Glossary of relevant terms.

1. Alliteration
Alliteration is a fun sound device to play around with. When used well, you can create a standout phrase in poetry. It
is a simple yet effective repetition of initial consonant sounds. An example might be "the cerulean sky" or "the
flighty fox."

2. Allusion
An allusion is a reference to a person, place, thing, or event. Typically, writers allude to something they suppose the
audience will already know about. The concept may be real or imaginary, referring to anything from fiction, to
folklore, to historical events.

For example, Seamus Heaney wrote an autobiographical poem titled "Singing School." The title itself alludes to a
line from fellow Irish poet William Butler Yeats. In "Sailing to Byzantium," Yeats writes:

Not is there singing school but studying

Monuments of its own magnificence

3. Anaphora
An anaphora is the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of each line. This is done for emphasis and
typically adds rhythm to a passage. In Joanna Klink's poem "Some Feel Rain" the phrase "some feel" is repeated
throughout, creating a nice rhythm.

Some feel rain. Some feel the beetle startle

in its ghost-part when the bark
Slips. Some feel musk. Asleep against
each other in the whiskey dark, scarcely there.

4. Anapest
Anapest is a metrical foot containing two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. It is the reverse of
dactyl meter. Lord Byron provided us with a great example of anapestic tetrameter in his poem "The Destruction of
Sennacherib." Here's a sample:

Like the leaves of the forest when Summer is green,

That host with their banners at sunset were seen:

Like the leaves of the forest when Autumn hath blown,

That host on the morrow lay withered and strown.

5. Assonance
Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds within a tight group of words. This, too, is done for emphasis and can
reinforce a central message. Here's a short example from Carl Sandburg's "Early Moon." Notice the repetition of the
vowels O and A.
"Poetry is old, ancient and goes back far."

6. Blank Verse
In blank verse poetry, we usually see iambic pentameter that doesn't rhyme. We'll still enjoy a line with 10 syllables
where the first syllable is unstressed and the second is stressed. There just won't be an aim to rhyme the lines.

Wallace Stevens' "Sunday Morning" is an excellent example of a poem written in perfect blank verse.

7. Caesura
This is a deliberate pause, break, or pivot within a line. We typically see these marked by punctuation, including
periods, exclamation marks, question marks, and especially dashes and double slashes (//). Caesuras often appear in
the middle of a poetic line but can appear near the beginning or end too. Here's an example from Emily Dickinson's
"I'm Nobody":

I'm nobody! Who are you?

Are you - Nobody - too?

Then there's a pair of us!

Don't tell! They'd advertise - you know!

8. Couplet
A couplet, as the name suggests, consists of two lines. Typically, those two lines will have the same meter or rhyme.
In the case of the latter, you'd refer to it as a rhyming couplet, which is very common in poetry. Together, the two
lines usually make up a complete thought. In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the title character says:

"The time is out of joint, O cursed spite

That ever I was born to set it right!"

9. Dactyl
Dactyl is a metrical foot containing a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. A well'known example
of dactylic meter is Alfred Lord Tennyson's "The Charge of the Light Brigade:"

Half a league, half a league,

Half a league onward,

All in the valley of Death

Rode the six hundred.

"Forward, the Light Brigade!

Charge for the guns!" he said.

Into the valley of Death

Rode the six hundred.

10. Enjambment
Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence or phrase from one line of poetry to the next. You can spot this when
you notice a lack of punctuation at the end of a line. In other forms of writing, a run-on sentence is considered a no-
no. However, in poetry, if one line runs into the next, it's simply an enjambment. Here's an example from Derek
Walcott's "The Bounty":

Between the vision of the Tourist Board and the true

Paradise lies the desert where Isaiah's elations

force a rose from the sand. The thirty-third canto

cores the dawn clouds with concentric radiance,

the breadfruit opens its palms in praise of the bounty,

bois-pain, tree of bread, slave food, the bliss of John Clare,

11. Epigraph
In literature, this is a short verse or quote that appears at the start of a poem, book or chapter, after the title.
Typically, it touches upon a theme the poem will elaborate upon, as in Joel Brouwer's "Last Request." An epigraph
can also be used as an opportunity to provide a summary or background information.

12. Foot
A foot is a basic unit of measurement in poetry. It usually consists of two or three syllables. The most common feet
in poetry contain either a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable (trochee) or an unstressed syllable
followed by a stressed syllable (iamb).

13. Iamb
This is one of the most common metrical feet in poetry. It consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed
syllable. Words like "attain" and "describe" are iambic. We don't stress the first syllable and the second one is more
pronounced.

14. Iambic Pentameter

Iambic pentameter describes a pattern wherein the lines in a poem consist of five iambs, making up a total of 10
syllables. This means the line reads as an unstressed syllable, then a stressed syllable, then an unstressed syllable,
and then a stressed syllable for ten beats.

William Shakespeare's "Sonnet 18" contains iambic pentameter. In this example, notice there are 10 syllables. The
first is unstressed, the second is stressed, and so forth.
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"

15. Meter
Meter is the rhythmic measure of a line. It defines the pattern of the beats. Meter is often interchanged with foot and
feet. In poetry, you can use the following terms to describe the number of feet in a line.

 Monometer - A line with one foot

 Dimeter - A line with two feet
 Trimeter - A line with three feet
 Tetrameter - A line with four feet
 Pentameter - A line with five feet
 Hexameter - A line with six feet
 Heptameter - A line with seven feet

16. Rhyme Scheme

Rhyme scheme refers to the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line. It's annotated with letters. For example, a four-
line stanza with an ABAB rhyme scheme means the first and third lines rhyme and the second and fourth lines
rhyme.

Many of Shakespeare's sonnets follow this rhyme scheme. Letters that are joined together like this form a stanza.
Here's an example of a Shakespearean sonnet (Sonnet 130) that follows an ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme:

My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; (A)

Coral is far more red than her lips' red; (B)

If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; (A)

If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. (B)

I have seen roses damasked, red and white, (C)

But no such roses see I in her cheeks; (D)

And in some perfumes is there more delight (C)

Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. (D)

I love to hear her speak, yet well I know (E)

That music hath a far more pleasing sound; (F)

I grant I never saw a goddess go; (E)

My mistress when she walks treads on the ground. (F)

And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare (G)

As any she belied with false compare. (G)

17. Rhythm
Rhythm is the beat or movement of a line. This includes the rise and fall of, say, an unstressed syllable followed by a
stressed syllable.

18. Sonnet
A sonnet is a poem containing fourteen lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme. The best-known forms of sonnets
include:

 English (Shakespearean) Sonnet - Three quatrains and a couplet, usually following a rhyme scheme of
ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.
 Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet - An octave followed by a sestet, with rhyming iambic pentameter and a volta
(turning point) around the eighth line, usually following a rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA CDECDE.

19. Stanza
Similar to how sentences make up a paragraph, a group of lines make up a stanza. A stanza is usually named based
on the number of lines it contains.

 Tercet - Three lines

 Quatrain - Four lines
 Quintain - Five lines
 Sestet - Six lines
 Septet - Seven lines
 Octave - Eight lines

20. Trochee
Trochee is a metrical foot containing a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable. William Blake's "The
Tyger" opens with a trochaic line:

Tyger Tyger, burning bright,

In the forests of the night;

What immortal hand or eye,

Could frame thy fearful symmetry?