NAME : DWINDA PUTRI HADIOKO

CLASS : AK-4D
NIM : 2005081036

 In commerce, there are a number of abbreviations that explain which price is being
quoted to the customer. Here are some of the abbreviations: ex-works, f.o.b, c.i.f, f.a.s,
f.o.r, bill of exchange, bill of loading, etc. Find more abbreviations and give meaning to
them.
The answer :
 CFR (Cost and Freight)
The seller submits the goods through the ship's fence at the named port of
shipment, the goods are clear for export and the shipping costs to the
destination port have been borne by the seller (specify the name of the
destination port)

 DAF (Delivered At Frontier)

The seller delivers the goods on the spot in the border area but has not entered
the customs area of the destination country (state the name of the destination)

 DES (Delivered at  Ship)

The seller delivers the goods to the buyer on board the ship, the seller bears the
risks and costs until shortly before being unloaded (specify the name of the port
of destination)

 DEQ (Delivered Duty Unpaid)

The seller submits the goods for which the import permit has not been taken
care of and has not been unloaded at the destination which is the buyer's
authority, uncleared for import (state the name of the destination)
 When quoting terms, you may require or suggest any of several methods of payment
(letter of credit, bill of exchange, etc.). Find more methods and give explanation.
The answer :
Types of discounts In the world of business, trade and any kind of sale, there are
generally three types of discounts. The three discounts are cash discount, quantity
discount, and trade discount.
 Cash rebates Cash rebates are allowances or concessions provided by the
seller to the buyer.
 Quantity discount The seller gives a discount to the buyer on quantities
that exceed the minimum sales target.
 Trade discount Trade discount is the amount that is deducted from the list
price of the goods sold.

Methods of payment :
  Cash in Advance
Advance payment is made by prepayment transactions, before the goods
are sent by the seller or exporter. Payment can be in full or in part. The
advantages of prepayment are relatively low transaction costs and shorter
document filing than the letter of credit method.
 Documentary Collection (D/C)
This payment method requires the exporter to submit documents related to
the delivery of goods to the exporter's bank to be forwarded to the importer's
bank to make a payment order.

Online payment methods:

1. Bank Transfer The most widely used payment method. Including virtual accounts that have

been integrated with e-commerce. 2. Credit Card Credit card payments are usually safe

nowadays, because they are equipped with fraud guards, dynamic 3DS, and systems such as

On-Us Routing.

3. Retail Cash Payments are made via cash at Alfamart and Indomaret throughout Indonesia.

 Expline types of discounts and give sample.

Discounts are promotions that businesses offer to their customers that reduce the cost of items
or services, often by a percentage or using specific criteria. For example, a store may offer a
50% discount on particular products. Businesses can use discounts to shed unwanted
inventory, promote new items for sale or attract customers. These discounts also provide
value to the customers, who may find it easier to make these purchases due to the lower
prices.

12 discount types businesses can use

Discounts can encourage customers to buy more, talk about the business and continue using
the brand's products and services. Here are 12 discount types used by retail and e-commerce
businesses:

1. Buy one, get one free discounts

A buy-one-get-one-free discount, also called a BOGO discount, typically encourages

customers to purchase two of the same item. Sometimes the free item is not the same as the
featured item and represents a product of equal or lesser value. As part of this promotion, the
customer receives one of the items for free.
This discount can help businesses move inventory and encourage customers to increase their
order size. Customers may also perceive more value because they receive two items for the
price of one. This discount type works for both retail and e-commerce settings, though
sometimes e-commerce shoppers still pay a shipping fee on the free item.

2. Percentage sales

A percentage sale is discounts an item based on a percentage of its value. Businesses

sometimes set percentage sales based on specific criteria. For example, a business may offer a
30% discount on purchases for customers who are members of its loyalty program. A
business could also provide a 25% discount on orders when customers purchase three or more
items.

The effectiveness of percentage sales may rely on customers' perceptions. People tend to
view a percentage as being more valuable than a promotion with a static price attached. For
example, saying an item is 50% off may sound like a more significant discount than saying it
is $5 off, even if they amount to the same dollar value.

3. Early payment discounts

In some situations, businesses may offer early payment discounts to encourage customers to
fulfill their payments within a specific period. An early payment discount may also encourage
customers to avoid missing payments by giving them an incentive to pay before the due date.
For example, a supplier may offer a discount on a buyer's purchase order if they agree to pay
the invoice within 10 days rather than the 30-day final deadline. This discount type can also
apply to customer retail credit cards, loyalty rewards programs and other paid subscription
services.

4. Overstock sales

When a business holds a surplus of stock of a product, it creates a loss. When sitting on
shelves, these products do not generate income and cost the business money while taking up
storage space. Businesses often host an overstock sale to move inventory at a discounted
price and recover some of those costs. While an overstock sale may not recover all of what
the business spent on acquiring the products, it can help mitigate some losses from the
additional stock.

5. Free shipping discounts

Businesses use free shipping discounts to encourage customers to make online purchases.
These discounts help make the online shopping experience easier and less costly. Some
brands put a minimum order cost or quantity threshold to help reduce the cost of free
shipping. For example, you can offer free shipping only on orders over $50. This discount
can also help businesses stay competitive. If a customer finds a product for the same price
from two stores, the option that offers free shipping typically makes more financial sense for
them.

6. Price bundling
Often used by phone and internet service providers, price bundling allows customers to
bundle several services under the same plan for a discounted price. This discount often gives
customers more services for a lower price, helping the business increase the number of
people using multiple services.

Retail businesses can also use this discount method, sometimes called cross-selling. This
technique motivates customers to purchase complementary items and increases their purchase
quantity. For example, a store may sell laptops and accessories. It can offer customers a
discount on a laptop case when they purchase a laptop.

7. Bulk or wholesale discounts

This discount type applies to customers who purchase items in bulk, often offered by
wholesalers, manufacturers or suppliers. Wholesalers typically offer discounts based on a
threshold of units included in the order. For example, a 10,000 unit purchase can carry a 10%
discount on the total cost of the units. Some large retail and grocery businesses have created
customer loyalty and subscription programs and offer bulk items at a discount for members.

8. Seasonal discounts

Businesses may offer seasonal discounts during slow periods for particular items. These
discounts may cover items currently not in season or part of an upcoming sales season. For
example, a clothing retailer may offer discounts on ski wear during the summer when fewer
people typically make such purchases. Seasonal discounts allow customers to buy these
seasonal items for next year at a lower price. Businesses often use the post-holiday season to
offload excess inventory at a discounted price.

9. Referral discounts

Referral discounts offer customers an incentive each time they refer a new customer to the
business. Existing customers receive a unique referral code that they can share with other
people. This referral code may offer a two-way discount, with the new customer earning a
discount on their first purchase and the referrer receiving discounts based on the number of
customers they bring to the business. Businesses can use this discount method to drive
organic traffic and create excitement or awareness about their offerings.

10. Loyalty program discounts

Loyalty programs that offer discounts encourage customer loyalty by providing benefits only
members can get. The format of these programs can vary. For example, a business may
reward customers with points when they interact with or purchase from them. When these
customers reach a particular threshold of points, they may receive a discount code or offer.

Encouraging customers to continue supporting and engaging with the business can help boost
their loyalty. This tactic may also utilize the concept of FOMO, or fear of missing out, by
motivating new customers to sign up for these programs to receive such benefits. Businesses
can also use loyalty programs to drive customers to their email funnel. These programs often
require customers to provide information such as email addresses, phone numbers and credit
card information.
11. Email subscription discounts

An email funnel is a marketing technique that drives customers to your website or brand by
gaining leads through emails and email promotions. Offering a discounted product or service
to a customer in exchange for signing up for the business' promotional emails or e-
newsletters provides them tangible value. This method also works with cart abandonment,
where a new customer puts their information in your checkout form and then abandons the
sale. A follow-up email promotion may remind them to return to their cart and follow through
with the purchase.

12. Trade-in credits

Businesses can offer trade-in credits when they release new versions of products,
encouraging customers to bring in the old versions they own and purchase the new ones. For
example, a business that sells smartphones may offer customers a $100 discount on a new
model if they trade in a previous model. Trade-in credit programs provide used good retailers
with either additional stock or give retailers recyclable materials to use in future products.
Establishing recycling or upcycling programs through trade-in credits can also aid branding
efforts, showing businesses' commitment to being ecologically friendly.