Tuple Relational Calculus(TRC)

 A tuple relational calculus is a non procedural query language which specifies to

select the tuples in a relation.
 It can select the tuples with range of values or tuples for certain attribute values etc.
 The resulting relation can have one or more tuples.
 It uses first order Logic to generate the result.
 All the conditions used in the tuple expression are called as well formed formula –
WFF.
 All the conditions in the expression are combined by using logical operators like
AND, OR and NOT, and quantifiers like ‘For All’ (?) or ‘there exists’ (?).
 If the tuple variables are all bound variables in a WFF is called closed WFF.
 In an open WFF, we will have at least one free variable.
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Tuple relational Query
 {t | P (t)}   or  {t | condition (t)} -- this is also known as expression of relational
calculus
  Where t is the resulting tuples, P(t) is the condition used to fetch t.
 P(t) is the first-order predicate logic to set the condition, and t is the tuple variable.
Tuple Variables
There are basically two types of tuple variables:
 Free Variables: Any tuple variable without any ‘For All’ or ‘there exists’ condition is
called Free Variable. In a simple manner, we can say that if the tuple variable is not
bounded to quantifiers, then it is said to be a free variable.
Example:{t | EMPLOYEE (t) AND t.DEPT_ID = 10} – this selects all the tuples of employee
names who work for Department 10. 
 Bounded Variables: Any tuple variable with ‘For All’ or ‘there exists’ condition is
called Bounded Variable. In a simple manner, we can say that if the tuple variable is
bounded to quantifiers, then it is said to be a bounded variable.
 Example: {t | EMPLOYEE (t) and t.SALARY>10000}  - implies that it selects the tuples
from EMPLOYEE relation such that resulting employee tuples will have salaries
greater than 10000. This is an example of selecting a range of values.
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Unsafe Query
A TRC Query with an infinite set of tuples in the result is said to be an unsafe query. the
reason for a query being unsafe is basically the use of a universal tuple variable. The domain
of universal tuple variable is not restricted to the relation for which it is getting used
Example:{t| t∉ Student}- this query will result in all the tuples which are not part of the
student table which are infinite. hence the query is unsafe.
Domain Relational Calculus(DRC)
As compared to tuple relational calculus, domain relational calculus makes use of the list of
attributes that needs to be selected from the relation based on the condition. Domain
relational calculus is the same as tuple relational calculus it only differs in the way of
selecting the attributes instead of selecting whole tuples. It is denoted as below:
{< a1, a2, a3, … an > | P(a1, a2, a3, … an)}
Where a1, a2, a3, … an are attributes of the relation and P is the condition.
For e.g.: Select EMP_NAME and EMP_ID of employees who work for department 12
  {<EMP_ID, EMP_NAME> | <EMP_ID, EMP_NAME> ? EMPLOYEE Λ DEPT_ID = 12}