PROJECT DEFENCE PRESENTATION

ON
APPLICATION OF MATRIX IN SOLUTIONS OF SOME PHYSICAL PROBLEMS IN
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
BY
MUHAMMAD AHMAD IBRAHIM
MATRIC NO: U15/FNS/MTH/033
THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE
FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCE
IBRAHIM BADAMASI BABANGIDA UNIVERSITY LAPAI,
NIGER STATE.
SUPERVISED BY: Dr YUSUF DAUDA JIKANTORO
NOVEMBER, 2019
 ABSTRACT
This research work focuses on the application of matrix in
solutions of some physical problems in science and
engineering which arise in every human endeavor. This
project work attempt to present some physical problems from
the selected field (aspect) mentioned, so as to find the solution
of the problems. The problems include; using matrice in the
process of encrypting and decrypting data in this information
age, solving electric circuit problem, balancing a complex
chemical equation which is a difficult task for student offering
chemistry, modeling of traffic flow to aid free flow, solving
problem of forces acting on a truss, and modeling of electric
network.
INTRODUCTION
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Mathematics is being used in general, in almost all aspect of human life.
Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Therefor
mathematical models and method have been used in different areas, such as science,
engineering, technology, social and management science and arts. In this research work
we will focus on science and engineering.
Almost every physical situation can be captured by the help of a mathematical equation
(whether differential equation or a linear equation). If physical problems are
transformed into mathematical model with help of differential equation, it may be
solved by any appropriate method depending on the nature of the differential equation.
Something similar (but somewhat slightly different) happen when a physical problem is
translated into a system of linear equations. That is, it can be solved by any of the
available methods of solving system of linear equations.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Most of the problems are represented as a square matrix in this project.
Determinant matrix operation has been used to find most of the solutions
to the issues in this project. Cofactor expansion was the main process used
in determinant finding since the majority of the matrix was of order three
and above. Using matrix application (i.e. Online Matrix Calculator) matrix
of higher order (e.g. Order 7) was solved. Matrix inversion is another big
approach used to solve the issues discussed in this project. Indirect
methods are mostly used to transform the image from 2D to 3D, genetic
engineering, and to study the stock exchange trend that was not considered
in this project.
In civil engineering, this project used static law dealing with the resolution
of forces acting on a truss. Kirchhoff's law has been used in traffic flow
modeling.
 AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to see how matrix is being used as a focal
point in solving physical real-world problem.
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To apply matrices in process of encrypting and decrypting data.

2. To apply matrices in balancing of chemical equations.

3. To show the modelling of Traffic flow.

 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The project is intended to cover only the field of science and

engineering. In the field of science, consideration is given to
areas like balancing of chemical reaction and modeling of flow.
While in the field of engineering, consideration is given to areas
like forces acting on a truss, cryptography and modeling of
current flowing in an electric circuit.
 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The project is limited to the field of science and

engineering and also limiting the number of areas to
cryptography, balancing of chemical reaction, modeling
of flow, modeling of current in an electric circuit and
forces on a truss.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this Study cannot be over emphasises. The study try to
show that matrix is an indispensable in the application of Mathematics to
solving scientific and engineering problems. The significant of this Study
varies based on the point of view, it is being looked from. The use of matrix
in cryptography is of great significance to both individual, government and
any researchers as it helps to keep some information private. The use of
matrix in balancing chemical reaction is of benefit to student and chemist
researchers. Balancing of chemical equation has no definite patterns, so
using matrix to balance it can reduce the stress involved. The use of matrix
in modeling traffic flow is significance to traffic flow control agency and
individual as it helps the individual against running into deadlock in the
traffic. While matrix assists the traffic control agency in ensuring that there
is free flow of traffic to avoid accidents.
 MOTIVATION

The diverse use of matrix in very important areas of life such as

electrical engineering to calculate branch points and also in
cryptography which is the future of e-transactions made me to
develop interest in this subject. As these areas are focused on
presently, more complications would arise and I’m interested in
providing the solutions to these problems.
 LITRATURE REVIEW
In this chapter we will discuss the brief history of science and engineering, but first
let known what a matrix is.

A matrix is a rectangular array of elements consisting of m rows and n columns.

The element may be variables or numerals or both. Matrice is the plural form of
matrix. Matrix, as a rectangular array of entries is denoted by;

Where i = 1,2,3,…,m
and j = 1,2,3,…,n
 SCIENCE
Science (from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge") Harper, Douglas (2014) is a
systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explana
tions and predictions about the universe.

The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around
3500 to 3000 BCE. Grant, Edward (2007) Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy,
and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity,
whereby formal attempts were made to explain events of the physical world based on
natural causes. Lindberg, David C. (2007). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire,
knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during
the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages Crease, Robert P. (2011) but was p
reserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. Feyerabend, Paul (2005) Th
e recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe
from the 10th to 13th century revived natural philosophy, which was later transformed by
the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas
and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. Gaukroger, Ste
phen (2006). The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation
and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional feature
s of science began to take shape. Levin, Yuval (2008).
 ENGINEERING
Engineering has existed since ancient times, when humans devised inventions such as the
wedge, lever, wheel and pulley, etc.
The term engineering is derived from the word engineer, which itself dates back to 1390
when an engineer (literally, one who builds or operates a siege engine) referred to "a
constructor of military engines.” Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.), (2005) In this
context, now obsolete, an "engine" referred to a military machine, i.e., a mechanical
contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). Notable examples of the obsolete usage
which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, e.g., the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers.
The word "engine" itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the
Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning "innate quality, especially mental power, hence a
clever invention." Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2006.
Later, as the design of civilian structures, such as bridges and buildings, matured as a
technical discipline, the term civil engineering (Includes Britannica article on
Engineering) entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the
construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the discipline of military
engineering.
 METHODOLOGY
In this chapter the various methods used for solving systems of linear
equations are discussed. Various methods have been introduced to
solve systems of linear equations; hence there is no single method that
is best for all situations. The methods for linear systems of equations
are:
1. Matrix Inversion
2. LU Decomposition/Triangular Decomposition Method
3. Jacobi Iteration Method
4. Gauss-seidel Method
 MATRIX INVERSION

We consider the system of equations that can be written in the form; .

Where and
Let A be non-singular (det A is non-zero) so that exist. Then by multiplying both side
of the equation above by. We obtain:

Where is the inverse of the matrix A.

LU DECOMPOSITION/TRIANGULAR DECOMPOSITION METHOD

An factorization of a matrix involves writing the given matrix as the product of a lower triangular
matrix which has the main diagonal consisting entirely of ones,, and an upper triangular matrix as
indicated below; Kenneth Kuttler, (2012).
Where; U =, and L=
We consider the system of equations that can be written in the form; .
From A = LU the above equation become LUx = b, let Ux = z then Lz = b, where z = (z 1, z2……… zn )t is
an intermediate variable vector. The value of z i.e… z1, z2……. zn
can be determined by forward substitution in the following equations.

=
 JACOBI ITERATION METHOD

Jacobi method is the simplest technique to solve linear systems of equations with
largest absolute values in each row and column dominated by the diagonal element.
Suppose we have a system of n equations and n unknowns in the form;

We can rewrite the above equation for the ith term as follows:

Where: is the unknown in x during the iteration,

is the initial guess for the unknown in x
is the coefficient of A in the row and column.
is the value in b.
 GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

The Gauss-Seidel process introduces some improvements or modification into the

Jacobi method. This is contained in the facts that once the value of anis determined, it
starts to use it in the determination of the subsequent K.R. Adeboye, (2006).
Considering an iterative solution to the linear system;

Where is an matrix, and are vectors of length , and we are solving for x.

Where: is the unknown in x during the iteration,

is the initial guess for the unknown in x
is the coefficient of A in the row and column.
is the value in b.
 A PROBLEM AND ITS RESULT SOLVED
IN THE PROJECT

Example
Let consider a scenario where a man wants to send the message: “RED RUM” to his wife without allowing
third party interference.
Solution
The message to be sent is: “RED RUM”.
The message is converted into numeric form according to some scheme. The easiest scheme is to let. In this
example, the message “RED RUM” would become:.
The obtained matrix is shown below;

He also assumes an encoding matrix which is known to the receiver. The encoding matrix assumed is;
He then multiplied the data (stream of numerical values) and the encoding matrix to have the encrypted message
which is shown below;
=
The wife gets the encrypted message in the form above and would have to decode the encrypted message to get
the real information. The wife, already having the encoding matrix before, will find the decoding matrix. After
finding the decoding matrix, she will multiply the received data (encrypted message) and the decoding matrix to
give her the real information.

= which is the real information sent

In the example above, we have discussed how matrice can be
used to encrypt data. However, the encrypted data will always be
useless to anybody except the receiver because the encoding
matrix can only be known by the sender and the receiver.
Guessing the encoding matrix is a task that is not realistic.
 CONCLUSION

Most of the physical real-world problems therefore can be modelled

into matrix form so as to find the solution of the problem. Matrix is
an indispensable tool in the field of computing and computer
graphics. This research work shed light on a very good application
of matrices for student which is the balancing of chemical reaction
using matrice and modelling of current flowing in an electric
circuit.
Therefore, this research work hopes to serve as a guide and help in
solving both simple and complex problems.
 RECOMMENDATION
This research work is of vital importance in general, if these methods of solving
problems will be used. It will also simplify and ease work as well as minimisation of cost.
Due to the facts that the tools of matrix analysis in real world problem applied on a daily
basis, it is recommend that;
1. The study of matrix should be integrated into the curriculum of other field beside
mathematics. Some field which need knowledge of matrice include biology,
chemistry, econometrics, engineering, physics, statistic and a wide variety of other
fields.
2. Most real-world problem should be modelled in a matrix-form so as to ease getting
the solution process.
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