1. What is jurisdiction over the parties?

 The manner by which the court acquires jurisdiction over the parties depends on whether
the party is the plaintiff or the defendant.
 Jurisdiction over the parties refers to the power of the court to make decisions that are
binding on persons. [De Pedro v. Romansan Development Corp, G.R. No. 194751
(2014)]
 It is also called jurisdiction in personam which is the power required before a court can
enter a personal or an in personam judgment. [Pennoyer vs Neff, 95 US 714 (1878)]
 It is an element of due process that is essential in all actions, civil or criminal, except in
actions in rem or quasi in rem. [Guy v. Gacott, G.R. No. 206147 (2016)]

2. What is jurisdiction over the subject matter?

 It is the power to deal with the general subject involved in the action, and means not
simply jurisdiction of the particular case then occupying the attention of the court but
jurisdiction of the class of cases to which the particular case belongs. It is the power or
authority to hear and determine cases to which the proceeding in question belongs.
 Jurisdiction over the subject matter is the power of a particular court to hear the type of
case that is then before it [1 Riano 71, 2014 Bantam Ed., citing Black’s Law Dictionary
767, 5th Ed.]
 It is the power to hear and determine cases of the general class to which the proceedings
in question belong [Reyes v. Diaz, G.R. No. L- 48754 (1941)]
 Subject matter jurisdiction simply refers to the judicial power that has been vested in a
specific type of court by the legal system, in terms of what kinds of action it can decide
and what powers it can exercise in relation thereto. [Prof. Avena]

3. What is jurisdiction over the issues?

 Jurisdiction over the issues is the power of the court to try and decide the issues raised in
the pleadings of the parties [Reyes vs Diaz, G.R. No. 48754 (1941)]
 An issue is a disputed point or question to which parties to an action have narrowed down
their several allegations and upon which they are desirous of obtaining a decision [1
Riano 83, 2016 Bantam Ed., citing Black’s Law Dictionary 745, 5th Ed.]