Coordinates: 45.5093°N 122.

8299°W

Nike, Inc.

Nike, Inc.

Nike flagship store in Manhattan

Formerly Blue Ribbon Sports, Inc.
(1964–1971)
Type Public
Traded as NYSE: NKE (https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:NKE) (Class B)
DJIA component
S&P 100 component
S&P 500 component
ISIN US6541061031
Industry Apparel
Accessories
Sports equipment
Founded January 25, 1964
Founders Bill Bowerman
Phil Knight
Headquarters Beaverton, Oregon, U.S.
Area served Worldwide
Key people Mark Parker
(Executive Chairman)
John Donahoe
(President and CEO)
Products Athletic footwear & apparel
 Athletic & recreational products
Sports equipment
Revenue US$46.71 billion (2022)
Operating US$6.86 billion (2022)
income
Net income US$6.05 billion (2022)
Total assets US$40.32 billion (2022)
Total equity US$15.28 billion (2022)
Number of c. 79,100 (May 2022)
employees
Subsidiaries Converse
Website nike.com (https://www.nike.com/)
Footnotes / references

[1]

Nike, Inc. (/ˈnaɪki/ ( listen) or /ˈnaɪk/)[note 1] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in
the design, development, manufacturing, and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear, apparel,
equipment, accessories, and services. The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, in the
Portland metropolitan area.[3] It is the world's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major
manufacturer of sports equipment, with revenue in excess of US$37.4 billion in its fiscal year 2020 (ending
May 31, 2020).[4] As of 2020, it employed 76,700 people worldwide.[5] In 2020 the brand alone was
valued in excess of $32 billion, making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses.[6] Previously,
in 2017, the Nike brand was valued at $29.6 billion.[7] Nike ranked 89th in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the
largest United States corporations by total revenue.[8]

The company was founded on January 25, 1964, as "Blue Ribbon Sports", by Bill Bowerman and Phil
Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1971. The company takes its name from Nike, the
Greek goddess of victory.[9] Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro,
Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Blazers, Air Force 1, Nike Dunk, Air Max, Foamposite, Nike Skateboarding,
Nike CR7,[10] and subsidiaries including Jordan Brand and Converse. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey
from 1995 to 2008, and previously owned Cole Haan, Umbro, and Hurley International.[11] In addition to
manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name.
Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized
trademarks of "Just Do It" and the Swoosh logo.

Contents
Origins and history
Acquisitions
Finance
Logo evolution
Products
Sports apparel
Street fashions
Collectibles
Headquarters
Controversies
Sweatshops
Child labor allegations
Strike in China factory
Paradise Papers
Colin Kaepernick
Hong Kong protests
Nike Vaporfly Shoe
Lil Nas X Satan Shoes
Forced Uyghur labor allegations
Environmental record
Recycling
Sulfur hexafluoride
Toxic chemicals
Water pollution
Carbon footprint
Marketing strategy
Advertising
NBA uniform deal
Sponsorship
Ties with the University of Oregon
Causes
Program
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Origins and history

Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), was founded by University of Oregon track athlete
Phil Knight and his coach, Bill Bowerman, on January 25, 1964.[12] The company initially operated in
Eugene, Oregon as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger, making most sales at track meets
out of Knight's automobile.[12]

According to Otis Davis, a University of Oregon student-athlete coached by Bowerman and Olympic gold
medalist at the 1960 Summer Olympics, his coach made the first pair of Nike shoes for him, contradicting a
claim that they were made for Phil Knight. According to Davis, "I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first. I
don't care what all the billionaires say. Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me. People don't
believe me. In fact, I didn't like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight.
But I saw Bowerman made them from the waffle iron, and they were mine".[13]
In its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese
running shoes grossing $8,000.[14] By 1965, sales had reached
$20,000. In 1966, BRS opened its first retail store at 3107 Pico
Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. In 1967, due to increasing
sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East
Coast, in Wellesley, Massachusetts.[15]

By 1971, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger came

to an end. BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear, which
was rebranded as Nike, and would bear the Swoosh newly
designed by Carolyn Davidson.[16][17] The Swoosh was first used
by Nike on June 18, 1971,[18] and was registered with the U.S.
Bill Bowerman (left) conversing with
Patent and Trademark Office on January 22, 1974.[19][20]
Phil Knight (second from left) and
In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners, based in two other members of the Oregon
Seattle, as its first advertising agency.[21] The following year, the track team, 1958
agency created the first "brand ad" for Nike, called "There is no
finish line", in which no Nike product was shown.[21] By 1980,
Nike had attained a 50% market share in the U.S. athletic shoe
market, and the company went public in December of that year.[22]

Wieden+Kennedy, Nike's primary ad agency, has worked with

Nike to create many print and television advertisements, and
Wieden+Kennedy remains Nike's primary ad agency.[23] It was
agency co-founder Dan Wieden who coined the now-famous
slogan "Just Do It" for a 1988 Nike ad campaign,[24] which was Nike Factory Store in Wisconsin
chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the
20th century and enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution.[25] Walt
Stack was featured in Nike's first "Just Do It" advertisement, which
debuted on July 1, 1988.[26] Wieden credits the inspiration for the
slogan to "Let's do it", the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore
before he was executed.[27]

Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to

encompass many sports and regions throughout the world.[28] In
1990, Nike moved into its eight-building World Headquarters
campus in Beaverton, Oregon.[29] The first Nike retail store, A Nike Store in Harajuku, Tokyo,
dubbed Niketown, opened in downtown Portland in November of Japan
that year.[30]

Phil Knight announced in mid-2015 that he would step down as

chairman of Nike in 2016.[31][32] He officially stepped down from
all duties with the company on June 30, 2016.[33]

In a company public announcement on March 15, 2018, Nike CEO

Mark Parker said Trevor Edwards, a top Nike executive who was
seen as a potential successor to the chief executive, was
relinquishing his position as Nike's brand president and would
retire in August.[34] Nike Kicks Lounge in Harbour City,
Hong Kong
In October 2019, John Donahoe was announced as the next CEO, and succeeded Parker on January 13,
2020.[35] In November 2019, the company stopped selling directly through Amazon, focusing more on
direct relationships with customers.[36]

On June 24, 2021, during an earnings call with investors, CEO John Donahoe stated that "Nike is a brand
that is of China and for China", in response to a question about competing against Chinese brands.[37]

Acquisitions

Nike has acquired and sold several apparel and footwear companies over
the course of its history. Its first acquisition was the upscale footwear
company Cole Haan in 1988,[38] followed by the purchase of Bauer
Hockey in 1994.[39] In 2002, Nike bought surf apparel company Hurley
International from founder Bob Hurley.[40] In 2003, Nike paid
US$309 million to acquire sneaker company Converse.[41] The company
acquired Starter in 2004[42] and soccer uniform maker Umbro in
2007.[43]

In order to refocus its business lines, Nike began divesting itself of some
of its subsidiaries in the 2000s.[44] It sold Starter in 2007[42] and Bauer
Hockey in 2008.[39] The company sold Umbro in 2012[45] and Cole
Haan in 2013.[46] As of 2020, Nike owns only one subsidiary: Converse
Inc.
A Nike Factory Store in
Nike acquired Zodiac, a consumer data analytics company, in March Vaughan Mills
2018.[47] In August 2019, the company acquired Celect, a Boston-based
predictive analytics company.[48] In December 2021, Nike purchased
RTFKT Studios, a virtual shoe company that makes NFTs.[49]

In February 2021, Nike acquired Datalogue, a New York based company focused on digital sales and
machine learning technology.[50]

Finance

Nike was made a member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 2013, when it replaced Alcoa.[51]

On December 19, 2013, Nike's quarterly profit rose due to a 13 percent increase in global orders for
merchandise since April of that year. Future orders of shoes or clothes for delivery between December and
April, rose to $10.4 billion. Nike shares (NKE) rose 0.6 percent to $78.75 in extended trading.[52]

In November 2015, Nike announced it would initiate a $12 billion share buyback, as well as a two-for-one
stock split, with shares to begin trading at the decreased price on December 24.[53] The split will be the
seventh in company history.

In June 2018, Nike announced it would initiate a $15 billion share buyback over four years, to begin in
2019 upon completion of the previous buyback program.[54]

For the fiscal year 2018, Nike reported earnings of US$1.933 billion, with annual revenue of US$36.397
billion, an increase of 6.0% over the previous fiscal cycle. Nike's shares traded at over $72 per share, and
its market capitalization was valued at over US$114.5 billion in October 2018.[55]
In March 2020, Nike reported a 5% drop in Chinese sales associated with stores' closure due to the
COVID-19 outbreak. It was the first decrease in six years. At the same time, the company's online sales
grew by 36% during Q1 of 2020. Also, the sales of personal training apps grew by 80% in China.[56]

Revenue Net income

Total assets Price per share
Year Employees
in mil. USD in mil. USD in mil. USD in USD
2005 13,740 1,212 8,794 8.75 26,000
2006 14,955 1,392 9,870 9.01 28,000
2007 16,326 1,492 10,688 12.14 30,200
2008 18,627 1,883 12,443 13.05 32,500
2009 19,176 1,487 13,250 12.14 34,300
2010 19,014 1,907 14,419 16.80 34,400
2011 20,117 2,133 14,998 19.82 38,000
2012 23,331 2,211 15,465 23.39 44,000
2013 25,313 2,472 17,545 30.50 48,000
2014 27,799 2,693 18,594 38.56 56,500
2015 30,601 3,273 21,597 53.18 62,600
2016 32,376 3,760 21,379 54.80 70,700
2017 34,350 4,240 23,259 54.99 74,400
2018 36,397 1,933 22,536 72.63 73,100
2019 39,117 4,029 23,717 86.73 76,700
2020 37,403 2,539 31,342 106.46 75,400
2021 44,538 5,727 37,740 141.47 73,300
2022 46,710 6,046 40,321 166.67 79,100

Logo evolution

1964–71 1971–78 1978–95 [note2 1]

 1995–present

Notes

1. This logo is still used on some retro products with red boxes

Products

Sports apparel

Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment and apparel. Their

first products were track running shoes. Nike Air Max is a line of
shoes first released by Nike, Inc. in 1987. Additional product lines
were introduced later, such as Air Huarache, which debuted in
1992. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6.0, Nike
NYX, and Nike SB shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has Nike Zoom Elite 2 athletic shoe
recently introduced cricket shoes called Air Zoom Yorker, designed
to be 30% lighter than their competitors'.[57] In 2008, Nike
introduced the Air Jordan XX3, a high-performance basketball
shoe designed with the environment in mind.

Nike's range of products include shoes, jerseys, shorts, cleats,

baselayers, etc. for sports activities such as association football,[58]
basketball, track and field, combat sports, tennis, American
football, athletics, golf, ice hockey, and cross training for men,
women, and children. Nike also sells shoes for activities such as
skateboarding, baseball, cycling, volleyball, wrestling,
cheerleading, lacrosse, cricket, aquatic activities, auto racing, and
other athletic and recreational uses. Nike recently teamed up with A pair of Nike Air Jordan I basketball
Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product that monitors a runner's shoes
performance via a radio device in the shoe that links to the iPod
nano. While the product generates useful statistics, it has been
criticized by researchers who were able to identify users' RFID devices from 60 feet (18  m) away using
small, concealable intelligence motes in a wireless sensor network.[59][60]

In 2004, Nike launched the SPARQ Training Program/Division.[61] Some of Nike's newest shoes contain
Flywire and Lunarlite Foam to reduce weight.[62] The Air Zoom Vomero running shoe, introduced in 2006
and currently in its 11th generation, featured a combination of groundbreaking innovations including a full-
length air cushioned sole,[63] an external heel counter, a crashpad in the heel for shock absorption, and Fit
Frame technology for a stable fit.[64]
Nike Vaporfly

The Nike Vaporfly first came out in 2017 and their popularity,
along with its performance, prompted a new series of running
shoes.[65][66] The Vaporfly series has a new technological
composition that has revolutionized long-distance running since
studies have shown that these shoes can improve run times up to
4.2%.[66] The composition of the sole contains a foamy material,
Pebax, that Nike has altered and now calls it ZoomX (which can be
found in other Nike products as well). Pebax foam can also be Nike Vaporfly cut in half to show the
found in airplane insulation and is "squishier, bouncier, and lighter" different layers that make up the
than foams in typical running shoes.[66] In the middle of the base of the shoe. The dark grey line
ZoomX foam there is a full-length carbon fiber plate "designed to shows the carbon fiber plate.
generate extra spring in every step".[66] At the time of this writing
Nike had just released its newest product from the Vaporfly line,
the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly NEXT%, which was marketed as "the
fastest shoe we’ve ever made" using Nike's "two most innovative
technologies, Nike ZoomX foam and VaporWeave material".[67]

Street fashions

The Nike brand, with its distinct V-shaped logo, quickly became
regarded as a status symbol[68] in modern urban fashion and hip-
hop fashion[69] due to its association with success in sport.[70] Nike Cleat
Beginning in the 1980s, various items of Nike clothing became
staples of mainstream American youth fashion, especially
tracksuits, shell suits, baseball caps, Air Jordans, Air Force 1's, and
Air Max running shoes[71] with thick, air cushioned rubber soles
and contrasting blue, yellow, green, white, or red trim.[72] Limited
edition sneakers and prototypes with a regional early release were
known as Quickstrikes,[73] and became highly desirable items[74]
for teenage members of the sneakerhead subculture.[75]

By the 1990s and 2000s, American and European teenagers[76]

associated with the preppy[77] or popular clique[78] began Nike Elite no-show socks with
combining these sneakers,[79] leggings, sweatpants, crop tops,[80] cushioned sole
and tracksuits with regular casual chic[81] street clothes[82] such as
jeans, skirts, leg warmers, slouch socks, and bomber jackets.
Particularly popular were the unisex spandex Nike Tempo compression shorts[83] worn for cycling and
running, which had a mesh lining, waterproofing, and, later in the 2000s, a zip pocket for a Walkman or
MP3 player.[84]

From the late 2000s into the 2010s, Nike Elite basketball socks began to be worn as everyday clothes by
hip-hop fans and young children.[85] Originally plain white or black, these socks had special shock
absorbing cushioning in the sole[86] plus a moisture wicking upper weave.[87] Later, Nike Elite socks
became available in bright colors inspired by throwback basketball uniforms,[88] often with contrasting
bold abstract designs, images of celebrities,[89] and freehand digital print[90] to capitalise upon the emerging
nostalgia for 1990s fashion.
In 2015, a new self-lacing shoe was introduced. Called the Nike Mag, which are replicas of the shoes
featured in Back to the Future Part II, it had a preliminary limited release, only available by auction with all
proceeds going to the Michael J. Fox Foundation.[91] This was done again in 2016.[92]

Nike have introduced a premium line, focused more on streetwear than sports wear called NikeLab.[93]

In March 2017, Nike announced its launch of a plus-size clothing line, which will feature new sizes 1X
through 3X on more than 200 products.[94] Another significant development at this time was the Chuck
Taylor All-Star Modern, an update of the classic basketball sneaker that incorporated the circular knit upper
and cushioned foam sole of Nike's Air Jordans.[95]

Collectibles

On July 23, 2019, a pair of Nike Inc. running shoes sold for $437,500 at a Sotheby's auction. The so-called
"Moon Shoes" were designed by Nike co-founder and track coach Bill Bowerman for runners participating
in the 1972 Olympics trials. The buyer was Miles Nadal, a Canadian investor and car collector, who had
just paid $850,000 for a group of 99 rare of limited collection pairs of sport shoes. The purchase price was
the highest for one pair of sneakers, the previous record being $190,373 in 2017 for a pair of signed
Converse shoes in California, said to have been worn by Michael Jordan during the 1984 basketball final of
the Olympics that year.[96]

Headquarters
Nike's world headquarters are surrounded by the city of Beaverton
but are within unincorporated Washington County. The city
attempted to forcibly annex Nike's headquarters, which led to a
lawsuit by Nike, and lobbying by the company that ultimately
ended in Oregon Senate Bill 887 of 2005. Under that bill's terms,
Beaverton is specifically barred from forcibly annexing the land
that Nike and Columbia Sportswear occupy in Washington County
for 35 years, while Electro Scientific Industries and Tektronix
Nike World Headquarters in
receive the same protection for 30 years.[97] Nike is planning to
Beaverton, Oregon, home to Nike,
build a 3.2 million square foot expansion to its World Headquarters
Inc.
in Beaverton.[98] The design will target LEED Platinum
certification and will be highlighted by natural daylight, and a gray
water treatment center.[98]

Controversies
Nike has contracted with more than 700 shops around the world and has offices located in 45 countries
outside the United States.[99] Most of the factories are located in Asia, including Indonesia, China, Taiwan,
India,[100] Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, Philippines, and Malaysia.[101] Nike is hesitant to disclose
information about the contract companies it works with. However, due to harsh criticism from some
organizations like CorpWatch, Nike has disclosed information about its contract factories in its Corporate
Governance Report.

Sweatshops
In the 1990s, Nike received criticism for its use of sweatshops.[102][103] Later on that year, many protests
occurred in big cities such as in Washington, DC and Boston in order to show public outcry for Nikes use
of child labor and sweatshops. Nike has been criticized for contracting with factories (known as Nike
sweatshops) in countries such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Mexico. Vietnam Labor Watch, an activist
group, has documented that factories contracted by Nike have violated minimum wage and overtime laws
in Vietnam as late as 1996, although Nike claims that this practice has been stopped.[104] The company has
been subject to much critical coverage of the often poor working conditions and exploitation of cheap
overseas labor employed in the free trade zones where their goods are typically manufactured. Sources for
this criticism include Naomi Klein's book No Logo and Michael Moore documentaries.

Campaigns have been taken up by many colleges and universities, especially anti-globalisation groups, as
well as several anti-sweatshop groups such as the United Students Against Sweatshops.[105]

As of July 2011, Nike stated that two-thirds of its factories producing Converse products still do not meet
the company's standards for worker treatment. A July 2011 Associated Press article stated that employees at
the company's plants in Indonesia reported constant abuse from supervisors.[106]

Child labor allegations

During the 1990s, Nike faced criticism for the use of child labor in Cambodia and Pakistan in factories it
contracted to manufacture soccer balls. Although Nike took action to curb or at least reduce the practice,
they continue to contract their production to companies that operate in areas where inadequate regulation
and monitoring make it hard to ensure that child labor is not being used.[107]

In 2001, a BBC documentary uncovered occurrences of child labor and poor working conditions in a
Cambodian factory used by Nike.[108] The documentary focused on six girls, who all worked seven days a
week, often 16 hours a day.

Strike in China factory

In April 2014, one of the biggest strikes in mainland China took place at the Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings
Dongguan shoe factory, producing amongst others for Nike. Yue Yuen did underpay an employee by 250
yuan (40.82 US Dollars) per month. The average salary at Yue Yuen is 3000 yuan per month. The factory
employs 70,000 people. This practice was in place for nearly 20 years.[109][110][111]

Paradise Papers

On November 5, 2017, the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore
investment, revealed that Nike is among the corporations that used offshore companies to avoid
taxes.[112][113][114]

Appleby documents detail how Nike boosted its after-tax profits by, among other maneuvers, transferring
ownership of its Swoosh trademark to a Bermudan subsidiary, Nike International Ltd. This transfer allowed
the subsidiary to charge royalties to its European headquarters in Hilversum, Netherlands, effectively
converting taxable company profits to an account payable in tax-free Bermuda.[115] Although the
subsidiary was effectively run by executives at Nike's main offices in Beaverton, Oregon—to the point
where a duplicate of the Bermudan company's seal was needed—for tax purposes the subsidiary was
treated as Bermuda. Its profits were not declared in Europe and came to light only because of a mostly
unrelated case in US Tax Court, where papers filed by Nike briefly mention royalties in 2010, 2011 and
2012 totaling $3.86 billion.[115] Under an arrangement with Dutch authorities, the tax break was to expire
in 2014, so another reorganization transferred the intellectual property from
the Bermudan company to a Dutch commanditaire vennootschap or limited
partnership, Nike Innovate CV. Dutch law treats income earned by a CV as
if it had been earned by the principals, who owe no tax in the Netherlands
if they do not reside there.[115]

Colin Kaepernick

In September 2018, Nike announced it had signed former American

football quarterback Colin Kaepernick, noted for his controversial decision
to kneel during the playing of the US national anthem, to a long-term
advertising campaign.[116] According to Charles Robinson of Yahoo!
Sports, Kaepernick and Nike agreed to a new contract despite the fact
Kaepernick has been with the company since 2011 and said that "interest Nike office in North America
from other shoe companies" played a part in the new agreement. Robinson
said the contract is a "wide endorsement" where Kaepernick will have his
own branded line including shoes, shirts, jerseys and more. According to Robinson, Kaepernick signed a
"star" contract that puts him level with a "top-end NFL player" worth millions per year plus royalties.[117]
In response, some people set fire to their own Nike-branded clothes and shoes or cut the Nike swoosh logo
out of their clothes, and the Fraternal Order of Police called the advertisement an "insult";[118][119][120]
others, such as LeBron James,[121] Serena Williams,[122] and the National Black Police Association,[120]
praised Nike for its campaign. The College of the Ozarks removed Nike from all their athletic uniforms in
response.[123]

During the following week, Nike's stock price fell 2.2%, even as online orders of Nike products rose 27%
compared with the previous year.[124] In the following three months, Nike reported a rise in sales.[125]

In July 2019, Nike released a shoe featuring a Betsy Ross flag called the Air Max 1 Quick Strike Fourth of
July trainers. The trainers were designed to celebrate Independence Day. The model was subsequently
withdrawn after Colin Kaepernick told the brand he and others found the flag offensive because of its
association with slavery.[126][127][128]

Nike's decision to withdraw the product drew criticism from Arizona's Republican Governor, Doug Ducey,
and Texas's Republican Senator Ted Cruz.[129] Nike's decision was praised by others due to the use of the
flag by white nationalists,[128] but the Anti-Defamation League's Center on Extremism has declined to add
the flag to its database of "hate symbols."[130]

Hong Kong protests

U.S. Vice President Mike Pence criticized Nike for "siding with the Chinese Communist Party and
silencing free speech". He claimed that after Houston Rockets general manager Daryl Morey was criticized
by the Chinese government for his tweet supporting the 2019 Hong Kong protests, Nike removed Rockets
merchandise from its stores in China.[131] He stated that the brand "promotes itself as a so called social-
justice champion, but when it comes to Hong Kong, it prefers checking its social conscience at the
door."[132]

Nike Vaporfly Shoe

On January 31, 2020, the World Athletics issued new guidelines concerning shoes to be used in the
upcoming Tokyo 2020 Olympics.[133] These updates came in response to criticisms concerning technology
in the Nike Vaporfly running shoes, which had been submitted beginning around 2017–2018.[134] These
criticisms stated that the shoes provided athletes with an unfair advantage over their opponents and some
critics considered it to be a form of technology doping.[66][135] According to Nike funded research, the
shoes can improve efficiency by up to 4.2%[66] and runners who have tested the shoe are saying that it
causes reduced soreness in the legs; sports technologist Bryce Dyer attributes this to the ZoomX and carbon
fiber plate since it absorbs the energy and "spring[s] runners forward".[135] Some athletes, scientists, and
fans have compared this to the 2008 LAZR swimsuit controversy.[136]

Some of the major changes in the guidelines that have come about as a result of these criticisms include that
the "sole must be no thicker than 40mm" and that "the shoe must not contain more than one rigid
embedded plate or blade (of any material) that runs either the full length or only part of the length of the
shoe. The plate may be in more than one part but those parts must be located sequentially in one plane (not
stacked or in parallel) and must not overlap". The components of the shoes are not the only thing that had
major changes; starting April 30, 2020, "any shoe must have been available for purchase by any athlete on
the open retail market (online or in store) for a period of four months before it can be used in
competition".[133] Prior to these new guidelines World Athletics reviewed the Vaporfly shoes and
"concluded that there is independent research that indicates that the new technology incorporated in the
soles of road and spiked shoes may provide a performance advantage" and that it recommends further
research to "establish the true impact of [the Vaporfly] technology."[133]

Lil Nas X Satan Shoes

On March 29, 2021, American rapper Lil Nas X partnered with New York-based art collective MSCHF to
release a modified pair of Nike Air Max 97s called Satan Shoes.[137] The shoes are black and red with a
bronze pentagram, featuring the Bible verse Luke 10:18 and are filled with "60cc and 1 drop of human
blood." Only 666 pair were created and were sold at a price of $1,018. Nike immediately iterated that they
were uninvolved in the creation and promotion of the shoes and did not endorse the messages of Lil Nas X
or MSCHF.[138] Nike filed a trademark lawsuit against MSCHF with the New York federal Court, in an
effort to stop the distribution of the shoes. On April 1, a federal judge ordered a temporary restraining order
blocking the sale and distribution of the shoes pending a preliminary injunction.[139]

Forced Uyghur labor allegations

In December 2021, the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights filed a criminal complaint in
a Dutch court against Nike and other brands, alleging that they benefited from the use of forced Uyghur
labor in Xinjiang.[140]

Environmental record
In 2007, New England-based environmental organization Clean Air-Cool Planet ranked Nike among the
top three companies (out of 56) in a survey of climate-friendly companies.[141]

Recycling

Nike has also been praised for its Nike Grind program, which closes the product lifecycle, by groups such
as Climate Counts.[142]
Since 1993, Nike has worked on its Reuse-A-Shoe program.[143] This program is Nike's longest-running
program that benefits both the environment and the community by collecting old athletic shoes of any type
in order to process and recycle them. The material that is produced is then used to help create sports
surfaces such as basketball courts, running tracks, and playgrounds.[143]

A campaign that Nike began for Earth Day 2008 was a commercial that featured basketball star Steve Nash
wearing Nike's Trash Talk Shoe, which had been constructed in February 2008 from pieces of leather and
synthetic leather waste from factory floors. The Trash Talk Shoe also featured a sole composed of ground-
up rubber from a shoe recycling program. Nike claims this is the first performance basketball shoe that has
been created from manufacturing waste, but it only produced 5,000 pairs for sale.[144]

Sulfur hexafluoride

Sulfur hexafluoride is an extremely potent and persistent greenhouse gas that was used to fill the cushion
bags in all "Air"-branded shoes from 1992 to 2006.[145] 277 tons was used during the peak in 1997.[146]

Toxic chemicals

In 2008, a project through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found workers were exposed to
toxic isocyanates and other chemicals in footwear factories in Thailand. In addition to inhalation, dermal
exposure was the biggest problem found. This could result in allergic reactions including asthmatic
reactions.[147][148]

Water pollution

In July 2011, environmental group Greenpeace published a report regarding water pollution impacting the
Yangtze River emitted from a major textile factory operated by Nike supplier Youngor Group.[149]
Following the report, Nike, as well as Adidas, Puma, and a number of other brands included in the report
announced an agreement to stop discharging hazardous chemicals by 2020.[150] However, in July 2016
Greenpeace released a follow-up report which found that Nike "does not take individual responsibility" for
eliminating hazardous chemicals, stating that Nike had not made an explicit commitment to riding itself of
perfluorinated compounds, and that "Nike does not ensure its suppliers report their hazardous chemical
discharge data and has not made a commitment to do so".[151]

Carbon footprint

Nike reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 30 June 2020 at 317
Kt (+12/+4% y-o-y).[152] and plans to reduce emissions 65% by 2030 from a 2015 base year.[153] This
science-based target is aligned with Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial
levels.[154]

Nike's annual Total CO2e Emissions - Location-Based Scope 1 + Scope

2 (in kilotonnes)
Jun 2015 Jun 2016 Jun 2017 Jun 2018 Jun 2019 Jun 2020

286[155] 300[156] 327[157] 301[158] 305[159] 317[152]

Marketing strategy
Nike promotes its products through sponsorship agreements with celebrity athletes, professional teams and
college athletic teams.

Advertising

In 1982, Nike aired its first three national television ads, created by newly formed ad agency
Wieden+Kennedy (W+K), during the broadcast of the New York Marathon.[160] The Cannes Advertising
Festival has named Nike its Advertiser of the Year in 1994 and 2003, making it the first company to receive
that honor twice.[161]

Nike also has earned the Emmy Award for best commercial in 2000 and 2002. The first was for "The
Morning After," a satirical look at what a runner might face on the morning of January 1, 2000, if every
dire prediction about the Y2K problem came to fruition.[162] The second was for a 2002 spot called
"Move," which featured a series of famous and everyday athletes in a variety of athletic pursuits.[163]

Beatles song

Nike was criticized for its use of the Beatles song "Revolution" in a 1987 commercial against the wishes of
Apple Records, the Beatles' recording company. Nike paid US$250,000 to Capitol Records Inc., which
held the North American licensing rights to the recordings, for the right to use the Beatles' rendition for a
year.[164]

That same year, Apple Records sued Nike Inc., Capitol Records Inc., EMI Records Inc. and
Wieden+Kennedy for $15  million.[164] Capitol-EMI countered by saying the lawsuit was "groundless"
because Capitol had licensed the use of "Revolution" with the "active support and encouragement of Yoko
Ono, a shareholder and director of Apple Records."

Nike discontinued airing ads featuring "Revolution" in March 1988. Yoko Ono later gave permission to
Nike to use John Lennon's "Instant Karma" in another advertisement.

New media marketing

Nike was an early adopter of internet marketing, email management technologies, and using broadcast and
narrowcast communication technologies to create multimedia marketing campaigns.

Minor Threat advertisement

In late June 2005, Nike received criticism from Ian MacKaye, owner of Dischord Records,
guitarist/vocalist for Fugazi and The Evens, and front man of the defunct punk band Minor Threat, for
appropriating imagery and text from Minor Threat's 1981 self-titled album's cover art in a flyer promoting
Nike Skateboarding's 2005 East Coast demo tour.[165]

On June 27, Nike Skateboarding's website issued an apology to Dischord, Minor Threat, and fans of both
and announced that they have tried to remove and dispose of all flyers. They stated that the people who
designed it were skateboarders and Minor Threat fans themselves who created the advertisement out of
respect and appreciation for the band.[166] The dispute was eventually settled out of court between Nike
and Minor Threat.

Nike 6.0
As part of the 6.0 campaign, Nike introduced a new line of T-shirts
that include phrases such as "Dope", "Get High" and "Ride Pipe"
– sports lingo that is also a double entendre for drug use. Boston
Mayor Thomas Menino expressed his objection to the shirts after
seeing them in a window display at the city's Niketown and asked
the store to remove the display. "What we don't need is a major
corporation like Nike, which tries to appeal to the younger
generation, out there giving credence to the drug issue," Menino
told The Boston Herald. A company official stated the shirts were
meant to pay homage to extreme sports, and that Nike does not Niketown at Oxford Circus, London
condone the illegal use of drugs.[167] Nike was forced to replace
the shirt line.[168]

NBA uniform deal

In June 2015, Nike signed an 8-year deal with the NBA to become the official uniform supplier for the
league, beginning with the 2017–18 season.[169] The brand took over for Adidas, who provided the
uniforms for the league since 2006.[169] Unlike previous deals, Nike's logo appear on NBA jerseys – a first
for the league.[169] Initially, the Charlotte Hornets, owned by longtime Nike endorser Michael Jordan, were
the only team not to sport the Nike swoosh, instead wearing the Jumpman logo associated with Jordan-
related merchandise.[170] However, beginning with the 2020–21 season, the Jumpman replaced the swoosh
on the NBA's alternate "Statement" uniforms.[171]

Sponsorship
Nike sponsors top athletes in many sports to use their products and promote
and advertise their technology and design. Nike's first professional athlete
endorser was Romanian tennis player Ilie Năstase.[17] The first track
endorser was distance runner Steve Prefontaine. Prefontaine was the prized
pupil of the company's co-founder, Bill Bowerman, while he coached at the
University of Oregon. Today, the Steve Prefontaine Building is named in
his honor at Nike's corporate headquarters. Nike has only made one statue
of its sponsored athletes and it is of Steve Prefontaine.[172]

Nike has also sponsored many other successful track and field athletes over
the years, such as Sebastian Coe, Carl Lewis, Jackie Joyner-Kersee,
Michael Johnson and Allyson Felix. The signing of basketball player
Michael Jordan in 1984, with his subsequent promotion of Nike over the Michael Jordan (pictured in
course of his career, with Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon, proved to be one 1987) helped drive Nike
of the biggest boosts to Nike's publicity and sales.[173] sales

Nike is a major sponsor of the athletic programs at Penn State University

and named its first child care facility after Joe Paterno when it opened in 1990 at the company's
headquarters. Nike originally announced it would not remove Paterno's name from the building in the wake
of the Penn State sex abuse scandal. After the Freeh Report was released on July 12, 2012, Nike CEO
Mark Parker announced the name Joe Paterno would be removed immediately from the child development
center. A new name has yet to be announced.[176][177]
 In the early 1990s Nike made a strong push
into the association football business
making endorsement deals with famous and
charismatic players such as Romário, Eric
Cantona or Edgar Davids. They continued
the growth in the sport by signing more top
players including: Ronaldo, Ronaldinho,
Francesco Totti, Thierry Henry, Didier
Drogba, Andrés Iniesta, Wayne Rooney
and still have many of the sport's biggest
stars under their name, with Cristiano
Ronaldinho (pictured with Ronaldo, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Neymar,
Barcelona in 2007) appeared Harry Kane, Eden Hazard and Kylian
in a 2005 Nike Mbappé among others.[178]
advertisement that went
viral on YouTube, becoming Nike has been the official ball supplier for Nike Hypervenom 3 boots
the site's first video to reachthe Premier League since the 2000–01 were commissioned for
[174][175] season.[179] In 2012, Nike carried a French prodigy Kylian
one million views
commercial partnership with the Asian Mbappé
Football Confederation. [180] In August
2014, Nike announced that they will not renew their kit supply deal with
Manchester United after the 2014–15 season, citing rising costs.[181] Since the start of the 2015–16 season,
Adidas has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum
of £750 million.[182]

Nike still has many of the top teams playing in their uniforms,
including: FC Barcelona, Paris Saint-Germain and Liverpool (the
latter from the 2020–21 season),[183] and the national teams of
Brazil, France, England, Portugal and the Netherlands among
many others.

Nike logo in the Camp Nou, the
home stadium of Barcelona
century.[184]
Nike has been the sponsor for many top ranked tennis players.
Brand's commercial success in the sport went hand in hand with the
endorsement deals signed with the biggest and the world's most
charismatic stars and number one ranked players of the subsequent
eras, including John McEnroe in the 1980s, Andre Agassi and Pete
Sampras in the 1990s and Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Serena
Williams and Maria Sharapova with the start of the 21st

Nike has sponsored Tiger Woods for much of his career, and remained on his side amid the controversies
that shaped the golfer's career.[185] In January 2013, Nike signed Rory McIlroy, the then No 1 golfer in the
world to a 10-year sponsorship deal worth $250 million. The deal includes using Nike's range of golf clubs,
a move Nick Faldo previously described as "dangerous" for McIlroy's game.[186]

Nike was the official kit sponsor for the Indian cricket team from 2005 to 2020.[187][188] On February 21,
2013, Nike announced it suspended its contract with South African limbless athlete Oscar Pistorius, due to
his being charged with premeditated murder.[189]

Nike consolidated its position in basketball in 2015 when it was announced that the company would sign
an 8-year deal with the NBA, taking over from the league's previous uniform sponsor, Adidas. The deal
required all franchise team members to wear jerseys and shorts with the Swoosh logo, beginning with the
2017/18 season.[190] After the success of partnership with Jordan, which
resulted in the creation of the unique Air Jordan brand, Nike has continued
to build partnership with the biggest names in basketball. LeBron James
was given the Slogan "We are All Witnesses" when he signed with Nike.
Similar to "Air Jordan", LeBron's brand became massively popular. The
slogan was an extremely accurate way to describe the situation LeBron was
heading into in the NBA he was expected to be the new king of the
NBA.[191] Some have had signature shoes designed for them, including
Kobe Bryant, Jason Kidd, Vince Carter and more recently LeBron James,
Kevin Durant, Giannis Antetokounmpo and Paul George, among
others.[192][193][194][195][196][197]

A news report originating from CNN reported that Nike spent $11.5
billion, nearly a third of its sales, on marketing and endorsement contracts Tiger Woods
in the year 2018. Nike and its Jordan brand sponsored 85 men's and
women's basketball teams in the NCAA tournament.[198]

Ties with the University of Oregon

Nike maintains strong ties, both directly and through partnerships with Phil Knight, with the University of
Oregon.[199] Nike designs the University of Oregon football program's team attire.[200] New unique
combinations are issued before every game day.[199] Tinker Hatfield, who also redesigned the university's
logo, leads this effort.[201]

More recently, the corporation donated $13.5 million towards the renovation and expansion of Hayward
Field.[202]

Phil Knight has invested substantial personal funds towards developing and maintaining the university's
athletic apparatus.[203] His university projects often involve input from Nike designers and executives, such
as Tinker Hatfield.[201]

Causes
In 2012, Nike is listed as a partner of the (PRODUCT)RED campaign together with other brands such as
Girl, American Express, and Converse. The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of HIV from
mother to child. The campaign's byline is "Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation". The company's goal is
to raise and send funds, for education and medical assistance to those who live in areas heavily affected by
AIDS.[204]

Program
The Nike Community Ambassador Program, allows Nike employees from around the world to go out and
give to their community. Over 3,900 employees from various Nike stores have participated in teaching
children to be active and healthy.[205]

See also
Bruce Brenn
Nike timeline
 Breaking2 - A project by Nike to break the 2 hour marathon barrier.
List of companies based in Oregon

Notes
1. The pronunciations of "Nike" include /ˈnaɪki/ NY-kee officially and in the US,[2] as well as
/naɪk/ NYKE in the UK.

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Further reading
"The Swoon of the Swoosh" by Timothy Egan (https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/13/magazi
ne/the-swoon-of-the-swoosh.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm) at The New York Times
Magazine, September 13, 1998

External links
Official website (https://www.nike.com)
2018 FIFA World Cup: Nike says Iran World Cup saga is 'misleading' (https://www.usatoday.
com/story/sports/soccer/2018/06/17/iran-nike-cleats-world-cup/708410002/)
Business data for Nike, Inc.: Google (https://www.google.com/finance?q=NKE) · SEC filings
(https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=NKE) · Yahoo! (https://
finance.yahoo.com/quote/NKE)
 Company summary (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005758/http://www.nyse.com/list
ed/nke.html), from the New York Stock Exchange website

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