Nomitech is a leading niche software company specializing in Cost Estimating solutions.

Their founders are

engineers with real life industry experience and they deliver practical, innovative, state of the art cost estimating
software which is rapidly becoming the future standard for estimating.

Our Cost Estimating solution, CostOS is specifically designed for companies that want to increase their
competitiveness by responding to modern estimating challenges more quickly, with less effort, more accuracy,
less risk, and with an increased level of confidence.

They recognize that the cost estimating process is at the core of every project related company. CostOS is a mission
critical system which allows you to value engineer and differentiate your solution whilst meeting your clients’
requirements. It allows you to win more work.

At Nomitech, they are passionate about success, and they measure their success by the success of their clients. They
work closely with each of their customers to build mutual trust and ensure that the clients get the most from
their capabilities and maximum value from their investment with them.

Their client base is rapidly increasing by word of mouth as a result of their reputation. They have also gained the
respect of large software organizations like Oracle, who recommend CostOS as their preferred partner solution for
Construction, EPC and Oil & Gas clients, on a global scale.

They continually invest in new ideas, technologies and approaches to estimating, in order to address the challenges of
the industries they serve.

Function / Advantages:
CostOS’ powerful parametric engine, if combined with BIM, enables the quick and accurate pricing of ‘less than
fully-detailed’ BIM models. Moreover, it allows design optimisation and quick identification of most
appropriate materials and construction methods. Intelligent, parameter-driven assemblies can be built and applied
to BIM elements. With CostOS BIM technology, it really is a case of ‘what you see is what you estimate’. As model

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elements are selected and measured, CostOS ensures that no item is missed. CostOS has take-off capabilities to
suit every occasion. Costs also has a unique function take-off capability. Functions can calculate additional
information from simple measurements. This can be from 2D geometrical shapes, 3D geometrical shapes or
indeed structural members. For example, by measuring the length of a steel section, mathematical equations can
calculate the weight and the surface area. Or say the volume of a sphere together with its surface area.

CostOS BIM Estimating makes full use of all the benefits you can get by using the 3D model of your project. Its
embedded 3D viewer allows you to navigate easily through it and autoselect entities. The quantity takeoff of your
project (Architectural, Structural, Mechanical, and HVAC, Electrical etc.) can be massively accelerated and the
accuracy you can achieve is unprecedented. You can also create your Bill of Quantities directly on your 3D
model and see how it is built up while your estimate progresses. CostOS works with open standards and thus it
supports all major designing systems. You do not have to buy any of these systems, unless you want to make the
designer’s work, as CostOS will provide you with the visualization of the model. CostOS’s system recognition
allows you to work on mechanical models with unbeatable accuracy and speed. More importantly while working
directly on the 3D model you can identify omissions or mistakes of the design and amend your estimate accordingly.

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Glodon Software Company Limited was found in China Beijing 1998 year. It is the leader of the information industry
in Chinese construction field. Glodon Software offers the construction project field most valuable information
products and professional services to promote the development of information in the construction industry.
Glodon owns independent intellectual property rights on its main products and technologies, and establishes an
effective research and development management system.

Now, Glodon has more than 20 core technologies, over 100 pieces of software copyright, and 9 patents. Glodon 3D
graphics technology, BIM solution, cloud computing technology, and management platform are very advanced.
Besides that, Glodon employs more than 3000 employees, with the number of corporate users exceeding 100,000, of
which there are nearly 400,000 direct users of cost series products, accounting for 53% of China's domestic market.
Glodon products have been applied in-depth in many remarkable construction projects, like the Bird's Nest, China
National Grand Theatre, Shanghai Disney, Shanghai Tower and Guangzhou East Tower, winning very high praise
from the clients.

There are three products that under Glodon Software Company which are Glodon Takeoff for Rebar (TRB), Glodon
Takeoff for Mechanical and Electrical (TME), and Glodon Takeoff for Architecture and Structure (TAS).

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Glodon Takeoff for Rebar (TRB)
Glodon Takeoff for Rebar, also known as TRB, is a suite of quantity calculation software based on the Building
Information Modelling (BIM) technology, which is embedded with groundbreaking 3-dimensional measurement
and calculation rules, including British Standards and Uniform Building By-Law. TRB enables the users to perform
quantity taking-off from electronic drawings and images with immediate 3D visualization effect and shows
accurate results for each component in real time. There shall be less data and formulae input by the user are needed in
calculation of the quantity. Thus, the accuracy level of the result is higher with minimal undesirable careless mistakes.

Now available for: Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand and India.

Features and Key Functions

 BIM-base measurement software
 Built-in calculation setting based on British Standards and Uniform Building Bye-Law
 Interchangeable calculation mode between Tendering Mode and Prefabrication Mode to address different
requirements
 Import 3D model from TAS to calculate rebar quantities
 Produce 3D model from by identifying CAD entities
 User-friendly interface
 Produce Rebar Schedule for fabricator on site
 Calculation result with detail breakdown
 Various reporting format

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Glodon Takeoff for Mechanical and Electrical (TME)
Glodon Takeoff for Mechanical and Electrical known as TME, it provides multiple quantity surveying modes such
as quantity surveying by importing CAD drawing, quantity surveying by drawing input, quantity surveying by
single element input and quantity surveying by table input, as well as applies such functions and methods as 3D
computing technology, quick processing of quantity change, automatic circuit identification for wire conduits,
automatic searching of start point for cable bridges and automatic identification of wind pipes to thoroughly
address complicated manual statistics, difficult auditing, low efficiency and other problems cost personnel face in
tendering and bidding, in process quantity calculation and quantity check in settlement.

Now Available for: Singapore and Malaysia.

Features and Key Functions

 The number, length and area are easy to calculate and read
 The number of devices can be easy to read, and all devices of the same specifications will be generated simply
by clicking a button
 Accessories can be identified by multiple logos, and different elements can be intelligently differentiated
 Complicated pipelines can be calculated quickly and efficiently, and simply clicking a button will generate all
pipelines of the same model
 Area identification enables modeling range to be controlled and adjusted

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Glodon Takeoff for Architecture and Structure (TAS)
Glodon Takeoff for Architecture and Structure known as TAS, it is embedded with Commonwealth of England
calculation rules, enabling users to quickly build a 3D time-cost model. There are a series of processing method and
function such as: 3D modeling, processing change, estimating rebar content, addressing quantity survey,
quantity calculation involved in tendering and bidding and element quantity calculation in the settlement stage. It
is simple, helpful and accurate quantity calculation software.

Now available for: Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, India, UK and
Philippines.

Features and Key Functions

 Open functions, easy to operate
 Open elevation, which enables easy processing of buildings with complex structures such as staggered floor,
mezzanine floor and skipped floor
 Open location, which enables manual tracing, fast location, and convenient modeling
 Open rules, which enable adjustments of calculation rules and special options of calculation settings based on
actual projects to meet all quantity surveying requirements

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Innovaya applications are meant to support team work from design to construction. The software benefits can be
fully realized when it's used in a team, whether virtually or in the same company. With this goal in mind, our
technologies are developed with two principles which is the project data must be shared and exchanged by all of
our applications. Little altering of design data or reentering should be needed. We intend to offer various applications
with features that suit for different needs and different user types or companies. Whether you are a design firm, a
contractor, a design-build, or an owner organization, you will find Innovaya applications useful for your AEC projects.
For example, the users who find Innovaya software beneficial include are BIM designers, engineers, and 3D
modelers, Project Coordinators, Project and Construction Managers or subcontractors Estimators and cost
database experts, Schedulers and Owners.

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Innovaya Visual BIM
Interactive 3D Visualization
With the robust 3D functions, users of Visual BIM can enjoy the best performance for 3D building model navigation.
Easy-to-use 3D user interface controls enable the user to do real-time walk-through and to examine object details. The
3D objects are interactive and selectable. Features such as tracking camera positions dynamically and virtual tours are
also useful for making highly impressive project presentations for clients.

Dynamic Visibility Controls for 3D Objects

A building information model (BIM) in 3D representation is essentially an enclosed structure. This makes it difficult
to view the details of all of the objects in a model. However, Innovaya Visual BIM organizes the objects by their
building sections as well as component types. Then the visibility and transparency of these objects can be adjusted
easily using visibility controls. Therefore, object details can be examined thoroughly in 3D view. Visual BIM is a true
BIM-based application. It not only presents detailed geometry of 3D objects, but also shows the detailed properties of
every object.

Support for Effective Team Communication

Innovaya Visual BIM offers essential functions to assist communication among the project members. With tools such
as Markup and E-mailing, Visual BIM users can enter comments directly onto a snapshot of the 3D design and send it
via e-mail to project members. The powerful, easy-to-use 3D navigation features are also useful for presenting design-
estimating coordination issues to the project team.

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Innovaya Visual Quantity Takeoff (QTO)
Automatic Quantity Generation
Visual Quantity Takeoff can automatically generate complete object quantities directly from a design model. This
process usually takes several seconds to complete for the entire building model, while the same job could take several
days using traditional on-screen takeoff or digitizer methods. The quantities are extracted based on object types and
their dimensions. Quantity extraction methods are easily customized and are reusable for multiple projects.
Additionally, the quantities are all stored by group of objects based on the object property conditions set by the user.

Drag & Drop Quantity Generation

With Visual Quantity Takeoff, the user can also choose the Drag & Drop Quantity generation method to takeoff object
quantities. With this approach, the user can select any building section (such as a building level), view the objects in
3D, and drag and drop it into the quantity generation window. They can use the same drag & drop method to choose a
component type, such as walls, to takeoff the quantities of a selected building section. During this process, the user
can also define the most appropriate way to group objects and calculate total quantities. The drag & drop quantity
generation process can usually improve the productivity of quantity takeoff by at least 300%.

Managed Object Quantities

The quantities generated are stored in a manageable manner in Visual Quantity Takeoff. For example, they are
organized by user defined folders, which can be in different classifications such as CSI or Uniformat. The quantities
can also be sorted by building sections or component types. When generated, the quantities are automatically linked
with the objects which can be tracked and viewed in 3D at any point. This ‘what-you-see-is-what-you-takeoff’ theme
provides visual confirmation on objects’ quantity takeoff status using different color codes, and it assures the
completeness of the project quantities taken-off. Each managed quantity group can be assigned a unique color code for
its 3D objects for easy tracking and identifying objects associated with the quantities. Furthermore, the quantities can
be saved in a separate file which can be opened in Innovaya Visual Estimating for Sage Timberline Assembly and
Item takeoffs.

Intelligent Change Management

Because the quantities generated are automatically associated with the objects, Visual Quantity Takeoff can be used
effectively for change management. For example, if the design has been changed, Visual Quantification can display
changed, new, and deleted objects in different colors in 3D. There is also a function that allows you to validate the
quantities generated previously against the new design, and then automatically update those quantities.

Quantity Reports to MS Excel

With one-click of mouse button, all of the objects quantities can be exported as reports in MS Excel. There is no
limitation on how many quantity columns can be generated as in some on-screen programs. The quantities in the

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reports can also be sorted by user defined folders, building sections, or component types. Additionally, all object
quantity color codes are shown in the MS Excel spreadsheet against each quantity group. Along with a snapshot of the
color-coded 3D object view pasted into MS Excel, these color codes help identify, visually and clearly, what objects
are used to generate the quantities. Interactive 3D Visualization With our robust true 3D engine, users of Visual
Quantity Takeoff (QTO) can enjoy the best performance of 3D building model navigation. Easy-to-use 3D user
interface controls allow estimators to do real-time walk-through and to examine object details. The 3D objects are
highly interactive and selectable. Object visibility and transparency can be adjusted by building section or component
type. All object properties can be examined. Special object information such as wall layers can also be inspected.

Support for Effective Team Communication

Visual Quantity Takeoff not only integrates design and cost estimating, it also offers essential functions to assist
communication between the project members. With tools such as Markup and E-mailing, Visual Quantity Takeoff
allows the user to enter highlighted comments directly onto a snapshot of the 3D design and send it as a picture, via e-
mail, to project members. The powerful easy-to-use 3D navigation features are also useful for presenting design-
estimating coordination issues in front of the project team.

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Innovaya Visual 4D Stimulation
Your Vision Shared
Visual 4D Simulation provides an excellent way to present a progressive project vision. By dynamically showing
project phases and site logistics in a 3D virtual reality environment, clients are impressed and the entire project team
works synergistically. Schedulers, project managers, superintendents, designers, engineers, estimators and even clients,
can expect a shared understanding of project status, milestones, responsibilities, and construction plans. Everyone is
sure to be on the same page at any time with the 4D representation of the project in conjunction with traditional
schedule GANTT charts.

Improved Project Coordination

With Visual 4D Simulation's ability to link any 3D design data in DWG with either MS Project or Primavera
scheduling tasks and to show projects in 4D, designers, builders and owners can easily see how projects are built. This
helps everyone to understand the schedule quickly and thoroughly. By visualizing how objects in 3D and how they're
installed in sequence, many design conflicts can be quickly identified. Team based decisions can be made quickly and
comfortably with Visual Simulation by being able to see the results of seamlessly incorporated design or schedule
changes, and this process would avoid many physical mock-ups. Showing and communicating 4D in resource color
codes to subcontractors also help logistical planning and trade coordination, therefore avoiding disruptions during
construction.

Optimized Construction Sequencing

By visualizing color-coded tasks or resources on objects, and their connections to objects, schedulers can cross-check
tasks against design objects. For instance, an object liked with two tasks on the same day shown in a specific color
might hint at a potential schedule problem, while an unlinked object could indicate a missing task in the schedule.
These features help schedulers create accurate schedules. Similarly, showing that no tasks are assigned on a certain
date on some objects may present potential readiness of a work space, which could allow subsequent tasks to start
earlier, resulting in tighter construction sequencing and project time savings.

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What-if Analysis and Change Management
A change on a task can cause ripple effect changes on other tasks. Visual 4D Simulation's On-demand 4D feature
immediately visualizes the impact of these changes to the objects so that different construction scenarios can be
analyzed, presented, and discussed allowing the best decision to be made based on different project member
perspectives. Visual Simulation can also seamlessly synchronize changes made on either the schedule or on 4D tasks.
Changes made to design objects also often cause schedule changes and resource re-assignments. Visual Simulation
reflects these object and schedule changes in 3D and 4D which allows the project team to address issues and adjust
construction plans accordingly.

Analyzing Constructability and Improved Safety

By showing the building model in 3D at any hierarchical or any system component level and presenting the detailed
sequences of objects to be installed, Visual Simulation's 4D views clearly expose the objects' structural and special
constraints. Construction safety can be improved by using 4D views. Hazards can be anticipated by visualizing and
analyzing the constraints against object installation requirements and to see the entire construction site situations. The
best construction methods can be selected based on a better understanding of these project constructability issues.

Powerful Functions Yet Easy to Use

With the robust 3D engine, users of Visual Simulation can enjoy the best 3D navigation performance. Easy-to-use 3D
user interface controls provide capabilities of real-time walk-through and examination of object details. Objects linked
with tasks can be viewed in 3D by clicking on the tasks, while tasks associated with objects are also listed when the
objects are selected. 4D simulations can be created and viewed in different modes, either with objects original colors,
or with task or resource color codes. 4D behaviors are automatically adjusted according to the construction type of the
objects such as new objects, temporary facilities, e.g. trailers, temporary parking, and construction equipment, or
existing objects to be removed such as ground excavation, and so on. The association between objects and tasks can be
established easily, quickly, and visually.

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Vico Office is the first purpose-built construction software that allows users to plug in the BIM authoring
application of their choice and then perform a constructability analysis, quantity takeoff, a model-based schedule,
model-based estimate, and on-site production control, all in an integrated workflow. This integrated workflow is
unique in the commercial construction market. With Vico Office, you have a live model - a model where the 3D
geometry is integrated with the quantities which is integrated with the 4D schedule which is integrated with the 5D
estimate. This means that when one element of the 3D model changes (let's say the building gets a new floor or a new
material is chosen for the lobby floor), both the schedule and estimate automatically change. The 5D BIM Workflow
starts at the creation of a new project and ends with reporting and data mining.

When firms start gearing up for a new project, they add 2D drawings and 3D models to the Document Registry for
version control and change management. Models can then be published to Vico Office from ArchiCAD, Tekla,
Revit, AutoCAD Architecture, and/or AutoCAD MEP. Or, using special CAD-specific Importers, IFC files,
SketchUp files, CAD-Duct files, and even 3D DWG files can be used in Vico Office.

Through Vico Office Document Controller we can quickly recognize changes between drawing sets and model
versions. Honing in the changes with slider and highlight modes, we can cloud and annotate issues, and even start a
cross-team discussion or report upon the items in question. After the BIM models are completed, we publish,
augment, and compare 3D models from multiple project stakeholders all within the Vico Office Client. These
models can be combined in Vico Office. Then we detect any constructability matters in Vico Office Constructability
Manager and report these matters to the design team for resolution.

Now, the coordinated models can once again be compared to the 2D contract documents in Vico Office Document
Controller as a final accuracy check before prefabrication and installation drawings are generated. Now Project
Engineers can identify critical points for sleeves, deck elevations, key framing locations, hangers and bracings,
pipe runs, slab edges, etc. and map them in Vico Office Layout Manager. They don't need the original BIM, just
the latest version of the model inside Vico Office. As soon as we’ve identified the coordination issues, we use Vico
Office Takeoff Manager to generate construction-caliber quantities.

Now with the quantities, estimators use Vico Office Cost Planner to create multiple iterations of the 5D estimate as
the models’ level of detail increases. With the estimate in place, we track the project budget in Vico Office Cost
Explorer, helping the Owner recognize which decisions have the most impact on the budget and schedule. Planners
also take advantage of these quantities and start evaluating the project and creating the optimal combination of
location systems for the trades in Vico Office LBS Manager.

By organizing the project locations, an optimal sequencing logic can be applied with Vico Office Schedule Planner,
the model-based scheduling solution which utilizes flow line theory as opposed to traditional CPM. These options can
then be analyzed in terms of both cost and time. And the Vico Office 4D Manager Schedule presentation helps the
GC and subs work together to evaluate what-if scenarios and determine the best solution.

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Finally, as the project moves from headquarters out to the field, the team utilizes Vico Office Production
Controller to monitor and adjust crews as necessary. With real-time inputs for actual crew productivity rates, the
team has enough warning to avoid trade conflicts and cascading delays. Comprehensive construction management
reporting is organized in the Vico Office Client. Since Vico Office is a database of projects, all fields and their values
can be accessed with reporting.

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Bentley ConstructSim is a powerful virtual construction simulation system for detailed and automated workface
planning on large projects. ConstructSim provides construction management the visibility needed to rapidly and
effectively respond to project issues to increase productivity, drive down costs and reduce project cycle time,
while providing improved risk mitigation and team safety.

Bentley ConstructSim is a revolutionary program that optimizes your project through the planning, sequencing,
execution and monitoring of construction activities from within a virtual plant model. ConstructSim links together
project IT systems including: the 3D CAD model (all major formats: PDS, PDMS, etc.); schedule; materials
management system; project controls databases and others to create an integrated virtual environment that is
constantly up-to-date.

This integrated virtual environment enables the following functionality within ConstructSim:

 Virtual Walk Through

 4D (3D + time) Schedule Simulations
 Automated Construction Material Take-Offs
 Automated Detail Task List Generation
 Life Cycle Status Tracking (color coding material availability and progress by area, system, spool/sheet,
piece mark, task, etc.)
 Pipe and Steel Work Packaging at Weekly Crew Level
 Generic Work Packs for Other Disciplines (E&I, Civil, Mechanical) that take advantage of the database
more than the virtual plant model
 Pipe and Steel Change Order Impact Analysis
 Tracking of the Design Changes Back to the Model
 8-Week Look Ahead Planner/Constraint Analysis and Crew Planning
 Crane and Scaffold Simulation/Crew Density Analysis

The implementation of ConstructSim on your project will improve productivity by providing the following benefits:

 Improved constructability analysis, interactive planning and coordination between engineering office and
site field office using Virtual Plant Model
 Visually plan more optimal pipe installation and hydro test work crew packages
 Streamline material, equipment and sequencing
 Reduce rework/out-of sequence work
 Automated task estimates/automate data entry

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  Speed time to start-up by systems tracking
 Better predictability of where you are on the project
 Reduce time looking for information via visually monitoring the status of engineering, materials and
construction execution progress

Improves Project Management

In ConstructSim, project teams can visualize and interact with a virtual construction model (VCM), visually
organizing engineering components into construction work areas (CWAs), construction work packages (CWPs),
and installation work packages (IWPs). This allows a more optimal and granular work breakdown structure to
drive engineering, procurement, and fabrication based on the sequencing needs of field installation. Visually defining
CWAs and CWPs provides an unprecedented level of management control over construction planning. Construction
managers can more easily and accurately plan work priorities and installation sequences.

Quantity Tracking
ConstructSim represents the future of model-based quantity tracking and earned value reporting. Templates can be
used to assign milestones with labor estimates onto construction quantities and then generate a database of Level
5 work steps for planning and measuring progress. Publishing of progress scorecards, material lists, reports, and
other documentation into IWPs for the crews can be automated.

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Construction Status Tracking
Users can mark and track individual model component or groups to see a color-coded 3D image representing
construction status. This allows progress to be tracked in near real-time, providing a clear overview of complex
projects.

Construction Schedule Animation

Automatic linking of components and user-defined groups with the schedule provides flexible 4D schedule
visualization. With a clear understanding of the construction path, supervisors can maximize safety while meeting
schedule requirements. Users can also report estimated and earned hours and quantities for measuring progress
of the Level 3 schedule via a model-based 5D cost analysis. Data can be uploaded from subcontractors to monitor and
coordinate interdependent activities, moving to an X-D construction simulation environment.

Materials Management
Improved scheduling is based upon materials currently on-site and estimated arrival dates received from procurement
in the materials system. Users prioritize material feasibility analysis from the detailed sequence of IWPs and eliminate
cumbersome data entry through automated material reservation requests. Integration with RFID and bar coding
systems adds to the ability to optimize on-site material management.

Proactive Management
ConstructSim improves the acquisition of information from the field before finalizing plans. It provides a visual
representation of available work and materials, and then manages the resource constraints against each work
package. ConstructSim dynamic ability to track, update, and edit work packages based on constraints helps ensure
packages are released to the field only when management knows the IWPs can be completed, reducing rework and
minimizing out-of-sequence work.

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 Software CostOS Glodon Innovaya Vicosoft Bentley

Features
Construction - - - √ √
Management
report
4D BIM for - - - √ √
Scheduling
Materials - - - - √
Management

Quantity √ - √ √ √
Takeoff
Connection to √ √ √ - -
other software

Equipment √ - - - -
Depreciation
Estimating
Cost Statistics √ - √ - √

2D & 3D BIM √ √ √ - √
Modeling

4D & 5D - - √ √ √
Estimating

5D Modeling - - √ - -

Online Database √ - - - -
Resource

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The best BIM software does not necessarily mean having the most features but also having the appropriate features for
your job, in this case quantity surveying. Therefore, I would recommend Nomitech’s CostOS. This is so, because the
founders are engineers which mean they have many years of real life industry experience. They deliver practical,
innovative, state of the art cost estimating software which is rapidly becoming the future standard for estimating.
CostOS can help increase their competitiveness by responding to modern estimating challenges more quickly, with
less effort, more accuracy, less risk, and with an increased level of confidence. It can help win more work by
allowing you to value engineer and differentiate your solution whilst meeting your clients’ requirements. They work
closely with each of their customers to build mutual trust and ensure that the clients get the most from their
capabilities and maximum value from their investment with them. Their client base is rapidly increasing by word of
mouth as a result of their reputation. They have also gained the respect of large software organizations like Oracle,
who recommend CostOS as their preferred partner solution for Construction, EPC and Oil & Gas clients, on a global
scale. They continually invest in new ideas, technologies and approaches to estimating, in order to address the
challenges of the industries they serve. The implementation of CostOS on your project will improve productivity by
providing the following benefits:

 enables the quick and accurate pricing of ‘less than fully-detailed’ BIM models
 allows design optimization and quick identification of most appropriate materials and construction methods
 ‘what you see is what you estimate’, CostOS ensures that no item is missed
 Allows you to measure in 2D shapes, 3D shapes or structural members
 Quantity takeoff can be massively accelerated and the accuracy you can achieve is unprecedented.
 create your Bill of Quantities directly on your 3D model

 provide you with the visualization of the model

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Preparation / Briefing Stage
Preparation and Briefing Stage is the process for completing the design and construction of a building is often
divided into stages. This can be helpful in establishing milestones for the submission of progress reports, the
preparation of information for approval, client gateways, and for making payments. However there is a great deal
of ambiguity between the naming of stages by different organizations and the definition of what individual stages
actually and so it is important that appointment documents make it clear specifically what activities fall within which
stage, and what level of detail is required. During this stage, the marketing and selling of BIM is done supported by
cost analysis to justify the upfront investment or profit. Some firm may provide services of BIM without selling the
software to the client.

Benefits Constraints
Better outcomes through Inflexibility in construction costs
collaboration Implementation of BIM QS computer software
All project partners such as different design on construction projects may present an idea on
disciplines, the customer, contractor, specialists the total expected construction cost, but it
and supplier are using a single and shared 3D might not be accurate. BIM allows the users,
model. This means that every one of the client and operators to estimate the most
partners is focused on achieving best value, accurate building cost-to-complete, but it will
from project inception to eventual not consider the actual price variation from the
decommissioning. emerging market, such as metals, petroleum-
derivative products, high gas prices, and
other natural disasters affecting manufacturer’s
plant.

Improved visualization Cost of software

Projects can be visualized as of this stage, The cost to obtain any BIM QS computer
giving users, clients and operators a rough idea software is very expensive. It is very common
of design intended. that newly built companies do not have enough
capital or money to buy this software to help
ease their work.

Design Stage
Schematic Design
The first step by the design team is referred to as the schematic design phase, in which the objective is the
development of simple diagrammatic documents delineating room sizes and relationships, single line diagrams of all

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systems (i.e. water mains, electrical risers, etc.), preliminary elevation studies of the building exterior. The schematic
design will be reviewed during frequent meetings with the building committee and FP&C. At the conclusion of this
design phase, the architect will submit drawings, a project narrative and an estimate of construction cost for review
and approval by the building committee and appropriate college representatives.

Design Development
The approved schematic design is then further developed into definitive plans and elevations by the design team.
Colors, patterns, materials, lighting fixtures and special equipment and building elements are selected and
reviewed with the building committee. Detailed floor plans, sections, elevations and an outline specification defining
materials, finishes and systems, as well as an updated construction cost estimate, are submitted for review and
approval by the building committee and appropriate college representatives.

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Benefits of using BIM in Design Stage:

Until the mid-nineteenth century, the general method of design did not change a lot. Engineers used simple tools
(such as pen, paper and ruler) to describe their buildings. However, with advances in mathematics and building
materials, the process of design changed and improved rapidly.

With the invention of the computer, 2D CAD as a new drawing tool was adopted completely in the AEC industry.
SKETCHPAD was first developed by Ivan Sutherland. That was the root of CAD. At the beginning, the technology
of CAD was not as popular as in modern times. However, with the popularization of personal computers, the
renowned software company Autodesk developed AutoCAD. Suddenly, all the architects in the world started to learn
and use this type of software to design their project. The technology development form 2D CAD to 4D simulation
greatly improved the design process. Internet technology and emerging media (such as videoconferencing) also
strongly influence the development of design tools and literature in those fields was reviewed as part of this research.
2D CAD developed into 3D modeling. This innovation changed the process of building design and the relationship
between the structural engineer and the architectural designer. It did not only change the way building designs are
visualized, but also signaled a paradigm shift in design thinking from pure visualization to simulation.

BIM not only improves the technology itself, also changes the process of design and build. From the questionnaire
results, all BIM users choose this option as the main benefit of using BIM. BIM enables better decisions-making;
faster BIM reduces the abstraction and integrates the multiple disciplines, including design and documentation.
And BIM integrates plans, sections, details, graphics, and data in ways not possible in 2D. The period which is spent
on the design can be cut by about half at half the cost. Moreover, half time at half cost will not just save the
money; it is also reducing the time to the market. Therefore, using BIM can save the cost of design and can
benefit from earlier access to the construction market.

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Pre-construction Stage
The construction planning involves the scheduling and sequencing of the model to coordinate virtual construction
in time and space. The schedule of the anticipated construction progress can be integrated to a virtual construction.
There are two common scheduling methods that can be used to create 4D Building Information Model. These are
critical path method (CPM) and line of balance. In the Critical Path Method, each activity is listed, linked to
another activity, and assigned durations. Interdependency of an activity is added as either predecessors or successors
to another activity. Moreover, the duration of the activities are entered. Based on the dependency and duration of the
activities, the longest path is defined as the most critical path. The activities defined in the longest path are defined as
the critical activities. These activities do not have any float. In other words, if these activities are not completed within
anticipated duration, the total duration of the project will be further pushed out. Overall CPM is a commonly used
technique that helps projects stay within schedule. Line of Balance technique uses location as the basis for scheduling.
This method is an alternate to the CPM. It is advantageous for repetitive tasks to increase labour productivity. In this
method, activity durations are based on the available crew size and the sequence of the location. Productivity of the
labour force can be altered as needed to accurately depict the construction schedule. The approach focuses on the
locations being completed by a trade before the other trade moves in. This reduces the number of 19mobilizations and
resources. Overall, line of balance is a good scheduling method to plan and monitor repetitive tasks during
construction progress. The planning through using BIM enhances site utilization, space coordination, and product
information.

CAD Measurement

Modeling with CAD systems offers a number of advantages over traditional drafting methods that use rulers, squares,
and compasses. For example, designs can be altered without erasing and redrawing during preconstruction. CAD systems
also offer "zoom" features analogous to a camera lens, whereby a designer can magnify certain elements of a model to
facilitate inspection. Computer models are typically three dimensional and can be rotated on any axis, much as one could
rotate an actual three dimensional model in one's hand, enabling the designer to gain a fuller sense of the object. CAD
systems also lend themselves to modeling cutaway drawings, in which the internal shape of a part is revealed, and to
illustrating the spatial relationships among a system of parts. To understand CAD it is also useful to understand what
CAD cannot do. CAD systems have no means of comprehending real-world concepts, such as the nature of the object
being designed or the function that objects will serve. CAD systems function by their capacity to codify geometrical
concepts. Thus the design process using CAD involves transferring a designer's idea into a formal geometrical model.
Other limitations to CAD are being addressed by research and development in the field of expert systems. One example
of an expert system involves incorporating information about the nature of materials their weight, tensile strength,
flexibility, and so on into CAD software. By including this and other information, the CAD system could then "know"

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what an expert engineer knows when that engineer creates a design. The system could then mimic the engineer's thought
pattern and actually "create" more of the design.

Manual Measurement

Traditional QS practice involved a manual process with drawings received on paper and Quantity Surveyors using scale
rules to take measurements off the drawings and input them onto a computer system for the purposes of creating a Bill of
Quantities. Measurement Tools like Dimension Paper, Scale Rulers, Standard Method of Measurement and calculator.
While accuracy is the primary objective, clarity of presentation and communication remain major priorities. A logical
approach in the taking off will greatly assist subsequent understanding. Technical accuracy in booking dimensions
should be rigidly observed at all times. Measurements should be made in a logical sequence; for example measuring in a
clockwise sequence or following room or door numbers. Dimensions and calculations should be fully annotated. In
preconstruction stage, the operating contractor has to develop the conceptual cost estimate before completing the
conceptual design. The basis for this planning estimate is, the descriptive purpose of the project, general design
criteria, significant features and components, the methodology, and any other known research and development as
required. All assumption made within this estimate must be documented fore review and concurrence.

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Construction Stage
What Is Construction stage?

Basically, construction stage commences after the design of the project has been finalised with a contractor being
appointed to undertake the construction of the facility. This normally covers all the works on a site including any
specialist tasks which may be carried out by subcontractors or equipment suppliers.

Benefits of using BIM in construction stage

Synchronization of design and construction planning can be done using tools like simulation of construction processes
to reveal sources of potential problems. With that, clash detection allows for detection of design errors as well as
omissions before actual construction. Not only that, cross system updates enables faster reaction to design problems or
site issues. The BIM model as well as objects and families can be used as basis for fabricated components. It also
improves synchronization of procurement with design as well as construction through the generation of 3D models. It
also does reduction of wastages and better operation of lean construction techniques. The Building Information Model
allows us to ask the database questions like "How many cubic yards of concrete are in the foundation?" or "How many
square feet of this type of plywood?" or "How many electrical receptacles of this type are in the project?". The ability
to make changes easily, even late in the project. This means that late changes to a design may be done with much less
effort than in the past, and that more options can be explored during the early design process.

Constraints of using BIM in construction stage

BIM requires more effort at the front end of a project to establish the initial framework. But the settlement is that you
are able to extract a much higher quality and greater quantity of information from that model. It allows changes to
happen easily, so clients may continue to make changes too late in the process, and that can influence construction and
design costs. BIM results in much larger file sizes than traditional CAD systems, and requires higher performing
computer hardware to operate it effectively. Not only that, The use of BIM requires substantial training and as with
any software program there are costs associated with the software such as purchasing, licensing and training. A
contractor may need to upgrade its computer system to effectively use the BIM software.

Benefits of using CAD Measurement in construction stage

The measurement is more accurate as CAD drawings are produce in actual size and thus error in quantities due to
incorrect scale is eliminated. The measurement course for irregular shape is faster and easier. If the irregular area is

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measured manually, it would need many steps in calculating the total area. By using CBMS, the area of irregular
shape of a building can easily be measured by just clicking the border of the shape. The layering concept in CAD
software will assist the taker off in viewing and identifying similar items throughout the drawings. For example, types
of floor finish. Different floor finishes can be separated using various colours or hatch patterns and the exact area of
the different type of floor finishes is then calculated by clicking on the objects.

Constraints of using CAD measurement in construction stage

CAD drawings are not formed using a standard method in layering and also there is no standard in naming the layers.
This creates problems in finding and searching for the applicable items during measurement. As the drawings are 2D,
measurement is easily done for unit of measure that required 2D only. Quantities that require 3D such as the measure
of volume would require additional steps in obtaining the quantity. Not only that, the use of CBMS is limited to
measuring quantities only.

Benefits of using Manual measurement in construction stage

All the measurement will be in hand written so it will reduced the risk of loss of information where the use of software
will have a higher risk in loss of information because if the files are not save properly or the computer suddenly spoil,
all the information will be gone. The complexity of using manual measurement is much lower compared to using
software where training in need if you want to use the software. You can also save a lot of money by using manual
measurement because it technically doesn’t charge you anything where you need to pay an amount of money for the
usage of the software.

Constraints of using Manual measurement in construction stage

Compared to software, manual measurement can identify error faster than using software because manual
measurement doesn’t have the system to check error like the software. It also has a slower progress compare to the
software so it will have the tendency to delay the completion of the construction. Generally saying, it is time
consuming. It also doesn’t have the 3D, 4D or 5D purposes like the software.

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