Name : LAKSHMI.

A
VTP NO :2809
Department : M.sc Mathematics
Project Review : II

Under the Guidance of

Dr. J. NARESH KUMARE
Associate Professor, Dept.of Mathematics
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science and Technology

ABSTRACT
In this paper, predator prey model for scientific problem has been formulated. Lion Zebra
predator-prey model for the
differential equations is defined. In order to check the system’s stability, eigenvalues are required
for that a set of equilibriums points are discussed.

KEYWORDS: Lotka-Volterra Model, Equilibrium, Jacobian matrix, Stability, Eigen values.

INTRODUCTION
MATHEMATICAL MODELING

Models describe our beliefs about how the world functions. In mathematical modelling,we
translate those beliefs into the language of mathematics. This has advantages
Mathematical is a very precise language, this helps us to formulate ideas and identify underlying
assumptions.

Mathematics is a concise language. with well- defined rules for manipulations.

All the results that mathematicians have proved over hundreds of years are at our disposal.
Computer can be used to perform numerical calculations For the purpose of describing the
interaction between predators and prey, we decided to imagine the relationship between Lion and
Zebra.
In this model,‘L’ will always represent the population of the Lion and ‘L’ will represent the
population of the Zebra. The population growth of the Zebra is dependent on Lion and of natural
causes. The population growth of the Lion is dependent on the number of Lion that die from
natural causes. Formulation of the Scientific Problem.

WHAT IS MATHEMAJTCAL MODEL

Model (Definition):
*A representation of a system that allows for investigation of the properties of the system and, in
some cases, prediction of future outcomes.
* Always requires simplification
Mathematical model:
* Uses mathematical equations to describe a system
The creation of models such as ours began in the late 19th century, alongside revolutions in
algebraic geometry and differential geometry.
Many new mathematical objects were discovered in the late 19th century, so mathematicians
began building models to demonstrate their properties. At the time, such models depicted objects
at the forefront of research on algebraic surfaces. The earliest record of model building dates
back to 1873 and deals with a plaster model of Steiner's Roman surface built by German
mathematician Ernst Kumar.

HISTORY OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING

Many mathematicians took interest in model building. German mathematicians Alexander von
Brill and Felix Klein were particularly active in designing and building them, as were several of
Klein’sstudents.Othernotable mathematicians
involved included Plücker, Schwarz, Hilbert, Darboux, and Grassmann. Plücker's collection
included many beautiful wooden models - see the London Mathematical Society's page.
The German company L. Brill, taken over by M. Schilling in 1899, produced a vast range of
models over a period of around 50 years. The models were distributed to universities
across Europe and America, often for the purpose of teaching, as well as for their aesthetic
appeal. Production began in the 1870s, and peaked around the 1910s.

Model (Definition):
*A representation of a system that allows for investigation of the properties of the system
and, in some cases, prediction of future outcomes.
* Always requires simplification Mathematical model:
* Uses mathematical equations to describe a system

MATHEMATICAL MODELING
Mathematical Modelling seeks to gain an understanding of science through the use of
mathematical models on HP computers. Mathematical Modelling Complements, but does
not replace, theory and experimentation in scientific research. Is often used in place of
experiments when experiments are too large, too expensive, too dangerous, or too time
consuming.
Mathematical modelling can be used for a number of different reasons. How well any
particular Objective is achieved depends on both the state of knowledge about a system and
how well the modelling is done.

WHAT OBJECTIVES CAN MODELING ACHIVE

Examples of the range of objectives are:
1. Developing scientific understanding- through quantitative expression of current
knowledge of a system (as well as display what we know, this may also show up what we do not
know);
2. Test the effect of changes in a system;
3. Aid decision making, including
(i) Tactical decisions by managers.
(ii) Strategic decisions by planners.

OBJECTIVES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING

Mathematical modelling is a process that uses the language of mathematics to
• Analyse
• Make predictions
• Provide insight of real-world phenomena
• Find optimal solutions to real-world challenges.

STAGES OF MODELING
It is helpful to divide up the process of modelling into four broad categories of activity, namely
building, studying, testing and use. Although it might be nice to think that modelling
projects progress smoothly
From building through to use, this is hardly ever the case. In general, defects found at the
studying and testing stages are corrected by returning to the building stage. Note that if any
changes are made to the model, then the studying and testing stages must be repeated.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING PROCSS

TYPES OF MODEL
APPLICATON OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Mathematical modelling has application in almost every field of Engineering and
sciences. Whether it is
 To study the crime rate – Sociology
 To construct a building – Engineering
 To analyse the patterns in planets – Astrophysics,
 All areas mentioned have numerous mathematical challenges.
 There are an almost endless number of other areas with interesting mathematical
problems.
 Indeed, mathematics is simply the language for posing problems precisely and
unambiguously (so that even a stupid, pedantic computer can understand it).

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Mathematic.al equation that relates a function with its derivatives is called differential
equation,
 The function usually represents physical quantities,
 Derivatives represent its rate of change
 Differential equation defines a relationship between the two

MODELING WITH DIFFERETIAL EQUATION

Many models of engineering systems involve the rate of change of a quantity. There
is thus a need to incorporate derivatives into the mathematical model. These mathematical
models are examplesof differential equations.
Accompanying the differential equation will be one or more conditions that let us obtain a
unique solution to a particular problem. Often, we solve the differential equation first to obtain
a general solution; then we apply the conditions to obtain the unique solution. It is important
to know which conditions must be specified in order to obtain a unique solution.
LITERATURE SURVEY

Mohammed Yiha Dawed et al (2005) has focused the well-known predator-prey problem.
The classical assumptions are relaxed in that the interaction of a predation leads to little or no
effect on growth of the prey population and the prey’s growth rate parameter is a
positive valued function of time. The authors try to implemented for the two cases that
the prey population follows Logistic and Von Bertalanffy growth models. The
respective predator models5 are derived and analysed.

Carla Rezende Barbosa Bonin, et al (2005) has to explain the New contributions that aim
to accelerate the development or to improve the efficacy and safety of vaccines arise from
many different areas of research and technology. The model is generic enough to represent the
action of other diseases or vaccines in the human immune system, such as dengue and Zika
virus. As a proof of concept, the paper presented the results of a model of the
immune response to vaccination against the YF. The model uses a set of ODES to estimate
the concentration of some cells, molecules and virus levels in the body after an individual has
been vaccinated against YF

Andongwisye J Mwakisisile1 and Allen R Mushi., they noticed the mathematical

model for Tanzania population growth is presented. The model is developed by using
exponential and logistic population growth models. Real data from censuses conducted by
Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) are used.
Cory L. Howk Howard A. Levinea, Donald S. Sakaguchi., et al they describe the
biological hypothesis that the atrocyte-secreted cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL6), stimulates
differentiation of adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells (AHPCs) is considered from a
mathematical perspective.it would better understand the mechanisms of selective
differentiation of these cells into neurons. In this manuscript, they explored a
mechanism of selective differentiation of AHPCs into neurons in response to astrocyte-
secreted cues in an in vitro culture system.

J.B. Shukla, Ashish Kumar Mishra, Shyam Sundar, and Ram Naresh, et al this
paper, the authors detailly explained the concept of a nonlinear mathematical model is
proposed and analysed to suggest a mechanism for the removal of carbon dioxide by
spraying external species such as liquid species and particulate matters in the atmosphere
above the source of emissions. In this model they analysis and shows that the concentration of
global warming gas, 2 CO, decreases as the rates of spray of liquid phase and solid particulate
matters increase in the atmosphere. The model analysis has shown that the concentration of
global warming gas can be decreased considerably
B Riyanto, Zulkardi, R I I Putri and Darmawijoyo., The Author purpose in this paper is to
produce Mathematical modelling in Realistic Mathematics Education of Junior High School.
This study used development research consisting of 3 stages, namely analysis, design and
evaluation. Based on the expert validation and students' opinion and answers, they obtained
mathematical modelling problem in Realistic Mathematics Education was valid and practical.
Realistic mathematics education for learning mathematical modelling of material equations and
system of linear equations of two variables.
Augustus Wali and DorianeNtubabare., in this paper the Author focused the
canters on the application of the logistic growth model to model the population growth of
Rwanda using data from the years 1980 to 2008 (inclusive). they have determined
the carrying capacity and the vital coefficients governing the population growth of
Rwanda. In conclusion we found that the predicted carrying capacity for the population of
Rwanda. Population growth of any country depends also on the vital coefficients.

RICHARD D. NOBLE, they explain A problem solving process is described and

detailed with examples from mathematical modelling. modelling show the strategy but
neglect the psychological aspects. These aspects include creativity, anxiety reduction,
and heuristics. By including these elements, one then has a general approach to problem
solving and mathematical modelling. Disease modelling for public health: added
value, challenges, and institutional constraints Mirjam Kretzschmar1,2 use of
mathematical modelling for public health policy support they discussed the strategic
requirements for good modelling practice for public health. We provide conclusions and
recommendations, based on our experience at a national public health institute these will be
useful for other public health institutes or organizations, which use mathematical modelling as
a tool for policy support. A Mathematical Model for Selective Differentiation of
Neural Progenitor Cells on Micropatterned Polymer Substrates

Cory L. Howk Howard A. Levinea., et al They try to explain mathematical model includes
two different mechanisms for stimulation and is based on mass-action kinetics They have
shown that by choosing biologically reasonable values for parameters not recorded in
the literature, a mathematical model describing an IL6 mechanism is sufficient to simulate
these experimental results. The models based on reaction kinetics and is described in Section 2.
Section 3.1 compares simulation results with experimental results.
Sereina A. Herzog ,Stephanie Blaizot and Neil Hens., they used to determine
to what extent mathematical models have been incorporated into the process of planning
studies and hence inform study design for infectious diseases transmitted between
humans and or animals. Despite the fact that mathematical models have been
advocated to be used at the planning stage of studies or surveillance systems, they are used
scarcely. With only one exception, the publications described theoretical studies, hence, not
being utilised in real studies.
 Constantinos I. Siettos1, and Lucia Russo., They present and discuss the main approaches
that are used for the surveillance and modelling of infectious disease dynamics. In this
paper, they discussed and presented key modelling methods used for the surveillance
and forecasting of infectious disease outbreaks. Generally speaking, epidemiological
models can be categorized in three classes: statistical, mathematical-mechanistic state space,
and machine-learning based ones.

H. Coşkun Çelik (2016), The author aim is used to the present study was to examine the
The studies were evaluated based on publication year, research model, sampling method,
sampling size, sampling group, data collection tools, number of data analyses methods and
subject areas. In this research, applying mostly quantitative and combined research methods in
mathematical modelling

J B Shukla(2015), papers related to Environmental Systems. In this paper, a nonlinear

model for the removal of dust particles, emitted from a cement factory, by water sprays has
been proposed by considering three interacting variables namely, the concentration of dust
particles, the density of plant biomass in the greenbelts plantation and the number
density of droplets in water sprays. This study suggests that the water spray and greenbelt
plantation play significant role in the removal of dust particles as they get removed by the
process of impaction when they interact with water spray

Peter Frejd(2014) This thesis displays a broad analysis focusing on different aspects of
mathematical modelling in practices at different levels of the didactic transposition,,
modelling is discussed from an expert point of view, but there are other persons at the
workplace that use mathematical modelling in their workplace (i.e. consumers and
operators

Kaiser and Sriraman (2006), mathematical modeling is widely used in scientific and
technological disciplines. They regard mathematical modeling as applied problem-solving,
and oblige real-life criteria for modeling. As a result of their studies on mathematical
modeling for many years,
B Riyanto, Zulkardi, R I I Putri (2017), The validation and one-to-one results produced
valid and practical mathematical modeling problem in realistic mathematics education for
learning mathematical modeling of material equations and system of linear
equations of two variables.
DEFINITIONS
NON- LINEAR DYNAMICAL SYSTEMs
A dynamical system consists of possible states, together with a rule that determines the
present state of the system in terms of the past states. A nonlinear dierential equation
includes a combination dependent variable or its derivatives.
A continuous time t , autonomous first order ordinary dierential equation with variables
can be expressed as
dxi
=¿ fi ( x1 , … … . , x n , ) i=1,2,3 , … … .. n ( 1.1 )
dt

GLOABLE ASYMTOTIC STABILITY

Consider the autonomous nonlinear system
ẋ = f ( x) (1.2)
where f : Rn → R
Let x ¿ denote the equilibrium point of the system. The system (2) is globally
asymptotically stable if every trajectory x (t) → x ¿ t → ∞ .

LOCAL ASYMTOTIC STABILITY

The system (2) is local asymptotically stable at x ¿ if there is δ >0such that

‖( x ( 0 )−x ¿ )‖<δ ⇒ ‖( x ( t )−x ¿ )‖→ 0at t → ∞

¿
without loss of generality, one may assume that x =0
We require the following definition for our analysis in the later part
POSITIVE AND NAGATIVE DEFINITE FUNCTIONS

A function V : Rn → R is called a positive definite function if

a. V ( x )> 0 , for all x ϵ Rn

b. V ( x )=0 if and only if x=0
c. . V ( x ) → ∞ as ‖x‖ → ∞
A function V : Rn → R is called a negative definite function if

a. V ( x )< 0 , for all x ϵ Rn

b. V ( x )=0 if and only if x=0
c. . V ( x ) → ∞ as ‖x‖ → ∞

LOCAL STABILTY OF THE EQUILIBRIUM STATES

While an ideal situation required for healthy life of citizens would be the complete
elimination of mosquitoes, a practical approach would be to ensure that the mosquito
population does not grow beyond threshold level. This requires measures for stabilization
of mosquito population within an appropriate level to investigate the stability of the
equilibrium states, we consider small perturbationsu1 , u2 , u3 , u 4 , in x 1 , x2 , x 3 , x 4 .
The equilibrium state are governed by the relations.
xi=xi ¿ +ui i=1,2,3 , … … .. n

The equilibrium state x 1 *, x 2 *, x 3 * , x 4 * is local stable if the characteristic roots are

(i) negative in case they are real. or
(ii) have negative real parts in case they are complex.
METHODLOGY
Stability of Eigenvalues using the Lotka-Volterra Model
Backstepping Procedure using Lyapunov Function

The Lotka – Volterra Model:

The Model

System

dL 2
=α L−L β−γLz
dt
dZ
=−C 2 z+C 2 zL
dt
Initial conditions

L(0)= Lo

Z(0)= Z o

L : The population of the Zebra at time t.

Z : The population of the Lion at time t.

o
L : The initial size of the Zebra population.

o
Z : The initial size of the Lion population.
α : Reproduction rate of Zebra.

β : Death rate of Zebra.

γ : Proportional to the number of Zebra that a

Lion can eat.

C1: Amount of energy that a Zebra supplies to

the consuming Lion.

C2: Death rate of Lion.

dL
The Model =α L− β L2−γ Lz ;
dt

L(t) The growth rate of the Zebra population is influenced, according to the first differential
equation, by three different terms.
It is positively influenced by the current Zebra population size, as shown by the term α L , where
a is a constant, nonnegative real number andα L is the birth rate of the Zebra.

It is negatively influenced by the natural death rate of the zebra, as shown by the term, −β L2
where b is a constant, nonnegative real number and β L2 is the natural death rate of the Zebra.
It is also negatively influenced by the death rate of the Zebra due to consumption by Lion as
shown by the term −γ Lz , where K is a constant non-negative real number and γ Lz is the death
rate of the Zebra due to consumption by Zebra.
dL
The Model =α L−L2 β−γ Lz ;
dt

Z(t) the growth rate of the Lion population, is influenced, according to the second differential
equation, by two different terms.

It is negatively influenced by the current Lion population size as shown by the term -C1Z , where
C1 is a constant nonnegative real number and is Z the Lion population.
It is positively influenced by the Lion Fish interactions as shown by the term dZL where C1 is a
constant nonnegative real number, is the Lion population and is the Zebra population.

Equilibrium Points:
• Once the initial equations are understood, the next step is to find the equilibrium points.
• These equilibrium points represent points on the graph of the function which are significant.
• These are shown by the following
computations.
dL
Let X = =L(α −βL−γz)
dt

dZ
And Y = =z (−C 2+C 1 L)
dt

• To compute the equilibrium points we

dL dZ
solve =0 and =0
dt dt
When L=0or α −βL−γz=0

{
Solution: L=
β }
( α −γz ) dZ
, =0
dt

When −c 2+c 1 L ¿ z=0

C2
Solution: .{L= }
c1

• Now we find all the combinations:

One of our equilibrium points is(0,0)
.
( α −γz )
For L= When , z=0
β
( α −γ ( 0) ) C2
Then L= =L=
β C1
C2
Thus, one of our equilibrium points is ( , 0)
C1
.
( α −γz ) C2 C2 ( α −γz )
For L= and L= ; =¿
β C1 C1 β

Solution: Z= { (−C 2 β+ c 1 α )
c1γ }
C 1 (−C 2 β +c 1 α )
Thus, one of our equilibrium points is ( , )
d c 1γ
.
• Our equilibrium points are
α C 2 (−C 2 β +c 1 α )
(0,0) , ( , 0) and ( , )
β c1 c 1γ

• Now, to study the stability of the equilibrium points we first need to find the Jacobian matrix
which is:

| ||
dx dx
J(L,Z) =
dL
dy
dz
dy
¿ α−2 βL−γz
C1z
−γL
−C 2+ C 1 L |
dL dz

To study the stability of (0,0)

J(0,0) = |α−0 λ 0
−C 2−λ |
, Solution: .{λ= α } ,{ λ= -C2 }
Semi-stable since one eigenvalue is negative and one is positive.

C2
To study the stability of : ( , 0)
C1

| |
γα
α−λ
C2 β αc 1
J( , 0 ¿= =(α−λ)(−c 2+ −λ)
C1 αc1 β
0 −c 2+ −λ
β

αc1
Solution: { λ=−α } ,{ λ=−c 2 β + }
β
αc 1
Stable if λ=−c 2 β + <¿ 0 (i.e.αC 1<−C 2 β )
β
αc 1
Semi-stable if λ=−c 2 β + >¿ 0 (i.e.αC 1>−C 2 β )
β

To study the stability of ¿):

| || |
c 2 γαc 1−c 1 β −γc 2 − βc 2 −γc 2
α−2 β − −λ −λ
J¿)) = c1 γc 1 c1 = c1 c1
αc 1−c 2 β −λ αc1−c 2 β −λ

2 2
¿ λc 2 β +c 1 λ −(C 2 β +C 2 αC 1)γ ¿ /C 1

Solution:

{ −c 2 β+ √ c 2 β +4 c 1 c 2 β−4 c 2 α C 1
} { −c 2 β−√ −c 2 β −4 c 1 c 2 β+ 4 c 2 α C 1
}
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
λ= λ=
2c1 2c1
 −c 2 β + √ c 2 β + 4 c 1c 2 β−4 c 2 α C 1 −c 2 β+i √−c 2 β −4 c 1 c 2 β+ 4 c 2 α C 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
λ= =
2c1 2c1

−c 2 β−√ c 2 β + 4 c 1 c 2 β−4 c 2 α C 1 −c 2 β−i √−c 2 β −4 c 1 c 2 β+ 4 c 2 α C 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
λ= =
2c1 2c1

Stable since both of the real parts are negative. The imaginary numbers tells us that it will be
periodic.

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