeHIH, PaploBecHeTo Moke sta be WSMCCTEHO HasLACHO (KbM postyKTHTe Ha peaKIaTa), AKO NpoTeHe B MPHCHCTBUE Ha KOHNeHTPHpaHa capHA KUCesITA, KOTO jAClicTRA Karo BonOOTHEMAILO cpexCrBO H KATO KaTamMaTop. Mexannsaor na peaxumrra noKasna, 4e xutpoKeuna rpynia ce OTHE OT KapHoKcHMATA Tpyna, a HoAOpoReH ATOM ce OT;EIA OT Xwpokciuimara rpyra ia aikoxosia. @ XWJIpOKcHINA rpyna Mowe ja BsanMONeiicTHA © KiCOHMHHH XwIOreHHsIN, aHXIIpIyM, HpHstia 3a TOBA ca KHCENIHHHItTE choliersa a hbenomara xwpoKcwsuia rpynia. Tp ssanMoslelicrene Ha CuMUMIORA —KYceMMHA —¢ oNeTeH —ANXWIPHA ce HomyHana allerwicamuttowa KuccumHa (acuupun). Tponecsr e HeoGparus, SMNOTO KATO CTPAHHHeH NpostykT ce OTHeIA OlLeTHA KHCETHMHA, a He Bosta 00 on ‘ocacy + encor anleHsicamMuntoga KHcesH Actiupuiter e xeKapcreen nposyKr, Koliro uma Howeue or 170 FouMUIIIa HeTOpHs H He cHHEsa OF amrreduUTe padrone No cReTa.