Name : Ines Sinthya Br Pandia

Nim : 2203321056

Class : Dik A 2020

UTS LEXICO GRAMMAR 2020

1. Why do we study morphology in learning English? What are the meanings of morpheme : bound
morpheme, free morpheme and allomorph? Write at least 5 examples of morpheme: bound
morpheme, free morpheme and allomorph.
2. How to use affixes, prefixes and suffixes and giving 5 examples in sentences.
3. Explain the differences between root and stem and give examples in 5 sentences.
4. What is meant by derivational and inflectional Affixes.
5. a. Give 5 words for every kind of the derivational affixes as the example below:
- Verb becomes Noun, exp: exist becomes existence
- Adjective becomes Noun ,exp: wise becomes wisdom
- Noun becomes Verb, exp: terror becomes terrify
- Noun becomes Adjective , exp: day becomes daily
- Verb becomes Adjective, exp: confide becomes confident
- Adjective becomes Adverb, exp: constant becomes constantly
- Noun becomes Adverb, exp: shore becomes ashore
- Noun becomes Noun, exp: child becomes childhood
- Verb becomes Verb, exp: please becomes displease
- Adjective becomes Adjective, exp : personal becomes impersonal
a. What is meant by inflectional affixes?, there are eight kinds of inflectional affixes, write
sentences consist of every kind of inflectional affixes, see this example below
1.The third person singular present -s
- She likes apple.

Answer

1 Knowledge of the morphology of a language, especially the morphology of English is also crucial for
students of the English Education Study Program in using English. Morphology is one of the branches of
linguistics. Booij (2005: 4) defines morphology as a subdiscipline of linguistics related to the relationship
of form and meaning of a systematic nature. “Morphology is the subdiscipline of linguistics that deals
with a relation in form and meaning of a systematic nature." Furthermore, Aronoff and Fudeman (2005:
1-2) describe morphology as a mental system involved in word formation or the branch of linguistics
related to words, their internal structure, and how words are formed. "Morphology is the mental system
involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure,
and how they are formed.”. bound morpheme

1. Re -return
2. Ist- typist
3. Ed- wanted
4. S- books
5. Ly- manly
free morpheme

1. Book
2. Table
3. Bag
4. Deliver
5. Learn
allomorph.

1. Accidents
2. Toes
3. Judges
4. Prizes
5. Giraffles.

2. affixes,

1. When he mutters, his speech is incomprehensible.

2. He ate the cheeseburger to satisfy his hunger.

3. The boy was very studious.

4. Ad is an abbreviation for an advertisement.

5. The failure of the marketing department caused the lawsuit.

prefixes

1. The hard drive in your computer can degrade over time.

2. The teacher offered extracurricular activities for the students to improve their grades.

3. The worst part of a low-fat diet is nonfat milk.

4. The introduction of the telephone allowed people to talk over far distances.

5. The cellphone he had was in desperate need of an upgrade.

Suffix

1. You’re clearly upset about something.

2. I can get there a lot faster by plane.

3. Laina Line offers boutique clothing in some of the prettiest prints around

4. He entered into partnership with the Copelands, who continued his business.

5. They were naturally talking about the campaign.

3. Root is a term to refer to a word form that cannot be further divided, cannot be analyzed again, there
is no additional affix. This root is always there, although in the form of various modifications of a lexeme.
Example; walk, is a root, can appear in the form of words, such as: walks, walking, walked. The form of
words that represent the same morpheme does not necessarily have the same morpheme root., for
example: the word forms good and better are the same lexeme GOOD, but only good is phonetically the
same as GOOD. While the root (stems) is part of the word before it is added with inflectional affixes. See
examples;

Root of Plural Nouns

Cat -s

Worker -s

In the cat form, an inflectional suffix is added to the cat stem, which is also the root. In the word
workers, an inflectional suffix (plural marker) is added to worker. Worker is the stem, while work is the
root.

4. Derivation

most words in English are in their simplest form or consist of only a single root, so they cannot be
deciphered any further. Examples of these forms are house, study, fast, type, write, inform, hard, etc. As
for some other words are derivatives or derivation of results.

Derivation is a process of forming words through the addition of affixes, which can be in the form of
prefixes and/or suffixes. The resulting new word will have a different meaning from the root word.

1. Example of derivation

• Postgraduate (postgraduate) = post (prefix) + undergraduate (root).

• Activity (activity) = active (root) + ity (suffix).

• Interchangeable (can swap places) = inter (prefix) + change (root) +able (suffix).

Inflectional Affix

Definition: 

An inflectional affix is an affix that:

 expresses a grammatical contrast that is obligatory for its stem's word class in some given
grammatical context

 does not change the word class of its stem

 is typically located farther from its root than a derivational affix

 produces a predictable, nonidiosyncratic change of meaning.

Examples: 

(English)

Here are some examples of grammatical categories that are expressed by inflectional affixes:

 Aspect

 Case

 Modality

 Number

 Person

 Tense

 Voice

5. A.

- Verb becomes Noun, exp: exist becomes existence

1. Resolve Resolution
2. Evaluate Evaluation
3. Discuss Discussion
4. Create Creation
5. Implement Implementation
 - Adjective becomes Noun ,exp: wise becomes wisdom
1. à honesty ( kejujuran ) Honest ( jujur )
2. à possibility ( kemungkinan ) Possible ( mungkin )
3. à poverty ( kemiskinan ) Poor ( miskin )
4.) à activity ( kegiatan ) Active ( giat
5. à reality ( kenyataan ) Real ( nyata )

- Noun becomes Verb, exp: terror becomes terrify

1. Resolution Resolve
2. Evaluation Evaluate
3. Discussion Discuss
4. Creation Create
5. Implementation Implement
- Noun becomes Adjective , exp: day becomes daily
1. Dead ( mati ) à death ( kematian )
2. Long ( panjang ) à length ( pangjangnya )
3. Wide ( lebar ) à width ( lebarnya )
4. True ( benar ) à truth ( kebenaran )
5. Deep ( dalam ) à depth ( kedalaman )

- Adjective becomes Adverb, exp: constant becomes constantly

Attractive Attractively Dengan menarik
Awful Awfully Dengan mengerikan
Bad Badly Dengan buruk
Clear Clearly Dengan jelas
Famous Famously Dengan terkenal
- Noun becomes Adverb, exp: shore becomes ashore
- Noun becomes Noun, exp: child becomes childhood
- Verb becomes Verb, exp: please becomes displease
- Adjective becomes Adjective, exp : personal becomes impersonal

b. In obvious contrast to the process of derivation, inflectional morphemes do not cause either a

referential nor cognitive change in meaning, as, for instance, exemplified in the juxtaposition
of precise and un-precise.

Also, whereas derivational morphemes change the grammatical category of a word, an inflectional
morpheme never alters the word-class of the base to which it is affixed.

Then, the question arises, what inflectional morphemes do to form new words. To cut a long story short,
inflectional morphemes modify, as Francis Katamba says, “the form of a word so that it can fit into a
particular syntactic slot”.
In other words, inflectional morphemes are grammatical markers, representing grammatical
phenomena as number, gender, case, and tense.

That is, the singular form apple and the plural form apples are both nouns that refer to the same extra-
linguistic entity. The suffix -s thus informs us about the mere number of books.

Although it already borders truism that the English is not a highly inflected language in comparison to
Latin, German or Finnish, there are still a total of eight inflectional affixes in the present stage of the
English language -- all of them are suffixes.

Affixes Function Example

-s plural apple-s

-s 3rd person, singular present tense walk-s

- ing progressive study-ing

- ed past tense walk-ed

- er comparative fast-er

- est superlative fast-est