More and more people are migrating to cities in search of a better life, but city life can be extremely

difficult.
Explain some of the difficulties of living in a city. How can governments make urban life better for everyone?

ANALYSIS STEPS

1. Type ?
2. causes/ problems - solutions
+ Approach 1: block structure

Body 1: cause 1 +2 = Body 2: solutions 1+2

+ Approach 2: chain structure

Body 1: cause 1 + solution 1 = Body 2 :cause 2 + solution 2

3. Main ideas (underlined)

=> topic : urbanization / modernisation / society (living standard/ employment/ living expense)

=> subjects: people (migrants + citizens) ; governors / individuals

4. Tenses : present
5. Brainstorm (group work)

Difficulties

Solutions

INTRODUCTION

Life in cities today is certainly complex and by definition, they consist of very large numbers of people living in a
relatively small amount of space. The basic facts of city life make for common sets of problems affecting cities
throughout the nation, albeit to varying degrees, with some cities less able than others to address these problems.
This essay examines several of these problems and suggests some viable adaptations.

● city = metropolis / capital cities

● problems = hurdles / predicaments / obstacles/ dilemma

● better life = improve living standards

 ● solution = measures / intervention

● => solve = unravel / to better/ improve/ prevent

<Cuộc sống ở các thành phố ngày nay chắc chắn rất phức tạp và theo định nghĩa, chúng bao gồm một số lượng rất
lớn người sống trong một khoảng không gian tương đối nhỏ. Những thực tế cơ bản của cuộc sống thành phố tạo nên
những vấn đề chung ảnh hưởng đến các thành phố trên toàn quốc, mặc dù ở những mức độ khác nhau, với một số
thành phố kém khả năng giải quyết những vấn đề này hơn những thành phố khác. Bài luận này xem xét một số vấn
đề trong số này và đề xuất một số cách thích ứng khả thi.>

BODY 1

The main problem for anyone who hopes to migrate to a large city is that the cost of living is likely to be much
higher than it is in a small town or village.
Inhabitants of cities have to pay higher prices for housing, transport, and even food.
Another issue is that urban areas tend to suffer from social problems such as high crime and poverty rates in
comparison with rural areas.
Furthermore, the air quality in cities is often poor, due to pollution from traffic, and the streets and public transport
systems are usually overcrowded. As a result, city life can be unhealthy and stressful.

SOME IDEAS

It is argued that poor urban neighborhoods pose, in and of themselves, significant health risks for their residents.
These neighborhoods lack supermarkets with fresh fruits and vegetables, and they lack safe parks and other settings
for exercise. They are also neighborhoods with high crime rates and thus much stress. For all these reasons, they
should impair the physical health of their residents. Reflecting this argument, the residents of poor urban
neighborhoods do, in fact, exhibit significant health problems compared to the residents of wealthier
neighborhoods.

Another problem is household crowding. Dwelling units in cities such as apartments and houses are typically small
because of lack of space, and much smaller overall than houses in suburbs or rural areas. This forces many people
to live in close quarters within a particular dwelling unit, especially if they are low-income individuals or families.

BODY 2

<solution 1: > = EARLY INTERVENTION = long-term solution

<solution 2:
 SAMPLE

However, there are various steps that governments could take to tackle these problems.
Firstly, they could invest money in the building of affordable or social housing to reduce the cost of living.
Secondly, politicians have the power to ban vehicles from city centres and promote the use of cleaner public
transport, which would help to reduce both air pollution and traffic congestion. In London, for example, the
introduction of a congestion charge for drivers has helped to curb the traffic problem.
A third option would be to develop provincial towns and rural areas, by moving industry and jobs to those regions,
in order to reduce the pressure on major cities.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the evidence that life in capital cities would cause detrimental changes/ drastic consequences to
citizens is overwhelming. Nevertheless, governments could certainly implement a range of measures to
enhance the quality of life for all city residents.

Vocabulary

- To Join hands (v)

- (phrase) ,Together with (demerits)
- Be inevitable (a)
 Your essay

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People today do not feel safe either at home or when they are out. What are the causes? What are the solutions?

Intro
<Sample>
People currently feel unsafe either when they stay at home or go out on the streets. This problem is attributable to
some factors, and it should be tackled by some effective solutions.