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Network Overview

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 Network Overview
Network Overview
BadrBaatiah and Christian Bach
University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT06604, USA, E-mail: Bbaatiah,cbach}@bridgeport.edu
Abstract: Different strategies used to protect data against
attackers, whose try to read data and analysis message transfer
between sender and receiver. Nowadays network represent
main road for message transfer over internet, special after heavy
use of wireless network. In this paper we explore network
classification and main advantages and disadvantages. Next a
novel secure scenario presented in this paper, with some
mathematical concepts and analysis results. The main
advantages of proposed algorithm and drawback of it.
Keywords: Communication, Bridge, switch, protocol,
infrastructure, Ad-hoc, guide connection, Router, Firewall,
Virtual network.
I. INTRODUCTION
In past message transfer between two cities inside
same country may take days or weeks. But now by
using internet huge amount of information can be
transfer from side to other side during second or
less [1-3]. Networks development start from wire
networks between two computers and then extend
to connect two small wireless networks [4, 5]. Which
used in different application like office work,
marketing,education, and home used. First class of
computer network is a wired network, which
sometimes called guided communication [6-8].
Second class is called wireless so unguided
communication, which depends on electromagnetic
to send and receive data [9, 10].
Wire network classify in to different categories
depends on classification categories, where some
books classify them on geographicalconcepts,
where other classify networks depends on its
topology. Where most of this classification can be
accepted depends on its goals and it’s used in
different applications [11].
Where wireless network can be classified
depends on its structure and how it’s used in human
I J W C N, 5(2) December 2013
life, some authors classify wireless network into two
categories infrastructure and ad-hoc networks.
Where infrastructure have some organized point to
send and receive data, this organized points usually
called access point (AP) where any used want to send
data its send data into AP, access point will accept
data or reject. Next step AP organize to send
information into receiver direct and this is called
downlink where first connection is called uplink. [12]
Ad-hoc networks not organized like
infrastructure where user send data over network
to other receiver without care about upload
information or download information. By this way
information transfer between network nodes more
fast but less secure. Ad-hoc networks [13]classified
into two categories Mobile Ad-hoc network
(MANET), and Vehicular Ad-hoc network
(VANET). Where MANET is most applicable
networks at this time special after many provider
in market that offer different services over its
network. On other hand VANET play basic rule in
human life where its development to include
emergency car, and traffic control, and accident
occurrence [11, 13].
123
 BadrBaatiah, Christian Bach
Different advantages acquired from network
design, sharing information where some
information can be send for more than one user at
the same time without copy and paste it. Which
reduce efforts and costs used to send messages.In
addition hardware also can be shared where one
printer can be used for the whole department and
this reduces cost to pay more than one printer in
department. More over memory also can be shared
where more than one user can used same
information where they use same memory. But in
other hand shared memory may create some
problem for in consistent data where update for
used variable by other processor may effect on its
old value [1, 9, 11]
Moreover other important concept is network
protocol, where message transfer between different
network carrier, and each carrier have specific
properties and ability can provide. Network
protocol set of rules that organize communication
between network parties.in following research we
will explore some software concepts [9].
MOTIVATION
In this research we explore some categories of wire
networks depend on scale of network, and some
historical review. Other hardware concepts and
range of each device and advantages. First version
of network produce 1950 for military purposes, then
new version of commercial produced for airline
reservation system [14] in 1964 other big system
produced by Dartmouth to improve
telecommunication purpose to increase system
extension, where this experiment improve also
routing process and management communication
of telephone. Paul and Leonard develop network
systems by divide message into packet, and each
packet may take different path to send and receive
information thought it [15]. in 1965 a novel
invitation introduced by Thomas and Lawrence by
creating new wide network which is called wide
area network (WAN), where Roberts is a program
manager for network in ARPANET. In same year
widely telephone switch network introduced, after
four years a group of universities work to gather to
produce new version ARPANET network. In 1972
124
X.25 developed for commercial services and
produced TCP/IP networks [16].
Nowadays, computer networks developed in
different categories and in other classes from LAN
networks and other for WAN networks. Moreover
direction of development for software where new
protocols design for transfer data between devices
in additions other classes for peripherals devices
that support network system [15, 16].
Also other class of network is produce by
devices ability, where all of these classes used to
improve distributed system like Ameba operating
system. Where Andrew introduced new network
operating system by connecting multi-processor
where the main purpose of this network
timesharing system. First class is called Peer-to-Peer
P2P, where each device has same ability over
network, where each computer node has ability to
do. Any node can send data into other node and
process it. Memory also can be distributed over
nodes which enable each part to connect and got
information from other [6]. Next class called client-
server, where server hold memories and whole data
in traditional system, moreover processing operator
inside server serve for connected nodes. In additional
server can be used to protect data by using Firewall
system to burn any attacker attempts. The main
disadvantage of this system is single point of failure,
where if server has a problem then whole system
will be down. In addition the connection between
devices will be lost. Also heavy load on network and
overloaded on server may reduce system speed [16].
Main Contributions and Paper Organization
In this paper we explore different network issue
and some classification categories The main goal is
to explain classes of network, scale, and network
with examples in our survey we mention some
ways to improve some security algorithms over
wire and wireless.
The organization of the paper is as the
following. In section II we present and discuss some
network classes. In section III we will explore some
classes of wire network. Conclusion mentioned in
section V.
I J W C N, 5(2) December 2013
 Network Overview
II. NETWORK
Network usually classify into two classes, wire and
wireless. Where wire network communicated
between devices by using physical wire to
communicated between devices and its usually can
be classify by using its scale in the following section
we classify networks depends on its size.
1. Personal Area Network: PAN or personal area
network where this kind of network used to
communicated devices with computer inside small
place relatively to other networks. For example
computer can be connected to other devices like
printer, fax, and telephones with personal computer
where usually those kind of communications can
be wire, but most of new PAN communication
depends on wireless ability by using Bluetooth or
infrared. Which enable communication with limited
range, and enable user move fixable around the
range. But in other hand data transfer unsecure over
devices where electromagnetic waves transfer over
public media [17, 18].
2. Local Area Network: Other office and small
communities need to transfer data between
computers and also they want to reduce to cost of
hardware equipment’s used like printer and fax,
and sometimes can be usedto share memory and
processor. Local Area Network (LAN) applied in
limited geographical area like universities and
laboratory, home, and schools. Ethernet usually
used to communicate between devices in LAN.
Where it’s very easy to create network by using
phone cables and other power lines. Other
advantages of this kind of networks are creating
some group of this devices by creating some subnet
networks. Usually LAN networks can be transfer
data between devices by using other
communication devices which is called switching
system or called switch system, (switch, hub) where
switch contain three layers only. [19, 20]
3. Virtual Private Networks: VPN represent one
categories of networks that can employee some
networks to connect with other computers where
I J W C N, 5(2) December 2013
the communication is no belong for long time
between devices all time the connection only
created when there is a message want to send. So
the virtual network enable devices to be connected
virtual to other devices at all-time where the
connection is not really occur, or occur when
necessary [21].
4. Metropolitan Area Network: Which represent
the middle geographical extend between LAN and
WAN.Where MAN can be used to cover city or
large area. MAN is large than LAN and small than
WAN. Also large university used this kind of
network to communicate between labs and offices.
Usually MAN did not belong to single organization
but sometimes to more than one. Which represent
high speed network can be used where it can use
same ability of LAN and less size than WAN. One
of the famous example for MAN Distributed Queue
Dual Bus (DQDB), which is defined by Electrical
and Electronics Engineers IEEE 802.6.[22]
5. Wide Area Network: Which represent
connection between devices in world where any
information transfer from any device in any country
to other device in any other side. Where usually
used in large scale geographically. Where usually
governments used this network to communicate
between its institutions , more over global
businesses can employ this kind of communication
to support connection between company parts, and
also marketing for its stuff [23].
III. NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Other classification techniques applied for wire
network is called topology, which represent the
communication strategy and physical organization
of network nodes those classes, applied in LAN
usually which represent the atom size of any
network.
1. Point to Point Connection: Which represent
the simplest kind of communication between two
devices but device is connect only to one computer
and this enable two users to connect direct without
any reservation for line between devices. The main
disadvantage of this method is connection will be
fail of wire is disconnected and this will disable the
connection between other[24].
125
 BadrBaatiah, Christian Bach

3. Star Topology: Where some switch used to

organize connection between devices where any
information send from sender to switch and then
from switch to receiver , and any connection must
Figure 1: Point to Point follow this process.so if any problem happen in any
node nothing will happen to network and the
2. Bus Connection: Where only one wire use to normal work for that network. Moreover if hub or
connect more than two devices where only one link switch wants to send data only can broadcast
to connect the whole device. Usually each device information over that network. In other hand if hub
has ability to send and receive data over that bus stops working the whole network will be down. But
and this reducescost of connection. In other hand if the high performance of star topology provided
two devices decide to send data at same time then compared to bus network. Moreoverit’s easy to add
data will be lost, collision occurs when two or more new node to hub. And failed of one point stop then
device try to send data at same moment. At the end data will be continue for next one. And it’s easy to
of bus there is a terminator which is used to absorb detect problem in any node. Huge dependency on
remaining data. On other hand if collision occurred central point may create high load on hub [25]. Also
each device will wait a random amount of time then performance will be affected when number of
resend data again. So new technology used to connected nodes increase.
reduce the problem of collision by using sensor,
where each device has a sensor at the end of lower
level. When device start to send data it will ask
sensor to check if there is any propagation data over
bus , if there is a data it will wait random amount
of time then sense again , if sensor sense empty link
then send data and reserve the link. The main
drawback of reservation system is if huge of data
want to be send then the bus will give busy signal
for long time [25] Moreover bus connection is
scalable where at any time by increase the length
of link between computers. But all in all its limited
.if the bus disconnected new two bus network can
be created from this disconnection. Other authors
suggested different level of Bus network [24].
Figure 3: Star Connection

4. Hierarchical Topology: And sometimes called

tree network topology was information send and
receives from upper and lower level. Where each
node has three component two sons and one
parent.if data send from top to down then each root
node decide which son can receive data .the main
advantage of this network is ability to divide and
still working [26].
5. Fully Connected Network: Where node
connected to all nodes around it so number of
Figure 2: Bus Connection connected node is n(n-1)/2 where n is number of

126 I J W C N, 5(2) December 2013

 Network Overview
nodes. Where there is no switching nor do
broadcasting and the main problem occur where
huge of physical nodes needed to transfer data
between nodes. In other hand there is no collision
between nodes [26]
Figure 4: Fully Connected Network
6. Ring Topology: Where nodes connected like
a ring between other where each node have same
ability like next one and the strategy for send packet
over network is work one by one depend on control
packet which called token control packet. If any
node want to send data over network it will wait
until he receive token packet after that it will catch
token packet and keep it, then start stream its data
over network until its finish and data will take
around when it receive last packet sent it then token
can be released different advantages and
disadvantage over ring strategy the first advantage
is when wire disconnect the network direct convert
to bus topology, ring topology is very organized
special where collision can’t be created between
node data where only one user can send data at
time if it has token. Moreover if there is a huge data
over network then performance is still good. Also
it’s not like star topology where its need central
control point between nodes so there is no single
point of fail. If network need some additional
component like printer or scanner over it, efficiency
of network will not be affected. Also all nodes have
same probability to control all sources over ring
network [19].
I J W C N, 5(2) December 2013
In other hand ring topology has some problem
also, each send packet must pass all nodes over
network regardless if it arrives to its destination or
not. And this may break security over network more
over privacy of users also will be violated. In other
hand packet direction is limited to clock wise where
if any disconnect occurred then the whole network
will be stop until fixed where send packet did not
back to sender so he will not release token.other
problem faced ring topology is extension problem
in other words if designer looking to add new
device he need to connect this device into two part
after and before not only this but also its need to
update the whole routing table for all nodes in that
network. And this may consume efforts and time
over cost of money. Bandwidth will distributed over
all devices and this may lead to reduce performance
of network if devices increase [27].
7. Hybrid Topology: Which combine all of the
above topologies or some time contain part of them
in this categories by connect between bus, star, and
ring to connect between devices and component of
networks.
Hybrid offer numbers of advantage like
scalability of network where network can be
extend to be connecting with other network.
Moreover hybrid provides a huge ability of
flexibility and ability to change from one for to
other form[28]. Also effectiveness of hybrid is very
high where hybrid combine between at least two
kind of network and this enable network to work
to gather depends on its strength points. on other
hand hybrid represent the complex kind of
network compered to all other designs. Also
intelligent hub needed to enable routing
information from any two nodes over different
small networks. Moreover design and establish
Hybrid network is so costly and consume a huge
efforts from network designer and cost of money
also play a key role to design network, in addition
the time is costly where sending packet between
nodes will need different software and also other
hardware. Other designer present other problem
is how to detect error over network if you have a
problem, where this network consist of different
ability [10].
127
 BadrBaatiah, Christian Bach
IV. CONCLUSION
Our paper explores the main categories of computer
network classification, author classify whole
network into two classes wire and wireless where
wire class support only the guided communication
and the remaining like mobile and access point
classify as wireless .where wired networks classifies
them into class size of geographical area covers over
each class. Second method classify networks
depends on networks design. Where a huge number
of books and research discuss that categories and
disadvantages faced each one of them and also the
advantages can be provided from each class.
Otherpaper classifies networks into internet and
intranet and this is only the size of network. In next
step we looking to apply some review in wireless
networks where its divide into two categories ad-
hoc connection and infrastructure. Where ad-hoc
support unordered networks and their ability to
connect and distribute widely information over
network. And usually ad-hoc classifies into two
classes MANET and VANET. Other class is
infrastructure where is an Access point control the
whole connection.
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