Name – Asif Rahman

Class -Btech Sec -A

Sr No. -14
Roll No.- 19BEC007
Subject- Chemistry
Assignment
Q1. (a) Discuss caustic embrittlement in the boilers. How can it be
controlled?
Ans: Caustic embrittlement is the phenomenon in which the
material of a boiler becomes brittle due to the accumulation of
caustic substances.
Cause- Caustic soda (NaOH) was added in small amounts to boiler
water to prevent scaling but the presence of caustics (alkalis), usually
concentrated in crevices around rivet heads and at hot spots, combined
with the considerable fabrication stresses around rivet holes to caused
cracking of the steel boiler shells and tube plates.
Na2CO3 + H2O → 2NaOH + CO2
Prevention-
• Control of stress level (residual or load) and hardness.
• Avoid alkalis.
• Use of materials known not to crack in the specified environment.
• Control temperature and or Potential

(b) Calculate CH & NCH of a water sample measuring 100 L and having
the following
impurities.
NaCl = 10 ppm Na2CO3 = 10 ppm KCl = 20 ppm Mg(HCO3)2 = 20 ppm
MgCl2 = 10 ppm Ca(HCO3)2 = 10 ppm CaCl2 = 20 p

Ans-
Hardness causing. CaCo3 equivalent
Impurities
MgCl2=10ppm. 10×(100/95)=10.52

Ca(HCO3)2=10ppm. 10×(100/102)=6.17

CaCl2=20ppm. 20×(100/111)=18.01

Mg(HCO3)2=20ppm. 20×(100/146)=13.7

• Carbonate hardness
= Ca(HCO3)2 + Mg(HCO3)2
=(6.17+13.7)ppm
=19.87 ppm or mg/L
=19.87×100mg
=1987mg
• Non Carbonate Hardness
=MgCl2 + CaCl2
=10.52+18.01
=28.53 ppm
=2853 mg
(c) Define and discuss about break point chlorination. Also discuss the
factors affecting chlorination
Ans- Breakpoint chlorination is the application of sufficient chlorine to
maintain a free available chlorine residual. The principal purpose of
breakpoint chlorination is to ensure effective disinfection by satisfying
the chlorine demand of the water. In wastewater treatment,
breakpoint chlorination is a means of eliminating ammonia, which is
converted to an oxidized volatile form.
Factors that affect breakpoint chlorination are initial ammonia nitrogen
concentration, pH, temperature, and demand exerted by other inorganic
and organic species. The weight ratio of chlorine applied to initial
ammonia nitrogen must be 8:1 or greater for the breakpoint to be
reached. If the weight ratio is less than 8:1, there is insufficient chlorine
present to oxidize the chlorinated nitrogen compounds initially formed.
When instantaneous chlorine residuals are required, the chlorine
needed to provide free available chlorine residuals may be 20 or more
times the quantity of ammonia present. Reaction rates are fastest at pH
7-8 and high temperatures.

Q. 2. (a) What are zeolites? Discuss their functioning while softening

the impure water. Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Ans - Zeolites are the aluminosilicate capable of exchanging reversibly
sodium ion for hardness producing ions present in water.
Zeolite resin exchanges sodium for calcium and magnesium. The
following chemical reactions show the exchange process, where X
represents zeolite, the exchange material.
Removal of carbonate hardness:

Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2X ------> CaX + 2NaHCO3

Mg(HCO3)2 + Na2X ------> MgX + 2NaHCO3
Removal of non-carbonate hardness:
CaSO4 + Na2X ----- > CaX + Na2SO4
CaCl2 + Na2X ------> CaX + CaCl2
MgSO4 + Na2X ------> MgX + Na2SO4
MgCL2 + Na2X ------> MgX + 2NaC1
These reactions represent cation exchange, the exchange of positive
ions. To replenish the sodium ions used, units need to be regenerated
with material containing high amounts of sodium, normally salt brine.
This allows the resin to be reused many times.

Advantages-
• It removes almost all the hardness of water , about 10ppm of
hardness is produced
• The equipment used is compact and occupy less space
• It is quite clean
Disadvantages-
• The treated water contain more sodium salts than in soda lime
process
• The method only replaces Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions by Na+ ions
• High turbidity water cannot be treated by this method
(b) 100 ml of a water sample consumed 10 and 40 ml of N/50 HCl in
the presence of phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators
respectively. Calculate the alkalinity of water in terms of components.
Ans- p= (volume x conc. of acid x 1000 x eq.wt.)/vol of water
=(10 x 50 x 1000)/(50 x 100)
=100ppm
M = (40 x 50 1000)/(50 x 100)
 =400ppm
p<M/2 shows the presence of Ca+2 and HCO3-

alkanity due to CO3-2 is 2p =200ppm

alkanity due to HCO3- is M - 2p = 200ppm

(c) 10^5 litres of tube water sample on analysis gave the

following results
CaCl2 = 10 ppm AlCl3 = 20 ppm MgCl2 = 10 ppm CO2 =
20 ppm
NaHCO3 = 10 ppm NaAlO2 = 20 ppm
Treated water contains
OH- = 10 ppm
Calculate dose of lime and soda in kg if their purity is
80%.
Ans –
Constituent CaCO3 eq.
CaCl2 =10ppm (10x100)/110 = 9
AlCl3=20ppm (20x100/2)/ (133.5/3)=22.47
MgCl2=10ppm (10x100)/95 =10.52
CO2 =20ppm (20x100)/44=45.45
NaHCO3=10ppm (10x100)/168=5.95
NaAlO2=20ppm (20x100)104=12.2

Lime requirement
=74/100(AlCl3+MgCl2+CO2+NaHCO3+NaAlO2)V/10^6x100%
=74/100x72.14x1/10x100/80 =6.677kg

Soda requirement
=106/100(AlCl3+MgCl2+CaCl2+NaHCO3)V/10^6x100%
=106/100 x36.04 x 1/10 x100/80 =4.77kg

Q. 3. (a) Define and differentiate between HCV and LCV

for a fuel sample
Ans- HCV- When 1 kg of a fuel is burnt, the heat obtained
by the complete combustion after the products of the
combustion are cooled down to room temperature
(usually 15 degree Celsius) is called higher calorific value
of that fuel.In this condensation of water also gets
included in heat
LCV-When 1 kg of a fuel is completely burned and the
products of combustions are not cooled down or the
heat carried away the products of combustion is not
recovered and the steam produced in this process is not
condensed then the heat obtained is known as the Lower
Calorific Value.

(b) Calculate HCV and LCV for the following coal sample
weighing 1 kg with following analysis.
C = 85 % N= 2 % S = 1 % O = 1 %
H = 10 % Ash = rest
Ans – HCV =(80.8C + 345(H-O/8) +22.4S) kcal/kg
=80.8x85+345 x79/8 +22.4x1
=9768.97 kcal/kg

(c) Discuss the functioning of Bomb Calorimeter by

drawing a simple sketch of it. How is HCV and LCV
determined using this calorimeter?
Ans –

A known mass of the given fuel sample is taken in clean

crucible. Place crucible inside the stainless steel
container ("the bomb vessel") and fill bomb vessel with
30 bar (435psi or 30 atm) of pure oxygen. Place the filled
bomb vessel inside the calorimeter and close the lid. The
bomb vessel is now sealed and isolated from outside
temperature influences. Once the bomb vessel
temperature has stabilized in the bomb well, the sample
is then ignited. An electrical ignition charge instantly
heats the ignition wire, which in turn burns the attached
firing cotton. The burning cotton thread falls into the fuel
sample below causing the sample to ignite. During the
burning of the fuel sample, the crucible can momentarily
rise to above 1000 Deg C with the pressure spiking to 3 x
the initial pressure. With in seconds, the heat of the
reaction starts to dissipate into the bomb vessel and the
pressure starts to subside.
To accurately measure the temperature of the vessel,
sensitive high resolution temperature sensors are used,
measuring every 6 seconds for the duration of the
determination.
Determination of HCV and LCV
Mass of the fuel = x g.
Initial temp of the water = t1
Final temp of the water = t2
Change in temp = t = (t2 – t1)
Specific heat of water = S
Water equivalent of calorimeter = w g.
Mass of water in calorimeter = W g
Higher calorific value of fuel =L cal/g

Heat absorbed by burning of fuel =xL

Heat absorbed by water and apparatus = W(t2-t1)

But heat absorbed by water apparatus =heat absorbed

by fuel
xL=(w+W)(t2-t1)

L=(w+W)(t2-t1)/x

LCV = HCV -latent heat of water found

LCV=(L-.09H)cal/g
To get more accurate result apply
• First wire correction
• Acid correction
• Cooling correction