MODULE 2 LESSON 5.

t-Test (Paired and Independent)

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to conduct, present, and interpret results of t-
Tests.

Time Frame: 11th week

Introduction

In module 1, you have also learned the different statistical tools to be used depending on your
research problem, the type of quantitative research and how the variable is measured. There are
many causal-comparative statistical tools that you can use. This time, you will learn t-Test
(Paired and Independent).

Note: Refer again to the Levels of Measurement wherein the highest form of measurement is the
Scale (Interval or Ratio). Most researchers tend to design their questionnaire to gather
information that is answered in scale. However, there are circumstances wherein the
Independent Variable is nominal and your Dependent Variable is scale. There are also
circumstance wherein you just want to test what happened to a variable by comparing its
present results to the previous. Given those circumstances, there are many statistical tools that
can be used but one of the most common is the use of t-tests.

ABSTRACTION

t-Tests

t-Tests are used when you only have two indicators for your variable (ex. Variable: Sex,
Indicators of Sex: Male and Female); or when you want to test two points in time (ex. Variable:
2020 Sales and 2019 Sales). Looking at the definition alone, will give you an idea that there are a
two types of t-tests that you will learn in this lesson:
1. Independent-samples t-test. This is used when you want to compare the mean scores
(remember Descriptive Statistics? the “mean”) Dependent Variable (therefore the DV cannot be
nominal or ordinal but should be scale so that you can compute for the mean) for two different groups
of respondents (ex. Group 1 Males; and Group 2 Females).
Using our All-Paper Business Dataset. Let us assume the following:
 a. Statement of the Problem: Is there a significant difference on Satisfaction – X19
when grouped according to Industry Type – X2?

b. Conceptual Framework:

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

X2 – Industry Type X19 – Satisfaction

Note: In the excel format of the All-Paper Business Dataset, Sheet 2 contains the
Description and Indicators of the variables. In the SPSS format (which I hope you
watched the link I shared for video tutorials on the basics of SPSS), you can see in
the Variable View > Values the indicators of each variable.

c. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference on Satisfaction – X19 when

grouped according to Industry Type – X2.

d. Process. You will really have to use SPSS now.

HOW TO (USING SPSS)
1. Open the “All-Paper Business Dataset” in SPSS Format
2. Go to Analyze > Compare Means > Independent-Samples t-test
3. Select X19 and put it in the Test Variable(s) box
4. Select X2 and put it in the Grouping Variable box. Click Define Groups,
and put 0 in Group 1 and 1 in Group 2. Note: The coding for Industry
Type is 0 for Magazine Industry and 1 for Newsprint Industry.
5. Click Continue
6. Click OK
7. Results
Group Statistics

Std. Std. Error

X2 - Industry Type N Mean Deviation Mean
X19 - Satisfaction Magazine industry 52 7.094 1.1909 .1651
Newsprint industry 48 6.727 1.1754 .1697

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality
of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error
  F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper
X19 - Equal
Satisfaction variances 1.55 98 .124 .367 .236 -.102 .837
assumed
.002 .96
Equal
   
variances
1.55 97.55 .124 .367 .236 -.102 .837
not
assumed
Rule of Thumb:
- Check the Levene’s Test for Equality of Variance First
- If the Sig. value in the Levene’s Test is greater than 0.05, use the row that refers to the
Equal Variances Assumed.
- If the Sig. value in the Levene’s Test is less than 0.05, use the row that refers to the Equal
Variances Not Assumed.

e. Interpretation:
An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the satisfaction of those in
the magazine and newsprint industry. There was no significance difference in scores
for magazine industry (Mean = 7.094, SD = 1.191) and newsprint industry (Mean =
6.727, SD = 1.176) evidenced by the p-value of 0.124, two-tailed.
Since you need to discuss this further when presenting your research, you have to
add discussions in connection to your literature reviews.

2. Paired-samples t-test. This is used when you have only one variable (tests, sales,
machine hours, expenses, income, etc) but you collected the data from two different
occasions (time, interventions, etc.).

Use the Data below.

2020 Sales 2019 Sales
0 40
0 40
25 25
25 25
30 30
30 30
35 35
35 35
40 25
40 25
45 45
45 45
50 0
50 0
55 25
55 25
60 30
60 30
65 35
65 35
70 40
70 40

Let us assume the following:

a. Statement of the Problem: Is there a significant difference between the sales in 2019
and 2020?

b. Conceptual Framework:
 2020 Sales 2019 Sales

Note: Notice that this is a double headed arrow. Meaning, you can change which box
you put the first variable

c. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the sales in 2019 and
2020.

d. Process. You will really have to use SPSS now.

HOW TO (USING SPSS)
1. Open the SPSS
2. Copy the data above except for the labels and paste in the boxes under the
Data View
3. Go to the Variable View. Notice that the names are VAR00001-2. Change
it to sales2020 and sales2019 (no spaces)
4. Go to Analyze > Compare Means > Paired-Samples t-test
5. Highlight the two variables and click the forwarded arrow or place them in
the Paired Variables boxes.
6. Click OK
7. Results

Paired Samples Statistics

Std.
Std. Error
  Mean N Deviation Mean
Pair 1 sales2020 19.7933
43.1818 22 4.21995
0
sales2019 11.7513
30.0000 22 2.50541
9

Paired Samples Correlations

  N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 sales2020
& 22 -.092 .683
sales2019

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

95% Confidence Interval of the

Std. Difference Sig.
Std. Error (2-
  Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df tailed)
Pair sales2020 -
13.18182 23.93172 5.10226 2.57109 23.79255 2.584 21 .017
1 sales2019

e. Interpretation:
 A paired-samples t-test was conducted to evaluate if there is a difference between the
sales in 2019 and 2020. Results showed that there was a significant increase in sales
from 2019 (Mean = 30, SD = 11.75) to 2020 (Mean = 43.18, SD = 19.79), t (21) =
2.58, p-value of 0.17 (two-tailed). The increase in sales was 13.18 with a 95%
confidence interval ranging from 2.57 to 23.79.
Since you need to discuss this further when presenting your research, you have to
add discussions in connection to your literature reviews.

Application

1. Use the All-Paper Business Dataset.

2. Answer the following the Statement of the Problem and Interpret its results:
a. Is there a significant difference on the ratings of the respondents on Product Line
– X11) when grouped according to Industry Type – X2?
b. Is there a significant difference on the ratings of the respondents on New Product
– X15) when grouped according to Industry Type – X2?

Closure

Congratulations, you are now done with Lesson 12 of Module 4. In this lesson, you have learned
how to conduct, present, and interpret results of a t-Tests (independent and paired).
 MODULE 2 LESSON 5.2

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to conduct, present, and interpret results of
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Time Frame: 11th week

Introduction

In module 1, you have also learned the different statistical tools to be used depending on your
research problem, the type of quantitative research and how the variable is measured. There are
many causal-comparative statistical tools that you can use (review Lesson 4). This time, you
will learn Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Note: Refer again to the Levels of Measurement wherein the highest form of measurement is the
Scale (Interval or Ratio). Most researchers tend to design their questionnaire to gather
information that is answered in scale. However, there are circumstances wherein your nominal
Independent Variable has 3 or more indicators (ex. Variable is Sex and the indicators are
Male, Female, and LGBT…) and your Dependent Variable is scale. Given those circumstances,
there are many statistical tools that can be used but one of the most common is the use of t-
tests.

ABSTRACTION

Analysis of Variance

In Lesson 11, we used t-test to compare the scores of two different groups or conditions (eg.
Industry Type – X4 which has two indicators the Magazine and Newsprint). However, there are
research situations wherein a nominal independent variable has more than two indicators.
Partnering this with a dependent variable that is measure in scale, then the appropriate statistical
tool is the analysis of variance or ANOVA.
Under ANOVA, an F ratio is calculated which represents the variance between the groups
divided by the variance within the groups. A large F ratio indicates that there is more variability
between the groups than there is within each group. If the F test is found significant, then the null
hypothesis will be rejected. With this, you need to conduct a post-hoc test to know which
specifically among the groups differ.

Using our All-Paper Business Dataset. Let us assume the following:

a. Statement of the Problem: Is there a significant difference on Satisfaction – X19
when grouped according to Customer Type – X1?

b. Conceptual Framework:

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

X1 – Customer Type X19 – Satisfaction

Note: In the excel format of the All-Paper Business Dataset, Sheet 2 contains the
Description and Indicators of the variables. In the SPSS format (which I hope you
watched the link I shared for video tutorials on the basics of SPSS), you can see in
the Variable View > Values the indicators of each variable.

c. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference on Satisfaction – X19 when

grouped according to Customer Type – X1.

d. Process. You will really have to use SPSS now.

HOW TO (USING SPSS)
1. Open the “All-Paper Business Dataset” in SPSS Format
2. Go to Analyze > Compare Means > One-Way ANOVA
3. Select X19 and put it in the Dependent List box
4. Select X1 and put it in the Factor
5. Click Post Hoc. Click/check Tukey (under the Equal Variances Assumed)
and Games-Howell (under the Equal Variances not Assumed). Click
Continue
6. Click Options. Click/check Descriptive and Homogeneity of Variance
Test. Click Continue
7. Click OK
8. Results

Descriptives
X19 -
Satisfaction

95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Std. Std. Lower Upper
  N Mean Deviation Error Bound Bound Minimum Maximum
Less than 1 year 32 5.725 .7603 .1344 5.451 5.999 4.7 8.4
1 to 5 years 35 7.314 .6984 .1180 7.074 7.554 6.1 9.0
 Over 5 years 33 7.655 1.0779 .1876 7.272 8.037 5.5 9.9
Total 100 6.918 1.1918 .1192 6.682 7.154 4.7 9.9

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

X19 - Satisfaction
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
3.398 2 97 .037
ANOVA
X19 - Satisfaction
  Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 68.943 2 34.471 46.645 .000
Within Groups 71.685 97 .739    
Total 140.628 99      

Post Hoc Tests

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent
X19 - Satisfaction
Variable:
95% Confidence
Mean Interval
Difference Std. Lower Upper
(I) X1 - Customer Type (I-J) Error Sig. Bound Bound
Tukey HSD Less than 1 year 1 to 5 years -1.5893* .2103 .000 -2.090 -1.089
Over 5 years -1.9295* .2133 .000 -2.437 -1.422
1 to 5 years Less than 1 year 1.5893* .2103 .000 1.089 2.090
Over 5 years -.3403 .2086 .237 -.837 .156
Over 5 years Less than 1 year 1.9295* .2133 .000 1.422 2.437
1 to 5 years .3403 .2086 .237 -.156 .837
Games-Howell Less than 1 year 1 to 5 years -1.5893* .1789 .000 -2.019 -1.160
Over 5 years -1.9295* .2308 .000 -2.485 -1.374
1 to 5 years Less than 1 year 1.5893* .1789 .000 1.160 2.019
Over 5 years -.3403 .2217 .283 -.874 .194
Over 5 years Less than 1 year 1.9295* .2308 .000 1.374 2.485
1 to 5 years .3403 .2217 .283 -.194 .874
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Rule of Thumb:
- Check the ANOVA table if the F value is high and the Sig value is below 0.05. If yes,
then this indicates that there is a significant difference among the groups. If not, then
you go to interpretation and discuss that there is no significant difference among groups.
- After knowing in the ANOVA table that there is a significant difference (sig value <
0.05), check the Test of Homogeneity of Variance table. If the sig value is below 0.05,
this means that we have violated the homogeneity of variance assumptions – therefore
we will use the data under Games-Howell for our Post-Hoc Test. If the sig value is above
0.05, this means that we have not violated the homogeneity of variance assumptions –
therefore we will use the data under Tukey HSD for our Post-Hoc Test.

e. Interpretation:
A one-way analysis of variance was conducted to know if there is a significant
difference on Satisfaction – X19 when grouped according to Customer Type – X1.
The customer type were divided into three groups in terms of less than 1 year, 1 to 5
years, and Over 5 years. There was a statistically significant difference as the p-value
is below 0.05 on the satisfaction of the three groups: F = 46.645, p = 0.000. With this,
a Games-Howell post-hoc test was conducted considering that the test of
 homogeneity of variance was violated (sig value of 0.037). The results further
revealed that customers who are less than 1 year (Mean = 5.725, SD = 0.76) was
significantly different from those customers who are 1 to 5 years (Mean = 7.314, SD
= 0.6984) and over 5 years (Mean = 7.655, SD = 1.078).
(Since you need to discuss this further when presenting your research, you have to add discussions in
connection to your literature reviews). The results also showed that customers who are 1 to
5 years (Mean = 7.314, SD = 0.6984) did not differ from over 5 years (Mean = 7.655,
SD = 1.078). (Since you need to discuss this further when presenting your research, you have to add
discussions in connection to your literature reviews).

Application

1. Use the All-Paper Business Dataset.

2. Answer the following the Statement of the Problem and Interpret its results
a. Is there a significant difference on the ratings of the respondents on Delivery
Speed – X18) when grouped according to Customer Type – X1?

Closure

You are now done with Lesson 13 of Module 4. In this lesson, you have learned how to conduct,
present, and interpret results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).