1.

1 Population Distribution

— How many people are alive on the planet? 7.9 billion

— Top 5 most populous countries: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Pakistan

— Is distribution of population even? changing over time (uneven)

- average population density: 60P/km2

- most densely populated city (Macau): 21645P/km2

- most sparsely populated city (Qaqortoq): 0.026P/km2 (because most of Greenland is

covered in ice and is inhabitable)

— Physical factors a ecting population distribution:

Landforms, climate, soils, vegetation, water, pests and diseases, natural resources

— Human factors a ecting population distribution:

Agriculture, manufacturing, communications, political factors

— Population change

- exponential growth (Nt = N0 ert)

- the world population had been growing rapidly recently since the industrialization in the
mid-nineteenth century.

- the time taken for each subsequent billion to be reached becomes shorter and shorter

— Key terms

- Crude birth rate (CBR): the number of births per 1000 individuals per year

- Crude death rate (CDR): the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year

- Total fertility rate (TFR): the average number of children that would be born to a woman
over her lifetime (more economically developed countries tend to have a smaller TFR)

- Infant mortality rate (IMR): the number of deaths of children less than one year old per
1000 live births a given year

- Child mortality rate (CMR): the number of deaths of children under the age of 5 per 1000
live births a given year

- Life expectancy: the average number of years a person may expect to live when born,
assuming past trends continue

- Rate of natural increase (RNI): RNI = CBR - CDR (expressed in percentage)

— Reasons why TFR comes down

- raising children are costly

- gov looks after elder people through pensions and health services

- social changes, decline in traditional beliefs and customs

- more woman want their own career and have higher status

- widespread use of family planning

- less need of replacement children when infant mortality rate comes down

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 — Reasons why some countries get high fertility rates? parents want children:

- for labour

- look after them when there were old

- to continue family name

- to replace other children who have died

- children are net contributors to family income

1.2 Economic Development

— Emerging Economies: an emerging market economy is transitioning from a low income, less
developed, often pre-industrial economy toward a modern, industrial economy with a higher
standard of living

— Indicators of development (three main groups of indicators)

- quantitative (statistics)

#1Gross domestic product (GDP): measures all economic output in a country

#2Gross national product (GNP): di ers from GDP by trying to isolate the economic

activity of foreign-owned rms

#2Gross national income (GNI): total value of goods and services produced within a
country

- qualitative (quality of life)

analysis of things such as freedom from want, survival, welfare, and security

- composite

#1Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI): calculated by obtaining average of the three
indicators of quality of life that were thought to be particularly important

#2Human development index (HDI): replaced PQLI, uses literacy, life expectancy,
and GDP per capita on a PPP basis (countries are categorized into four groups
according to their HDI values from 0 - 1: 0.800 and above; 0.7-0.799; 0.550-0.699; <0.550)

#3Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

— Global Variations

The UN and the World Bank uses GNI per capita to categorize countries:

#1 high income countries

#2 upper-middle income countries

#3 lower-middle income countries

#4 low income countries

— Factors a ecting di erent rates of economic development

External factors

#1 culture contact, colonization

#2 trade

#3 nancial ows

Internal factors

#1 transport and other infrastructure

#2 political systems and planning mechanisms

#3 rapid population growth

#4 natural resources

#5 internal capital formation -> vicious cycle of poverty (In case when the vicious cycle of
poverty is broken successfully, the foundation of sustainable economic development is
usually agriculture.

Infographic maps — geographical skill

— Calculating Spearman’s rank correlation coe cient (SRCC)

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— Describe trends and relationships in data

#1 scatter graph

describing: points with general trend(negative/positive), maximum value, minimum value,

and exceptions

#2 intercept line graphs, bar graphs, and scatter graphs: comparison, compound, scatter

1.3 Population Distribution and Economic Development at the National Scale

— Population Pyramid

#1 high birth rate, high portion of young people, rapidly growing population: developing
countries

#2 aging population with low birth rate, excess of elderly females: developed countries

 ** de cits in the concave slope represents emigration or sec speci c deaths (diseases)

2.3 Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

— Demographic Transition: the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a
population

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2.4 Triangular Graphs


2.5 Population Momentum and World population growth

— Population Momentum: the tendency for a population to continue growing even after the time
that fertility has fallen to replacement level. This situation is due to past high fertility rates which
results in a large number of young people.

- Population Momentum Factor

PMF = CBR * average life expectancy at birth

PMF=1: natural increase is not contributing to population growth

PMF>1: positive momentum in the population leads to future growth

PMF<1: negative momentum/high possibility that population with decline in size

— Doubling Time: length of time it takes for a population to double in size assuming a constant
growth rate

doubling time = 70/growth rate in percentage (R%) -> 5%? 70/5

what is a population has negative rate of population change? Halving time (time takes to reduce
to 50%)