Se-Chang Kim

School of Mechanical Engineering,

Sungkyunkwan University,
2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu,
Suwon 16419, South Korea A New Stress Intensification
Jae-Boong Choi
School of Mechanical Engineering, Factor of Pipe-In-Pipes Based
Sungkyunkwan University,
2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu,
Suwon 16419, South Korea
on Finite Element Analyses
Moon Ki Kim For the design of a transmission piping system, a stress intensification factor (SIF) is gen-
School of Mechanical Engineering, erally used for the stress calculations of piping components due to external forces, and
Sungkyunkwan University, the solutions for the single-walled piping components can be found in the existing design
2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, codes. However, it is quite difficult to obtain the reliable estimations for pipe-in-pipes
Suwon 16419, South Korea (PIPs) from the existing solutions, because the PIPs show significantly different behav-
iors compared to the single-walled piping components due to the restraint effect induced
by the outer pipe of the PIP. In this paper, the estimation schemes for the stress behaviors
Hyun-Su Kim of the PIPs were proposed based on the detailed finite element (FE) analyses. In order to
Power Engineering Research Institute,
quantify the restraint effect, the FE analyses were conducted by considering various geo-
KEPCO E&C,
metric variables of the PIPs under an internal pressure and a global bending moment.
269 Hyeoksin-ro,
Based on the FE results, the tabular and closed-form solutions of the SIFs of PIPs were
Gimcheon 39660, South Korea
newly proposed. Finally, the proposed SIF estimations were validated against numerical
results. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4036427]
Nam-Su Huh1
Department of Mechanical System Keywords: elastic stress analysis, finite element analysis, pipe-in-pipes, stress intensification
Design Engineering, factors
Seoul National University of
Science and Technology,
232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu,
Seoul 01811, South Korea
e-mail: nam-su.huh@seoultech.ac.kr

1 Introduction the fatigue test of the piping components subjected to bending

moment.
These days, the usage of conventional energy resources like oil,
However, the structure of the PIPs is too complex to obtain
gas, coal, etc. is predicted to increase for a considerable period of
the SIFs using the fatigue test. The PIP systems consist of three
time because overall energy demands will have doubled by 2035
components: a main pipe, an outer pipe, and load transfer compo-
according to the report due to the international energy agency
nents as bulkheads, spacers, and insulations. Therefore, it is not
(IEA) [1]. Therefore, the mining areas of the fossil energy
easy to investigate geometrical effects of the many components
have been expanded to ultradeep sea and polar regions to meet the
on the SIFs as well as to observe failures of the internal compo-
continuous energy demands [2]. As a result of the current energy
nents surrounded by the outer pipe from the fatigue test.
situation, the usage of PIPs has been gradually increasing to
Nowadays, there has been outstanding improvement of analysis
maintain functionality and integrity of resource transportation
techniques and computing power compared to the 1950s. These
systems in the harsh environment.
changes allow the application of finite element method (FEM) to
The PIPs prevent a product from leaking to external environ-
obtain the SIFs of complex components numerically. There are
ment and maintain temperature of the product by heat insulation.
some works for computing the SIFs of reinforced fabricated
In addition, the PIPs protect a pipeline from external loads by sur-
tees [7,8]. According to the previous studies, the FEM seems to be
rounding it with another larger diameter pipe. Therefore, the PIPs
one of the reasonable approaches to obtain the SIFs of PIP
not only have been mainly used as offshore pipelines to transport
components.
subsea gas and oil but also applied to nuclear plant for enhancing
In this paper, the SIFs of PIPs were developed based on linear
its safety.
elastic FE analyses under internal pressure and global bending
The stress causing failure modes such as plastic collapse,
moment. The SIFs for internal pressure were newly proposed to
shakedown, and fatigue should be evaluated for design and integ-
consider stress concentration due to internal pressure that is insig-
rity assessment of pressurized piping. SIFs were developed in the
nificant in single-walled pipe systems. The effects of geometric
1950s for simple stress analysis procedure [3–6]. The SIFs are
variables on the SIFs of PIPs were systematically investigated
used to consider stress concentration due to the effects of geome-
based on the FE results. Finally, the proposed SIF estimations
try and welding of piping components like elbow and tee by mul-
were numerically validated by comparing with the FE results of
tiplying to the their nominal stress, and the SIFs are derived from
PIPs.

1
Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Pressure Vessel and Piping Division of ASME for publication 2 Stress Intensification Factor
in the JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSEL TECHNOLOGY. Manuscript received November 20,
2016; final manuscript received March 13, 2017; published online April 21, 2017. The SIF, used in the ASME B31 code [9,10], can be simply
Assoc. Editor: Kunio Hasegawa. expressed as the ratio of the actual axial stress in a piping

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 Fig. 1 Configurations of pipe-in-pipe components
component to the nominal stress in the same component in girth
butt weld due to bending moment as represented in the below
equation [8]
rM;actual rM;actual
iB31 ¼ ¼ (1)
2  rM;nominal M pipe under internal pressure as follows:
2
Z
where rM,actual and rM,nominal denote the actual axial stress and
nominal stress in the same component due to bending moment,
respectively, and the nominal stress is defined as M=Z. The con-
stant with 2 is given in this code as the SIF of girth butt weld [5].
In this study, the SIFs of PIPs were newly proposed for the
stress calculations of an inner pipe of a PIP, since the inner pipe
was considered as mainly important part to evaluate the integrity
of PIPs. Also, the SIFs of PIPs were suggested to evaluate the
restraint effect due to the outer pipe by comparing axial stresses in
the inner pipe of the PIP with nominal stresses in the single-
walled pipe of which dimensions for calculation of the nominal
stress were assumed to be identical to those of the inner pipe of
the PIP. Accordingly, the SIF of PIPs for bending moment can be
expressed as follows:
rM;actual PIP rM;actual PIP
iM ¼ ¼ (2)
rM;nominal single M pipe and some components such as spacers, bulkheads, and insula-
Zsingle
where rM,actualPIP denotes the actual axial stress in the inner pipe
of the PIP due to bending moment, and rM,nominalsingle, defined as
M=Zsingle , denotes the nominal stress of the single-walled pipe due
to bending moment. The Zsingle denotes the section modulus of the
single-walled pipe. Note that, for calculation of the SIF, rM,actual
is divided by 2 to exclude the effect of girth butt welds existing
usually in a piping component on the stress concentration as
shown in Eq. (1). On the other hand, the SIF of girth butt weld is
not included in newly proposed SIFs, because the SIFs of PIPs are
obtained from FE results without consideration of welds.
The original concept of the SIFs, which were developed by
Markl [3–6] as conducting a series of displacement controlled
fatigue tests, is only used for consideration of stress concentration
on a piping component due to bending moment, while the SIF for
internal pressure is not used in the existing codes. However,
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significant stress concentration occurs in PIPs under internal pres-
sure due to the restraint effect by the bulkheads and the outer pipe
of the PIP. Thus, the SIFs of PIPs for internal pressure, denoted as
iP, were also proposed as the ratio of the actual axial stress in the
inner pipe of the PIP to the nominal stress of the single-walled
rP;actual PIP rP;actual PIP
iP ¼ ¼ (3)
rP;nominal single PDo single
4tsingle
where rP,actualPIP denotes the actual axial stress in the inner pipe
of the PIP due to internal pressure, and rP,nominalsingle, defined as
ðPDo single Þ=4tsingle , denotes the nominal stress of the single-walled
pipe due to internal pressure. The Dosingle and tsingle denote the
outer diameter and wall thickness of the single-walled pipe,
respectively.
3 Elastic Stress Analyses of Pipe-In-Pipes
3.1 Geometries. The structure of PIP systems is more com-
plex than that of single-walled pipes, because of an additional
tion materials as shown in Fig. 1. A series of bulkheads, spacers,
and insulation materials are located along the pipeline and cause
the load transfer by the inter-restraint between the inner and outer
pipes of the PIP. Since the restraint component between the two
pipes is one of the key elements to determine structural behavior
of the PIP systems, it is important to understand the characteristics
of the load transfer of the components [11,12].
The spacers prevent pipe deflection and contact between the
inner and outer pipes, and sliding motion occurs between the
spacers and the pipes because the spacers are only fixed at one of
the two pipes; thus, the longitudinal load transfer by the spacers is
insignificant [13,14].
The insulation components are used for temperature mainte-
nance of a product flowing inside of the inner pipe of the PIP.
There are several types of the insulation materials such as gas,
fluid, and solid. The load transfer occurs continuously along the
pipeline surrounded by the insulation materials [11].
Transactions of the ASME

Fig. 2 Schematics of PIP employed in this study
The isolation can limit a leak of the insulation material or the
product from the segment of which the integrity is lost, because
the bulkheads isolate annulus into a series of annular segments.
Also, the inner and outer pipes are interlocked axially and circum-
ferentially by the bulkheads [12].
In this paper, to simulate the restraint and the load transfer
between the inner and outer pipes of the PIP in FE analyses, we
only considered the bulkheads as the connection component of the
two pipes because the bulkhead is more dominant on the load
transfer than the spacer and insulation components. The shape of
the bulkhead was assumed as cylindrical shape for the simplifica-
tion of model, where fillets between the bulkhead and the inner
pipe were considered, and the bulkheads, and the inner and outer
pipes were modeled as one part to simulate fully connected
condition.
Figure 2 shows the schematics of the PIP employed in this
study, in which the mean radius of the inner pipe is denoted by
Table 1 Summary of the geometries of the PIPs employed in the present FE analyses
Rm/t Rm,o/Rm to/t
5, 10, 20 1.3, 1.5, 1.75, 2 0.25, 0.5, 1
Fig. 3 FE model of the bulkhead part of the PIP
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Rm, and that of the outer pipe by Rm,o. The wall thicknesses of the
inner and outer pipes are denoted as t and to, respectively. In addi-
tion, the distance between bulkheads is denoted by L, and the
bulkhead shape is characterized by the fillet radius (rf), height
(Hb), and thickness (tb) of the bulkhead. As for the loading condi-
tions, internal pressure (P) and global bending moment (M) are
considered.
To cover the practical range of the geometric variables related
to the inner and outer pipes, Rm/t (¼5, 10, and 20), Rm,o/Rm
(¼ 1.3, 1.5, 1.75, and 2), and to/t (¼ 0.25, 0.5, and 1) were system-
atically varied except for the cases of very thin-walled outer pipes
(Rm,o/to > 40) as listed in Table 1. Furthermore, four different
values of rf/Hb (¼0, 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9) were considered, where
rf/Hb ¼ 0 represents a shape of the bulkhead without fillet; also,
the large values of rf/Hb were considered to represent a reinforce-
ment as depicted in Fig. 1(b). For all cases, tb/t and L/Rm were set
to be a fixed value of 10 and 20, respectively. The value of 10 for
tb/t was used to obtain the conservative stress results in practical
range of the bulkhead thickness as discussed in Sec. 5.1, and the
value of 20 for L/Rm signifies an enough distance to ignore the
effects of bulkheads on the SIFs of PIPs.
3.2 Finite Element Analysis. In order to carry out linear
elastic stress analyses, the ABAQUS [15], a commercial FE program,
was utilized. The quarter model was adopted by employing a sym-
metric condition. In order to avoid problems with the shear lock-
ing [15,16] and reduce computing time, the reduced integration
20-nodes iso-parametric quadratic brick element (C3D20R in
ABAQUS element library) was used. Figure 3 depicts the typical FE
mesh created in this study, in particular, for the bulkhead part
where maximum stress is produced. The same values of Young’s
modulus and Poisson’s ratio were applied to the bulkhead, the
inner and outer pipes as material properties.
For the internal pressure, the distributed load was applied to the
inner surface of the inner pipe together with the end-cap load at
the ends of the pipe. In terms of end-cap load, it should be pointed
out that the end-cap load due to internal pressure was distributed
on cross-sectional area of both inner and outer pipes because of
rf/Hb Loading condition
0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.9 Internal pressure
Global bending moment
AUGUST 2017, Vol. 139 / 041205-3
 Fig. 4 Variation of stress at the bulkhead part according to the
number of elements in thickness direction of the inner pipe (Ne)

the load transfer between the two pipes through the bulkheads.
Accordingly, the end-cap load was calculated as follows:
 2
t
Rm 
2
rend ¼ P  2  2  2  2
t t to to
Rm þ  Rm  þ Rm;o þ  Rm;o 
2 2 2 2
 2
t
Rm 
2
¼P ð4Þ
2ðRm t þ Rm;o to Þ

For the global bending moment, all of the nodes on the pipe
end were constrained to the single master node located at the cen-
ter of the pipe end using multipoint constraint (MPC) option [15]
within ABAQUS, and the global bending moment was applied to the
master node.
In the PIP system, it is important to obtain robust stress results
from the bulkhead part where the stress concentration takes place
as the restraint component. Thus, the element size sensitivity of
the bulkhead was investigated for the several element sizes in this
study. Figure 4 shows the variations of stress values according to
number of elements in the thickness direction of the inner pipe
(Ne), and the values of stresses from each element size are normal-
ized by those from Ne ¼ 16. For these sensitivity analyses, the
global bending moment was considered, and the bulkhead with
the fillet radius of 0.1 (¼rf/Hb) was considered. As shown in
Fig. 4, the axial stress at the stress concentration point converges
within the maximum differences of 0.05% from the element size
of 8 (¼Ne); thus, the element size corresponding to Ne ¼ 8 was
used in the present FE analyses.
3.3 Comparison of Stress Behaviors Between Single-
Walled Pipes and Pipe-In-Pipes. The structural behaviors of
PIPs were evaluated by comparing the axial stresses of a single-
walled pipe with those of an inner pipe of a PIP under the same
loading conditions. One of the PIP shapes (Rm/t ¼ 10, Rm,o/
Rm ¼ 1.75 and to/t ¼ 0.5) was considered for the stress evaluation,
and the dimensions of the single-walled pipes employed in these
FE analyses are identical to those of the inner pipe of the PIP. As
for loading conditions, both internal pressure and global bending
were considered.
Figure 5 shows the comparisons of the axial stresses in the inner
pipe of the PIP with those of the single-walled pipe along longitu-
dinal location for each loading condition, where the longitudinal
location is defined as distance from the center of bulkhead (x),
Fig. 5 Distributions of the axial stress of the PIP along longitu-
dinal direction of inner pipe and their comparisons with those
of single-walled pipe under (a) internal pressure and (b) global
bending moment (Rm/t 5 10, Rm,o/Rm 5 1.75, to/t 5 0.5)
which is normalized with respect to bulkhead thickness. Also, the
values of axial stresses of the PIP are normalized by those of the
single-walled pipe. As shown in Fig. 5(a), the axial stresses of
PIPs near the bulkhead are higher than those of the PIP at other
locations, as expected. For the internal pressure, the maximum
axial stress of the PIP, which occurs on the inside wall in the bulk-
head region, is 1.54 times higher than that of single-walled pipes;
on the other hand, except the bulkhead region, the axial stress of
PIPs at the other regions is 0.70 time lower than that of single-
walled pipe.
For the global bending moment, the maximum axial stress,
which occurs on the outside wall in the bulkhead part of the PIP,
is 0.66 times lower than that of the single-walled pipe, and the
axial stress in the straight part of the PIP is 0.28 times lower than
that of the single-walled pipe as shown in Fig. 5(b), where the
axial stress in straight pipe parts of PIPs can be calculated analyti-
cally by using following relation:
rM;s PIP Isingle
¼ (5)
rM single IPIP
where rM,sPIP denotes the axial stress in the straight pipe part of
the inner pipe of the PIP due to global bending moment, and
rMsingle denotes the axial stress in the single-walled pipe due to
global bending moment. Also, Isingle and IPIP denote the moment
of inertia of the single-walled pipe and PIP, respectively.

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 Fig. 6 Normalized axial stress distributions and SCLs for stress linearization at the bulk-
head part under (a) internal pressure and (b) global bending moment (Rm/t 5 10, Rm,o/
Rm 5 1.75, to/t 5 0.5)

Figure 6 shows the axial stress distributions and stress classifi-
cation lines (SCLs) for the internal pressure and global bending
moment, respectively. The SCL including the maximum stress
point was chosen to extract the longitudinal total stresses (mem-
brane þ bending þ peak stress) for each loading condition, where
the stress categories such as membrane, bending, and peak
stresses were defined in ASME B&PV Code [17,18].
For fatigue analyses, the investigation for the stress gradients at
notches is required, because the fatigue life is determined not only
by the maximum stress but also by the stress gradient near the
notch root. As shown in Fig. 6(b), the peak stress occurs at the
sharp corner due to the notch effect with the steep stress gradient
for the global bending. Since the steep stress gradient means rela-
tively low average stress compared to the maximum stress, there
is a possibility of the increase of fatigue strength due to the low
average stress. Thus, such a point would be considered for the
fatigue assessment of PIPs under bending moment.
Based on these results, it is obvious that there are considerable
differences of the stresses between the straight pipe part and the
bulkhead part of the PIP for each loading condition and the maxi-
mum stresses appear in the bulkhead part. Thus, the SIFs of PIPs
are proposed for the straight pipe part and the bulkhead part,
respectively, to evaluate the difference of the stress behaviors
between the two parts, that is, the stress concentration and reduc-
tion in the PIP compared to the single-walled pipe.
4 Development of Stress Intensification Factors
of Pipe-In-Pipes
rP;s PIP
iP;s ¼ (6)
rP;nominal single
where rP,sPIP denotes the actual axial stress in the straight pipe
part of the inner pipe of the PIP due to internal pressure, and
rP,nominalsingle denotes the nominal stress in the single-walled pipe
due to internal pressure.
For the bulkhead part, the iP,b was expressed as follows:
rP;b PIP
iP;b ¼ (7)
rP;nominal single
where rP,bPIP denotes the actual axial stress in the bulkhead part
of the inner pipe of the PIP due to internal pressure.
The values of rP,sPIP and rP,bPIP were obtained through the pre-
vious FE analyses, and the resulting values of iP,s and iP,b were
tabulated in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
Table 2 shows the resulting values of SIFs at the straight part of
the inner pipe of the PIPs subjected to internal pressure, and as
shown in this table, the values of iP,s decrease as the values of
Rm,o/Rm and to/t increase since the cross-sectional area of the outer
pipe becomes larger, while the values of the SIFs increase as
Table 2 Values of the SIFs at the straight pipe part of the inner
pipe of the PIPs under internal pressure (iP;s )
to/t

In this study, using the FE stress results, the SIFs of PIPs are Rm/t Rm,o/Rm 0.25 0.5 1
newly proposed. At this point, it should be pointed out that in
order to propose SIFs of PIPs, the stress results from the FE model 5 1.3 0.661 0.616 0.565
with no fillet (rf/Hb ¼ 0) are used to develop the SIFs of PIPs in 1.5 0.653 0.605 0.554
conservative manner. As expected, the significant stress reduction 1.75 0.643 0.594 0.542
was observed in the bulkhead part as the fillet radius increased for 2 0.634 0.584 0.533
each loading condition, and the effects of the fillet radius on the 10 1.3 Rm,o/to > 40 0.717 0.657
stresses of the PIP were discussed in Sec. 5. 1.5 0.705 0.645
1.75 0.692 0.633
2 0.681 0.622
4.1 Stress Intensification Factors for the Internal 20 1.3 Rm,o/to > 40 Rm,o/to > 40 0.706
Pressure. The SIFs of PIPs for the internal pressure were classi- 1.5 0.693
fied into two parts: the straight pipe part and the bulkhead part 1.75 0.680
were denoted as iP,s and iP,b, respectively. For the straight pipe 2 0.668
part, the iP,s can be expressed as follows:

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 Table 3 Values of the SIFs at the bulkhead part of the inner Table 4 Values of the SIFs at the bulkhead part of the inner
pipe of the PIPs under internal pressure (iP;b ) pipe of the PIPs under global bending moment (iM;b )

to/t to/t

Rm/t Rm,o/Rm 0.25 0.5 1 Rm/t Rm,o/Rm 0.25 0.5 1

5 1.3 0.894 0.925 1.007 5 1.3 1.546 1.029 0.586

1.5 1.017 1.024 1.032 1.5 1.414 0.921 0.526
1.75 1.087 1.066 1.055 1.75 1.169 0.727 0.406
2 1.116 1.088 1.068 2 0.936 0.556 0.303
10 1.3 Rm,o/to > 40 1.298 1.366 10 1.3 Rm,o/to > 40 1.027 0.599
1.5 1.468 1.470 1.5 0.856 0.491
1.75 1.538 1.517 1.75 0.655 0.367
2 1.562 1.536 2 0.494 0.270
20 1.3 Rm,o/to > 40 Rm,o/to > 40 1.822 20 1.3 Rm,o/to > 40 Rm,o/to > 40 0.559
1.5 1.958 1.5 0.444
1.75 2.008 1.75 0.323
2 2.026 2 0.235

increasing the value of Rm/t due to Poisson’s ratio effect.

The Poisson’s ratio effect causes the axial stress in the PIP under
internal pressure because shortening of the inner pipe due to hoop
stress is prevented by the bulkheads. Since thin-walled pipe
extends easily in the hoop direction under internal pressure,
it leads to the increases of the axial stresses induced by the
Poisson’s ratio effect as the inner pipe becomes thinner. Conse-
quently, the value of rP,sPIP is up to 46.7% less than the value of
rP,nominalsingle at Rm/t ¼ 5, Rm,o/Rm ¼ 2, and to/t ¼ 1.
Table 3 shows the resulting values of SIFs at the bulkhead part
of the inner pipe of the PIPs subjected to internal pressure. The
values of iP,b increase as increasing the value of Rm/t due to the
Poisson’s ratio effect on the inner pipe as mentioned above. How-
ever, the values of the SIF increase as the value of Rm,o/Rm
increases, although the rP,b is expected to decrease when the
cross-sectional area of the outer pipe increases. It is believed to be
due to the fact that the stress concentration effect in the bulkhead
part becomes prominent as the axial restraint is strengthened
because the connection area between the bulkhead and the outer
pipe becomes larger as the mean radius of the outer pipe
increases. Then, the increase of rP,bPIP due to enhanced axial
restraint seems to be more dominant in SIFs than the decrease of
that due to the expansion of the cross-sectional area of the outer
pipe as increasing the mean radius of the outer pipe under internal
pressure.
Another notable point is that, in Table 3, the tendency of the
values of iP,b at Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.3 and 1.5 is somewhat different from
that at Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.75 and 2 according to the value of to/t. The val-
ues of the SIF increase when the outer pipe becomes thicker at
Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.3 and 1.5, since the increase of the wall thickness of
the outer pipe enhances the axial restraint which causes stress con-
centration. On the other hand, the values of iP,b decrease when the
outer pipe becomes thicker at Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.75 and 2, since the
rP,bPIP is reduced due to considerable increase in the cross-
sectional area of the outer pipe by the larger mean radius of the
outer pipe (Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.75 and 2) as increasing the wall thickness
of the outer pipe. In short, when the mean radius of the outer pipe
is large enough, the decrease of rP,bPIP due to the expansion
of the cross-sectional area of the outer pipe is more dominant than
the increase of that due to enhanced axial restraint as increasing
the wall thickness of the outer pipe. Consequently, the value
of rP,bPIP is up to 10.6% less than the value of rP,nominalsingle at
Rm/t ¼ 5, Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.3 and to/t ¼ 0.25, whereas it is up to 102.6%
more than the value of rP,nominalsingle at Rm/t ¼ 20, Rm,o/Rm ¼ 2,
and to/t ¼ 1.
4.2 Stress Intensification Factors for Global Bending
Moment. The SIFs of PIPs for global bending moment were clas-
sified into two parts: the straight pipe part and the bulkhead part,
which were denoted as iM,s and iM,b, respectively. For the straight
pipe part, the values of iM,s can be calculated analytically using
Eq. (5) as follows:
rM;s PIP Isingle
iM;s ¼ ¼ (8)
rM single IPIP
where the rM,sPIP and rMsingle are previously defined in Sec. 3.3.
For the bulkhead part, the iM,b was expressed as follows:
rM;b PIP
iM;b ¼ (9)
rM single
where rM,bPIP denotes the axial stress in bulkhead part of inner
pipe of the PIP due to global bending moment.
The values of rM,bPIP were obtained through FE analysis, and
the resulting values of iM,b were summarized in Table 4. In
Table 4, the values of iM,b decrease as increasing the values of
Rm,o/Rm and to/t, since the rM,bPIP decreases due to the expansion
of the cross-sectional area of the outer pipe. On the other hand,
the values of the SIF are not changed significantly according to
the wall thickness of the inner pipe, since the ratio of moment of
inertia of the single-walled pipe to the PIP is constant as the wall
thickness of the inner changes in proportion to that of the outer
pipe.
Note that the tendency of the value of iM,b at Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.3
and to/t ¼ 1 is different from that at the other values of Rm,o/Rm
and to/t. The discontinuity between the bulkhead and the two
pipes reduces sharply as changing from Rm/t ¼ 10 to Rm/t ¼ 5 at
Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.3 and to/t ¼ 1, since the bulkhead and the pipes are
connected with enough interface due to the thick pipes (Rm/t ¼ 5
and to/t ¼ 1) and the narrow space between the inner and outer
pipes (Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.3). Thus, the value of iM,b decreases as chang-
ing the value of Rm/t from 10 to 5 because the stress concentration
effect on the rM,bPIP gets weak due to the decrease of the disconti-
nuity. Consequently, the value of rM,bPIP is up to 76.5% less than
the rMsingle at Rm/t ¼ 20, Rm,o/Rm ¼ 2, and to/t ¼ 1, whereas it is
up to 54.6% more than the value of rMsingle at Rm/t ¼ 5,
Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.3, and to/t ¼ 0.25.
4.3 Closed-Form Expressions of Stress Intensification
Factors of Pipe-In-Pipes. The closed-form expressions might be
highly desirable for the efficient SIF evaluation. In this study, the
closed-form expressions of the SIFs were proposed in the form of
polynomial equation as follows:

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 Table 5 Coefficients of Eq. (10) for the SIFs of PIPs

Coefficient

Type Ai ai,o ai,1 ai,2 ai,3 ai,4 ai,5 R-squared

iP,s A0 0.0291 0.0045 0.1383 0.0005 0.0001 0.0936 0.9996

A1 0.5466 0.0331 0.3201 0.0031 0.0008 0.1566
iP,b A0 0.3933 0.1093 0.8482 0.0088 0.0036 0.1352 0.9992
A1 0.6194 0.1729 0.3893 0.0008 0.0040 0.1225
iM,b A0 1.8279 0.0408 1.0563 0.0039 0.0015 0.1099 0.9894
A1 1.2424 0.0373 2.4524 0.0125 0.0007 1.4344

 2 and R-squared of the closed-form solutions were derived from the

Rm
y ¼ A0 þ A1 FE results by using multiple regression analysis method as sum-
Rm;o marized in Table 5.
      
Rm to Rm to The estimations are compared with the FE results in Figs. 7
A0 ¼ a0;0 þ a0;1 þ a0;2 þ a0;3 and 8, where the comparisons for Rm/t ¼ 10 are made representa-
t t t t
 2  2 tively. The maximum differences between the estimations and the
Rm to FE results of iP,s and iP,b are 0.31% and 2.32%, respectively. Also,
þ a0;4 þ a0;5 (10)
t t the maximum differences between the estimations and the FE
       results of iM,s and iM,b are 0.38% and 8.81%, respectively. As
Rm to Rm to
A1 ¼ a1;0 þ a1;1 þ a1;2 þ a1;3 shown in Figs. 7 and 8, the results from the proposed predictions
t t t t
 2  2 are in good agreement with the FE results.
Rm to Finally, the proposed estimations were validated by comparison
þ a1;4 þ a1;5 with the FE results on new PIP shapes, not listed in Table 1. The
t t
cases employed in these validations are listed in Table 6. The
where y can represent the iP,s, iP,b, and iM,b, respectively, while
the iM,s can be calculated using Eq. (8). The values of coefficients

Fig. 7 Comparisons of the proposed estimations with the FE Fig. 8 Comparisons of the proposed estimations with the FE
results of PIPs under internal pressure: (a) iP;s and (b) iP;b (Rm/ results of PIPs under global bending moment: (a) iM;s and (b)
t 5 10) iM;b (Rm/t 5 10)

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 Table 6 Summary of the geometries employed for validation of
the proposed expressions of SIFs

Rm/t Rm,o/Rm to/t Loading condition

Case 1 5 1.4 0.25 Internal pressure

Case 2 5 1.4 0.75
Case 3 5 1.4 1
Case 4 7.5 1.4 1
Case 5 20 1.4 1 Global bending moment
Case 6 20 1.6 1
Case 7 20 1.9 1

validation results are summarized in Table 7, and it can be found

that the maximum differences of the iP,s, iP,b, and iM,b between the
predictions using the present engineering estimations and the
FE results are 1.47%, 1.29%, and 6.94%, respectively. Thus,
the present expressions for the SIF provide overall good estimates
of the SIFs of PIPs. The present closed-form expressions can be
applicable to 5  Rm/t  20, 1.3  Rm,o/Rm  2, 0.25  to/t  1, and
Rm,o/to  40, respectively.

5 Discussion
The restraint effect due to the outer pipe on the axial stresses of
the inner pipe of the PIPs was evaluated for the various cross-
sectional shapes of PIPs in Sec. 4. In this section, the effects of
the fillet radius and thickness of the bulkhead on the concentrated
stresses in the bulkhead part for one of the PIP shapes (Rm/t ¼ 10,
Rm,o/Rm ¼ 1.75 and to/t ¼ 0.5) were investigated under internal
pressure and global bending moment.

5.1 Effects of Bulkhead Thickness on Axial Stress in
Bulkhead Part. Figure 9 shows the variations of the axial stresses
in the bulkhead part of the inner pipe of the PIP according to the
value of tb/t (¼ 2, 5, 10, and 20) for each loading condition, and
the values of stresses from an each bulkhead thickness are normal-
ized by the value of rP,bPIP from tb/t ¼ 10 for internal pressure,
and by the value of rM,bPIP from tb/t ¼ 10 for global bending
moment, respectively.
For the internal pressure, the value of rP,bPIP decreases up to
92.6% of that from tb/t ¼ 2 as increasing the bulkhead thickness
from 2 to 20 as shown in Fig. 9(a), since stress concentration loca-
tions on each bulkhead end (x/tb ¼ 61) are getting far away up to
weak interacting location as the bulkhead thickness becomes
larger. For the bending moment, the values of rM,bPIP increase up
to 140.5% of that from tb/t ¼ 2 and convergence within differences
of 1.0% as increasing the bulkhead thickness from 2 to 20 as shown
in Fig. 9(b), because the behavior difference between the bulkhead
and the two pipes are getting bigger as the bulkhead thickness
becomes thicker, and then, the stress concentration effect due to
the behavior difference between them becomes constant after the
bulkhead thickness increases up to a certain value.
Fig. 9 Effects of the bulkhead thickness on the axial stress
at the stress concentration locations under (a) internal pressure
and (b) global bending moment (Rm/t 5 10, Rm,o/Rm 5 1.75,
to/t 5 0.5)
5.2 Effects of Fillet Radius on Axial Stress in Bulkhead
Part. Figure 10 shows the variations of the axial stresses in the
bulkhead part of the inner pipe of the PIP according to the value
of rf/Hb ( ¼ 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9) for each loading condition, and
the values of stresses from an each fillet radius are normalized by
the value of rP,bPIP from rf/Hb ¼ 0 for internal pressure, and by
the value of rM,bPIP from rf/Hb ¼ 0 for global bending moment,
respectively.
For the internal pressure, the value of rP,bPIP decreases up to
61.2% of that from rf/Hb ¼ 0 as increasing the fillet radius from 0
to 0.9 as shown in Fig. 10(a), since the discontinuity between the
inner pipe and the bulkhead decreases, and the cross-sectional
area of the inner pipe where stress concentration occurs becomes
larger as increasing the fillet radius. For the bending moment, the
rM,bPIP decreases up to 58.0% of that from rf/Hb ¼ 0 and con-
verges within difference of 9.9% as increasing the fillet radius

Table 7 Results of validation of Eq. (10) against the FE analyses

iP,s iP,b iM,b

FE Eq. Diff. (%) FE Eq. Diff. (%) FE Eq. Diff. (%)

Case 1 0.657 0.656 0.10 0.964 0.958 0.60 1.501 1.447 3.58
Case 2 0.580 0.577 0.51 0.998 0.993 0.48 0.727 0.677 6.94
Case 3 0.559 0.558 0.10 1.019 1.021 0.26 0.568 0.550 3.24
Case 4 0.619 0.610 1.47 1.247 1.233 1.06 0.559 0.543 3.02
Case 5 0.701 0.698 0.32 1.911 1.890 1.13 0.501 0.491 1.91
Case 6 0.689 0.685 0.51 1.987 1.961 1.29 0.391 0.378 3.33
Case 7 0.674 0.673 0.14 2.022 2.029 0.38 0.266 0.270 1.56

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 results from the FE analyses with those from the proposed expres-
sions. Finally, the effects of the fillet radius and thickness of the
bulkhead on the proposed SIFs of the PIPs were investigated for
each loading condition.

Nomenclature
Dosingle ¼ outer diameter of single-walled pipe
Hb ¼ bulkhead height
iB31 ¼ SIF in ASME B31 codes
iM ¼ SIF for bending moment
iM,b ¼ SIF of bulkhead part of inner pipe of pipe-in-
pipe (PIP) for bending moment
iM,s ¼ SIF of straight pipe part of inner pipe of PIP for
bending moment
iP ¼ SIF for internal pressure
iP,b ¼ SIF of bulkhead part of inner pipe of PIP for
internal pressure
iP,s ¼ SIF of straight pipe part of inner pipe of PIP for
internal pressure
IPIP ¼ moment of inertia of PIP
Isingle ¼ moment of inertia of single-walled pipe
M¼ bending moment
Ne ¼ number of elements in thickness direction of
inner pipe of PIP
P¼ internal pressure
rf ¼ fillet radius of bulkhead
Rm ¼ mean radius of inner pipe of PIP
Rm,o ¼ mean radius of outer pipe of PIP
t¼ wall thickness of inner pipe of PIP
tb ¼ bulkhead thickness
to ¼ wall thickness of outer pipe of PIP
tsingle ¼ wall thickness of single-walled pipe
Z¼ section modulus of design pipe
Zsingle ¼ section modulus of single-walled pipe
Fig. 10 Effects of the fillet radius of the bulkhead on the axial rend ¼ end-cap load
stress at the stress concentration locations under (a) internal
rM,actual ¼ actual axial stress in piping component for
pressure and (b) global bending moment (Rm/t 5 10, Rm,o/
Rm 5 1.75, to/t 5 0.5) bending moment
rM,actualPIP ¼ actual axial stress in inner pipe of PIP for
bending moment
from 0 to 0.9 as shown in Fig. 10(b) for the same reasons with the rM,bPIP ¼ actual axial stress in bulkhead part of inner pipe
case of the internal pressure. Actually, for the model with no fillet, of PIP for bending moment
the stress singularity occurs at the sharp corner between the bulk- rM,nominal ¼ nominal stress in piping component for bending
head and the inner pipe where we extracted the stress results for moment
determination of SIFs for bending moment. Although the stresses rM,nominalsingle ¼ nominal stress in single-walled pipe for bending
at the singularity are theoretically infinite, we obtained the reliable moment
and conservative stress values at rf/Hb ¼ 0 using the appropriate rM,sPIP ¼ actual axial stress in straight pipe part of inner
mesh size (Ne ¼ 8). The validity of the mesh size was verified for pipe of PIP for bending moment
all of the FE models as examining the variation trend of the rP,actualPIP ¼ actual axial stress in inner pipe of PIP for
stresses at the corner according to the value of rf/Hb as shown in internal pressure
Fig. 10(b). rP,bPIP ¼ actual axial stress in bulkhead part of inner pipe
Based on these results, in this paper, the values of the SIFs of of PIP for internal pressure
the PIPs have been determined using the FE stress results on the rP,nominalsingle ¼ nominal stress in single-walled pipe for internal
PIPs without the fillet in bulkhead for the conservative point of pressure
view in piping system design. rP,sPIP ¼ actual axial stress in straight pipe part of inner
pipe of PIP for internal pressure

6 Conclusion
In this study, the tabular and closed-form expressions of the
SIFs of PIPs were newly proposed based on the linear elastic 3D
FE analyses for the internal pressure and the global bending
moment. The SIFs of PIPs were determined by comparing the
actual axial stresses in the inner pipe of the PIP with the nominal
stresses in the single-walled pipe to evaluate the restraint effect
due to the outer pipe of the PIP. Moreover, the polynomial expres-
sions of the proposed SIF were newly suggested for the straight
pipe part and the bulkhead part of the inner pipes of the PIPs,
respectively, to evaluate both the stress concentrations and reduc-
tions compared to the single-walled pipes. The validity of the pro-
posed expressions was gained numerically by comparing the
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