English for

Architecture
Students

Cyrus R. Moghadam
Reza Askarizad
 ‫روح اللهی مقدم‪ ،‬سیروس‪1346 ،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫سرشناسه‬
‫‪Rouhol-laahi Moghadam, Cyrus‬‬
‫‪English for Architecture Students [Book] / Cyrus R. Moghadam, Reza‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫عنوان و نام پديدآور‬
‫‪Askarizad‬‬
‫رشت‪ :‬کادوسان‪ 2019 = 1398 ،‬م‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫مشخصات نشر‬
‫‪ 245‬ص‪ :.‬مصور (رنگی)‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫مشخصات ظاهری‬
‫‪978-622-6206-18-1‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫شابک‬
‫فیپا‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫وضعیت فهرستنويسی‬
‫انگلیسی‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫يادداشت‬
‫اينگلیش فور ‪...‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫آوانويسی عنوان‬
‫زبان انگلیسی – کتابهای قرائت ‪ - -‬معماری‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫موضوع‬
‫‪English Language - - Readers - - Architecture‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫موضوع‬
‫زبان انگلیسی ‪ - -‬راهنمای آموزشی (عالی)‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫موضوع‬
‫)‪English Language - - Study and Teaching (Higher‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫موضوع‬
‫عسکریزاد‪ ،‬رضا‪- 1371 ،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫شناسه افزوده‬
‫‪Askarizad, Reza‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫شناسه افزوده‬
‫‪PE1127‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ردهبندی کنگره‬
‫‪428/64‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ردهبندی ديويی‬
‫‪5730279‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫شماره کتابشناسی ملی‬

‫نشانی ناشر‪ :‬گیالن‪ ،‬رشت‪ ،‬گلسار‪ ،‬مجتمع تجاری گلسار‪ ،‬طبقه اول‪ ،‬انتشارات کادوسان‬
‫تلفن‪ 013-32117103 :‬همراه‪09111485426 :‬‬

‫‪English for Architecture Students‬‬

‫گردآوري و تأليف‪ .......................................... :‬سيروس روح اللهي مقدم‪ ،‬رضا عسكريزاد‬
‫ناشر‪ ............................................................................................................................... :‬کادوسان‬
‫صفحهآرايي‪ .......................................................................................................... :‬هنر و انديشه‬
‫حروف نگاري و طراحي جلد‪ ........................................................................ :‬رضا عسكريزاد‬
‫چاپ‪ ...................................................................................................................................... :‬گاندي‬
‫نوبت چاپ‪..................................................................................................................... :‬اول ‪1398‬‬
‫شمارگان‪ 1000 ...................................................................................................................... :‬جلد‬
‫قيمت‪ 380000 ........................................................................................................................ :‬ريال‬
‫شابك‪978-622-6206-18-1 ................................................................................................... :‬‬

‫کلیه حقوق برای نويسنده محفوظ است‪.‬‬

Content
 Preface .......................................................................................... 5
 Chapter 1. Architecture ................................................................ 7
 Chapter 2. Architectural History ................................................ 13
 Chapter 3. Process of Architectural Design ............................... 19
 Chapter 4. Creativity in Architecture ......................................... 25
 Chapter 5. Geometry in Architecture ......................................... 31
 Chapter 6. Theoretical Fundamental of Architecture ................. 37
 Chapter 7. Islamic Architecture .................................................. 43
 Chapter 8. Structure in Architecture ........................................... 49
 Chapter 9. Contextual Design ..................................................... 55
 Chapter 10. Urban Design .......................................................... 61
 Chapter 11. Landscape Design ................................................... 69
 Chapter 12. Computer Aided Design ........................................ 75
 Chapter 13. Construction Project Management ......................... 81
 Chapter 14. Environmental Psychology .................................... 87
 Chapter 15. Sustainable Development ....................................... 93
 Chapter 16. Architecture Dictionary .......................................... 99
 References ................................................................................ 251
Preface
I realize that this book will create a great deal of controversy. It has
never been easy to challenge the consensus because the System – of any
kind, in any context – will try to preserve the status quo, by all means
possible. I feel obliged to share my knowledge. Hopefully, this account
will raise the level of awareness among the general public and initiate the
discussion that, in turn, may entail major cultural changes in the light of
Architecture. The beneficiaries will be all of us – ourselves, our children,
our beloved ones, the society, as a whole – who will live a healthier, and
longer, life.
This book can be read on two different levels. First, it may be read
by ordinary people with a limited, if any, scientific background.
Throughout, the book has been written with this audience in mind. At
times, the science presented might seem overwhelming: busy schemes
with multiple structures, electrons movements, charges, and intimidating
Architectural names. I hope that you won’t be easily discouraged. Even if
the Architectural content of a given chapter is hard to understand, the
scientific evidence presented, the citations from original documents,
conclusions drawn, and recommendations made can be easily
comprehended.
6 English for Architecture Students

One of the important features of this book is that it does not have a
textbook structure when the chapters, in order to be understood, need to
be read in the sequence given. In fact, you can start the journey from any
chapter, based on your interests, tastes, and preferences. The second
group of readers will be represented by professionals from the
Architectural industry, academia, and government agencies and advocacy
groups.
I do not expect everybody in the scientific community to agree with
the content and ideas put forth in this book. But I do hope that the
information and knowledge presented will become a wake-up call for the
general public, regulatory agencies, legislators, business leaders, and
scientists coming to the realization that the current state of affairs is not
satisfactory, to say the least, and it needs to be fixed − urgently. The book
comprises sixteen chapters. I hope this book is widely read. If we are to
avoid the blunders of the past, then we need to change the direction and
start benefiting from the knowledge base created by the scientists. We did
not have this chance a decade ago. Now is the right time.

Friday, May 3, 2019

Cyrus Rouhol-laahi Moghadam
 Chapter 1

Architecture
8 English for Architecture Students

According to Le Corbusier, Architecture is the masterly, correct and

magnificent play of masses seen in light. For him Architecture with
capital A was an emotional and aesthetic experience, but if we restrict our
definition of architecture solely to those buildings that raise our sprites,
then we would end up with rather a short list. According to which
dictionary you use, architecture is defined as the art, or science, of
building, or as one of the fine arts, that is to say it is concerned with the
aesthetic arts as opposed to the useful or industrial arts such as
engineering. When the Crystal Palace was erected in Hyde Park, London,
in 1851 it was praised for its space, lightness and brilliancy and for its
‘truthfulness and reality of construction’, but the conviction has grown on
us that it is not architecture: it is engineering of the highest merit and
excellence, but not architecture. The foremost critics and theorists of the
day such as John Ruskin and William Morris contributed to the debate.
Generally they agreed that the distinction between architecture and
building could be summarized as:

Building + Art = Architecture

Crystal Palace, London, 1851 (Joseph Paxton)

Chapter 1 / Architecture 9

It is a definition that some people would still agree with today but
this dualism between art on the one hand and utility or function on the
other is an unsatisfactory one. If we consider the enormous variety of
types of building that exist in different parts of the world, we still find that
there is considerable debate about what should be included in the term
‘architecture’ and what should not. Many would agree that important
buildings such as palaces, temples, cathedrals and castles should be
included, but would disagree about the inclusion of cottages, garages or
railway stations. So although we may take great delight in the moss-
covered thatched roofs and mellow walls of country cottages, or the way
that pole and mud homesteads blend into the African landscape, some
would argue that they are not architecture because they are not designed
by architects. So although such buildings may be visually pleasing, they
were not deemed worth studying as architecture. These cottages and
homesteads are examples of traditional or vernacular architecture, which
embodies particular ideas and aesthetic notions.
They were consciously designed, following traditional patterns that
evolved and were handed down from generation to generation. Although
vernacular architecture has influenced individual architects and indeed
was the inspiration behind both the British and American domestic
revivals of the 1880s, it has generally been studied separately from polite
or monumental architecture and has been seen as a branch of
anthropology, of construction history, or of social history. Bernard
Rudofsky’s Architecture without Architects (London, 1965) was a
pioneering study of traditional architecture, and the tittle is revealing.
Because architecture is such a vast subject there have been many
attempts to limit it, or to break it down into more manageable areas.
Factory buildings were studied as industrial archeology and as an aspect
of labor and industrial history; railway stations as part of engineering and
transport history; and steel-framed buildings such as skyscrapers, or iron
and glass buildings such as the Crystal Palace, as construction history.
Grouping buildings according to their use, such as castles, palaces,
factories or railway stations, is another way of breaking the subject down,
as is grouping them according to the methods or materials of construction
[1].
 10 English for Architecture Students

Definition of Architecture from the view point of famous architects

Architects Definitions
Peter Eisenman Architecture is definitely a political act.
Zaha Hadid Architecture is unnecessarily difficult. It's very tough
Bernard Architecture is always related to power and related to large
Tschumi interests, whether financial or political
Richard Rogers Architecture is too complex for just one person to do it, and
I love collaboration
Mario Botta Architecture is an artificial fact
John Ruskin Architecture is the work of nations
Norman Foster Architecture is an expression of values – the way we build
is a reflection of the way we live.
Mies van der Architecture is the real battleground of the spirit
Rohe
Architecture is a very complex effort everywhere. It’s very
Rem Koolhaas rare that all the forces that need to coincide to actually make
a project proceed are happening at the same time
Richard Meier Architecture is vital and enduring because it contains us; it
describes space, space we move through, exit in and use
Architecture is a very dangerous job. If a writer makes a
Renzo Piano bad book, eh, people don't read it. But if you make bad
architecture, you impose ugliness on a place for a hundred
years

A. Which one of the following items is True or False. Write

“T“ for True and “F“ for False before each sentence.
...... 1. Le Corbusier defined Architecture as the art, or science, of
building, or as one of the fine arts, that is to say it is concerned
with the aesthetic arts as opposed to the useful or industrial arts
such as engineering.
…… 2. Crystal Palace was erected in Hyde Park, London, in 1851 praised
for its space, lightness and brilliancy and for its engineering.
…… 3. That Architecture equals Art plus Building is a matter of Dualism
between art and utility.
…… 4. In the eyes of Renzo Piano, Architecture is a very perilous career.
Chapter 1 / Architecture 11

…… 5. Some factors such as being delighted, mellow, pleasing and pleasant

can't be considered the manifestation of Architecture.
…… 6. Norman Foster deems Architecture the reflection of our life.

B. Please choose the correct answer.

1. According to the above-mentioned text “Architecture “ means ……..
a. Architecture is vital and enduring because it contains us; it describes
space, space we move through, exit in and use.
b. Architecture is always related to power and related to large
interests, whether financial or political.
c. Architecture is the real battleground of the spirit.
d. All above-said items
2. “Homestead“ means ……..
a. A house, especially a farmhouse, and outbuildings.
b. A person's or family's residence, which comprises the land, house,
and outbuildings, and in most states is exempt from forced sale for
collection of debt.
c. A + B
d. None
3. “Archeology“ goes to ……..
a. The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of
sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.
b. The scientific study of fungi.
c. The scientific study of crime and criminals.
d. A published collection of poems or other pieces of writing.
4. Which one of the following choices stands for “Monument“?
a. A large, impressive house
b. A complex system of beliefs.
c. The building of something, typically a large structure.
d. A statue, building, or other structure erected to commemorate a
famous or notable person or event.
5. “Vernacular“ is closest in meaning to ……..
12 English for Architecture Students

a. (of language) Spoken as one's mother tongue; not learned or

imposed as a second language.
b. The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a
particular country or region.
c. Architecture concerned with domestic and functional rather than
monumental buildings.
d. All above mentioned items
6. “They“ agreed that the distinction between architecture and building
could be summarized as: Building + Art = Architecture. “They“ refers
to ……..
a. Rem Koolhaas and Mies van der Rohe
b. Richard Meier and Zaha Hadid
c. Peter Eisenman and John Ruskin
d. John Ruskin and William Morris

C. Consider the Issues

Work with a partner to answer the questions below.
1. What is the difference between Architecture and Engineering defined
by Le Corbusier and John Ruskin or William Morris respectively?
2. Are there any common points between Peter Eisenman and Bernard
Tschumi’s attitudes regarding the definition of Architecture?
3. Why is Crystal Palace not deemed as an Architectural work?
4. What is the difference between Architecture and Engineering?
5. What is Vernacular Architecture?
6. What happened in 1880s?