Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Level 1
October 2021
No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of Pearson Education Ltd.
Language functions
The Learner CAN impart and seek factual information
1
The learner CAN express and find out attitudes
factual: agreement, etc. factual: knowledge negative
• expressing agreement with a • stating whether one knows or does – NP + cannot…
statement not know something or someone – I don’t think so
– I agree – I (don’t) know (+ NP) – I don’t think + that clause
– That’s right • enquiring whether one knows or does • enquiring how (un)certain others are
with a positive statement not know something or someone of something
– Yes (+ tag) – Do(n’t) you know (+ NP)? – Are you (quite)sure?
– Of course – Are you (quite) sure + that clause?
factual: modality – Do you think so?
– Certainly
• expressing ability and inability – Do you think + that clause?
with a negative statement
– NP+ can(not) • expressing one is (not) obliged to do
– No (+tag)
– Of course not • enquiring about ability and inability something
– Certainly not – Can(not) + NP? – I/we (don’t) have to…
2
volitional emotional moral
• expressing wants, desires • expressing pleasure/ liking • apologizing
– I’d like… – NP + be (very) nice – I am (very) sorry!
– I want… – NP + be (very) pleasant – Sorry!
– May I have + NP (please)? – I like + NP (very much) – I am so sorry!
– I love…
• enquiring about want, desire • granting forgiveness
– Would you like…? • expressing displeasure/ dislike – That’s all right
– Do you want… – NP + be + not (very) nice – It’s all right now
– What about…? – NP + be + not (very) pleasant – It doesn’t matter (at all)
– I don’t like + NP (very much)
• expressing intention • expressing approval
– I hate…
– NP + be going to… – Good!
– NP + will/‘ll… • enquiring about pleasure, liking, – That’s fine!
displeasure, dislike
• enquiring about intention • expressing appreciation
– Do(n’t) you like + NP?
– Are you going to…? – (It’s) very good/ nice
– Would you like…?
– Will you…?
• expressing regret
• expressing hope
• expressing preference – What a pity!
– I hope + so
– I(‘d) prefer + NP – It’s a (great) pity!
– I (do) hope + that clause
– I(‘d) like + NP – I’m (so/very) sorry if…
– I’d rather…(than…) • expressing satisfaction
• expressing indifference
– I’d rather not (…) – This/That is very good/nice
– It doesn’t matter
• expressing dissatisfaction – I don’t mind (+ if clause)
– I don’t like this/that
• enquiring about satisfaction
– Do you like this/that?
– Is this all right (now)?
• expressing disappointment
– What a pity!
– That’s a (great) pity!
• expressing gratitude
– Thank you (very much)
– That’s very kind of you
3
The learner CAN get things done (suasion)
• suggesting a course of action • accepting an offer or invitation • warning others to take care or to
(including the speaker) – Thank you refrain from doing something
– Let’s… – Yes, please – Be careful!
– Shall we…? – That’ll be very nice – Look out!
– We could – All right – Don’t…
– What about…? – Mind…!
• declining an offer or invitation
• requesting others to do something – No, thank you • offering assistance
– Please, …please – I’m afraid I cannot – Can I…?
– Will/would/could you…? • requesting assistance
• enquiring whether an invitation or
– Would you mind…? – Can you… , please?
offer is accepted or declined
• inviting others to do something – Will you…?
– Would you like to…?
• advising others to do something
– What about…?
– You should…
– Why don’t you…
General Notions
General notions for Breakthrough with recommended exponents
existential • relative position • origin
• existence, non-existence prepositions – from
– There is… – against
• arrangement
– Is there..? – among
– after, before, between, first, last
– There’s no… – at, at the end of, behind, between,
– There isn’t any… in, in front of, in the centre of, next dimension
– to make; to become to, on, opposite • size
– under, with – size
• presence, absence
– (not) here, away, (not) there • distance – big, high, large
– near – long, low, short, small, tall
• availability, non-availability – far (away)(from)
– to have (got) • length
– … away – centimetre, foot, inch, kilometre,
– There is…
– Is there… • motion meter, yard, mile
– There’s no… verbs – long, short
– There isn’t any… – to come, to come along • pressure
– ready – to come to, to fall, to get up, to go – heavy, light
to hurry
• occurrence, non-occurrence – to leave, to lie down, to pass, to sit • weight
– to happen (down), to stand, to stop – gram(me)s, kilos, lbs., oz.
– heavy, light
spatial • direction
adverbs • volume
• location
– away, back, down, in, out, – gallon, litre, pint
adverbs
– here, there, nowhere, everywhere, (to the) left, (to the) right, straight on, • space
somewhere, (not) anywhere, up, east, north, south, west – big, small
where? – across
– down • temperature
– inside, outside, (in) the east/north/
– from, into, past, through, to up – temperature
south/west
verbs – degree
– to have been to
– to bring, to carry – zero
– this, that these, those
– to follow, to pull, to push – cold, hot, warm
– to put, to send, to take, to turn
5
temporal • lateness • speed
• points of time – late – fast, slow
– (three) o’clock – miles/kilometres an hour
• anteriority
– (five) to/past (three) – present perfect • frequency
– a quarter to/past (three) – before + NP – always, never, (not) often, once
– (sixteen) minutes to/past (three) – before – sometimes, twice, usually
– half past (three) – already – daily, weekly, monthly
– (3) a.m./p.m. – yet – ….times a/per week/month etc.
– noon, midnight – on weekdays/Sundays etc.
• posteriority
• divisions of time – every week/ Sunday etc.
– after + NP
– moment, second, minute – afterwards • continuity
– quarter of an hour, half (an) hour, – later (on) – present continuous
hour,day, week – past continuous
– month, year, century • sequence
– present perfect
– spring, summer, autumn, winter – first, then
– morning, afternoon, evening, night, • intermittence
• simultaneity
weekend – not always
– at the same time
– holiday(s) • permanence
• future reference
– the names of the days of the week – always
– NP + be going to…
– names of the months
– NP + will • temporariness
• indications of time – soon – for + NP
– time – in – not always
– now, then, when?, soon, ago – next week/month/year/Saturday,
• repetitiousness
– today, tomorrow, yesterday, the day etc.
– again, many times, twice, several
before yesterday, the day – tonight, tomorrow, the day after
times
after tomorrow tomorrow, this afternoon
– this morning/afternoon/evening/ • uniqueness
• present reference
week/month/year, tonight, last/ – (only) once
– simple present
next + week/month/year – only one time
– present continuous
– names of the days of the week
– present perfect • commencement
– at, in, on
– now, today, still – to begin
– dates: (spoken) the first of June
– this morning/afternoon/year etc. – to start
– (written) 1 June 1989
– since + NP
– Christmas, Easter • past reference
– from
– simple past
• duration
– past continuous • cessation
– during
– yesterday, the day before – to end
– for
yesterday, just last week/month, – to stop
– since
etc. – till, to
– till, until
– to take • reference without time focus • stability
– long – simple present – to stay
– short – to wait
• delay
• earliness – late • change, transition
– early – delay – to become
– delayed – suddenly…
6
quantitative • age • capacity/incapacity
• number – I am…(years old) – NP + can(not)…
– singular/plural – how old + be + NP?
• importance
– cardinal numbers up to four digits – new, old, young
– (not) important
– ordinal numbers up to two digits – adult, child; month, year
– another • abnormality
• physical condition and actions
– about – strange
– all right, dead, ill, well
• quantity – to break, to cut, to hurt, to die, • facility/difficulty
– all, a lot of, (not) any, enough, to repair – easy, difficult
(a) few, (a) little, many, more, most, • accessibility mental
much, no, some, half – to close, to open • reflection
– a bottle/cup/glass/piece + of – closed/open – to believe, to be sure, to be certain
• degree • cleanness – to hope, to know, to think, to
– comparative and superlative of – to clean, to wash wonder
adjectives and adverbs in vocabulary – clean • expression
– enough, too…very, a little, much
• material – to ask, to forbid
– almost, quite
nouns and adjectives – to say, to speak, to talk, to tell,
– rather
– gold, leather, nylon, plastic, noutno thank, to write
qualitative paper, silver – question
• physical nouns
relational
– wood, wool
• shape • spatial relations
– made of wood, made of wool
– round, square
• fullness • temporal relations
• dimension
– empty, full (of ) • action-event relations
– see dimension section above
– to fill
• agency
• moisture, humidity
evaluative – agent as subject
– wet, dry
• value, price – agent in by adjunct (passive)
– to dry, to make wet
– How much + be…? • objective/ factitive
• visibility, sight – to be – objective as object
– NP + can(not) see + NP – price – object as subject of passive
– to look – cheap, expensive – factitive as object
– to look at
• quality – factitive as subject of passive
– light, dark
adjectives • dative
• audibility, hearing – bad, worse, worst; good, – dative as indirect object
– NP + can(not) hear + NP|
better, best – dative in to adjunct
– to listen, to listen to – fine
– noise • instrumental
adverb
– loud – well – instrumental in with adjunct
• taste • benefactive
• acceptability
– nice – benefactive in for adjunct
– that’s all right/fine
• texture • place
• adequacy/inadequacy
– hard, soft, strong – NP + be all right • time
• colour – NP + be (not) enough
• manner, means
– blue, black, brown, green, grey, • desirability/undesirability – in this way, like this
orange, red, white, yellow – to like – badly, fast, hard
– light, dark
– how?, quickly, slowly, well
• correctness/incorrectness
– better, right, wrong
– to be right, to be wrong
7
contrastive relations – of adjuncts, with adjuncts, – because + sub-clause
• equality/inequality without adjuncts
• effect
– (not) the same (thing) – to have (got), to get, to give,
– then…, so…
– different (from), else, other, to keep
another • reason
logical relations – Why?
• correspondence, contrast in addition • conjunction – because + sub-clause
to the exponents of equality/ – and, but, also, too
inequality above • purpose
– together
– like – to
– pair, group
– comparative degree + than • condition
• disjunction
possessive relations – if + sub-clause
– or
• ownership, possession • focusing
– possessive adjectives (my, • inclusion/exclusion
– about
your, etc.) – with, without
– only
– possessive pronouns (mine, yours, – also, too
etc.) • cause
– genitive singular of personal nouns – Why?
deixis
• definite
non-anaphoric
personal pronouns, subject forms and object forms
possessive adjectives my, your, etc.
possessive pronouns as complement (as in: This is mine)
demonstrative adjectives and pronouns this, that, these, those, such
definite article the
interrogative pronouns who, what, which
interrogative adjectives whose, what which
anaphoric
personal pronouns (subject forms and object forms)
possessive adjectives
possessive pronouns as complement (as in: You take it, it’s yours)
demonstrative adjectives and pronouns
relative pronouns
definite article the
adverbs: here, there, now, then, so
propword one
• indefinite
a, an
indefinite article
indefinite pronouns someone, (not) anyone, nobody, something, (not)…anything, nothing,
everything, all (as in: I want all of it), some (as in: some of them went
home), it (as in: it’s raining),
adverbs everywhere, (not)… anywhere, somewhere, nowhere, sometimes,
never, always
semi-deictics person (as in: there are five persons present
people (as in: there were many people present)
thing (as in: what do you call that thing?)
to do (as in: What are you going to do tonight?)
8
Themes and specific notions
The personal domain
personal identification
The learners CAN say who they are, spell their name, state their address, give their telephone number, say when
and where they were born, state their age, sex, say whether they are married or not, state their nationality, say
where they are from, what they do for a living, describe their family, state their religion, if any, state their likes and
dislikes; elicit/understand similar information
from others.
9
house, home and environment
Learners CAN describe a house or flat and the rooms in it, refer to furniture and bedclothes,
services and amenities, describe regions (particularly the one where they themselves live); obtain/
understand similar descriptions and references from others; exchange views on these matters.
daily life
Learners CAN describe their daily routines, at home and at work; obtain/understand similar
information from others; exchange views on these matters.
• at home • at work
– to get up – to work
– to have breakfast etc. – working hours
– breakfast – holiday(s)
– lunch – to be free
– dinner – days off
– coffee – colleague
– tea – to earn
– to make – tax(es)
– to wash up
– to clean
– to go shopping
– to go to school
– to go to work
– to come home
– to go to sleep
– to go to bed
10
free time, entertainment
Learners CAN say when they are free and what they do in their spare time particularly with reference to hobbies
and interests, public entertainment, sports and reading; obtain/understand similar information from others;
exchange views on these matters; make use of entertainment facilities.
12
shopping
Learners CAN use shopping facilities, particularly obtaining foodstuffs, clothes and household articles, pay for
things bought: exchange information and views on these matters.
13
services
The learners CAN refer to, inquire about and make use of postal services, telephone and telegraph,
bank, police, medical services, car maintenance services and petrol stations.
places
Learners CAN ask the way and give strangers directions.
language
Learners CAN refer to foreign-language ability and deal with problems of understanding and expression.
weather
Learners CAN obtain relevant information from a weather forecast and exchange information and views on
weather conditions.
14