Chapter 2

Question 2.
Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) What are tectonic plates?

Ans. Large fragments of the earth’s crust torn due to the rising convectional currents are called tectonic plates.

(ii) Which continents of today were part of the Gondwana land?

Ans. The continents are South America, South Africa, Australia and Antarctica.

(iii) What is the bhabar?

Ans. Bhabar is a narrow belt of the Ganga plain covered with pebbles lies along the foothills of the Shiwaliks.

(iv) Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south.
Ans. (a) The Greater Himalayas or Himadri (Inner Himalayas)
(b) Himachal or Lesser Himalayas (Middle Himalayas)
(c) The Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas)

(v) Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges?
Ans. Malwa plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan range.

(vi) Name the island group of India having coral origin.

Ans. Lakshadweep islands is the island group having coral origin.

Question 3.
Distinguish between:

(i) Converging and diverging tectonic plates

Ans:

Converging Plates Diverging Plates

(a) When tectonic plates come towards each (a) When tectonic plates move away from

other,they are called converging plates. each other, they are called diverging plates.

(b) When they come towards each other, they either

(b) When they move away from each other, they do
collide and crumble or one of them slides under the
not collide or crumble.
other.

(c) The diverging plates cause cracks or fractures

(c) Converging plates cause folding.
on the earth’s curst.

(ii) Bhangar and Khadar

Ans:

Bhangar Khadar
 (a) This is a highland composed of old alluvium. (a) This is a lowland composed of new alluvium.

(b) It is flooded almost every year and new alluvium

(b) It is always above the level of flood plain.
is deposited.

(c) It is often saturated with calcareous (c) It is often characterised by clay soil, which is very

nodules known as kankar. fertile.

(d) This is not much suited for cultivation. (d) It is ideal for intensive agriculture.

(iii) Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats

Ans:

Western Ghats Eastern Ghats

(a) Western Ghats mark the western edge of (a) Eastern Ghats mark the eastern edge of

the Deccan Plateau. the Deccan Plateau.

(b) They are continuous and can only be (b) They are discontinuous and irregular and

crossed through passes only, e.g., Pal Ghat, Bhor have been dissected by the rivers draining into

Ghat etc. the Bay of Bengal.

(c) They lie parallel to the Western coast along the (c) They lie along the eastern coast along the Bay of

Arabian Sea. Bengal.

(d) They are higher in south and the (d) They are higher in the north and the

height increases towards the south. height increases towards the north.

(e) Average height is between 900 m to 1600 m. (e) Average height is 600 m.

 Question 4.
Describe how the Himalayas were formed.
Answer:
(a) The oldest landmass of India (i.e. Peninsular part) was a part of Gondwana land, which included India, Australia, South Africa
and South America as one single landmass.
(b) Convectional currents split the earth’s crust into’a number of fragments, thereby leading to the drifting of the Indo – Australian
plate towards the north after being separated from Gondwana land.
(c) The northward drift resulted in the collision of this plate with much larger Eurasian plate.
(d) Due to this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosyncline called the Tethys, were folded to form
the mountain systems of west Asia and Himalayas.
(e) The Himalayas represent a youthful topography with high peaks, deep valleys and fast-flowing rivers.

Question 5.
Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the
Peninsular plateau.
Answer:
The major physiographic divisions of India are:

 The Himalayan Mountains

 The Northern Plains of India
 The Peninsular Plateau

 The Indian Desert

 The Coastal Plains
 The Islands

Relief of Himalayan Region Relief of Peninsular Plateau

(a) Himalayas are young fold and loftiest mountains (a) It is a high tableland made up of old crystalline

of the world comprising of several parallel ranges. igneous and metamorphic rocks.

(b) They were formed due to folding of sedimentary (b) The Peninsular Plateau was born by breaking up

rock strata in the bed of the Tethys Sea. of the Gondwana land.

(c) This region consists of the highest peaks of the

(c) The hills of the Peninsular Plateau are rounded
world. Many of these peaks are above 6000 metres
due to large scale erosion over a long period of time
and snow covered throughout the year, e.g., Mt.
e.g., Aravalis and the Nilgiris etc.
Everest, Mt. K2 etc.

Question 6.
Give an account of the Northern Plains of India.
Answer:

1. (a) The Northern Plains of India are alluvial plains of India. They are formed by the sediments brought from the mountains and
deposited by the rivers in the depression formed after the uplift of the Himalayas namely the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra
and their tributaries.
 2. (b) The plains spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. The length of this plain is 2,400 km long and 240 km broad.
3. (c) It is densely populated and intensely cultivated area.
4. (d) With adequate water supply and favourable climate, it is agriculturally a very productive part of India.
5. (e) The Northern Plains of India are divided into three divisions.

 Punjab Plains covers the western part of the Northern plains. They are formed by Indus river and its tributaries.
 Ganga Plains extends between Ghaggar and the Teesta river, spread over the states of Haryana, Delhi, UP, Bihar,
Jharkhand and West Bengal.
 The Brahmaputra Plain lies to the east of the Ganga plains. It covers the area of Assam.

Question 7.

Write short notes on the following:

(a) The Indian Desert

Ans. (a) The Indian desert lies to the west of the Aravali hills. It is an uneven sandy plain covered with sand dunes.
(b) Barchans (crescent-shaped sand dunes) cover a larger part of the desert. Near the Indo-Pakistan border, longitudinal sand
dunes are more common.
(c) It has arid climate with scarce vegetation and rainfall below 150 mm per year.
(d) Rivers/streams appear only during the rainy season and soon afterward disappear in the sand. They do not have enough water
to reach the sea. JRiver Luni is the only large river in this area.

(b) The Central Highlands

Ans. (a) The Part of the Peninsular plateau lying north of the Narmada river is called Central Highlands. These highlands are made
up of hard igneous and metamorphic rocks.
(b) It is bordered by Aravali range to the north-west. The Central Highlands include the Malwa plateau to the west and Chotanagpur
plateau to the east.
(c) The Central Highlands are wider in the west and become narrow eastwards. The eastward extension of the Malwa plateau is
locally called Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. Chotanagpur plateau in the east is drained by Damodar river, a southern tributary of
Ganga river.

c) The Island Groups of India

Ans. India has two groups of islands namely:
(a) Lakshadweep Islands
(b) Andaman and Nicobar islands group

Lakshadweep Islands:
(a) These island groups are located in the Arabian Sea i.e., west of Malabar coast of Kerala.
(b) These islands are of coral origin formed by deposition of the dead remains,
(c) The total area of islands are 32 sq km. In Lakshadweep, administrative headquarters is in Kavaratti islands.
(d) They have a wide diversity of flora and fauna. The Pitti island, an uninhabited island has a bird sanctuaiy.

Andaman and Nicobar Island:

(a) These islands are located in the Bay of Bengal are the raised portion of the submerged mountain ranges projecting out of the
sea water.
(b) Large in size and are more numerous. Some of them are of volcanic origin e.g. Barren island the only active volcano,
(c) These islands are of strategic importance as it lies very close to south-east Asia,
(d) The capital city is Port Blair,
(e) Experience equatorial climate and has thick forest cover.

Question 8.
On an outline map of India show the following.
(i) Mountain and hill ranges – the Karakoram, the Zaskar, the Patkai Bum, the Jaintia, the Vindhya range, the Aravali and
the Cardamom hills.
(ii) Peaks – K2, Kanchenjunga, Nanga Parbat and Anai Mudi.
(iii) Plateaus – Chotanagpur and Malwa
(iv) The Indian Desert, Western Ghats, Lakshadweep Islands.
Answer: