‫ﻫﻮاﻟﺤﺒﯿﺐ‬

‫ﯾﺎر ﺑﻮك‬

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‫ﻟﻐﺎت ﮐﺘﺎب زﺑﺎن ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد و ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ‬
‫)ﻣﺨﺼﻮص رﺷﺘﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري ﭘﯿﺎم ﻧﻮر(‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺒﯿﺐ ﺟﻌﻔﺮﭘﻮر‬
‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﯿﺎم ﻧﻮر آذرﺷﻬﺮ‬

‫‪Ketabton.com‬‬

‫‪91-92‬‬
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1 rule of thumb:‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﮐﻠﻰ‬ essential:‫اﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬

allocation:‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ‬ sort:‫ﺟﺪا ﮐﺮدن‬ transform:‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬
distributing:‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬ among:‫درﻣﯿﺎن‬ end:‫ﻫﺪف‬
resources:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ alternative:‫ ﭼﺎره ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ evaluate:‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬
production:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬ occur:‫اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎدن‬ Valuable:‫ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬
goods:‫ﮐﺎﻻ‬ implication:‫ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬ considering:‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬
services:‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ assumption:‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ‬ feature:‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬
consumption:‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ so-called:‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮل ﻣﻌﺮوف‬ asked:‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬
households:‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮار‬ ceteris paribus:" ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮدن ﺳﺎﯾﺮ‬ individoul:‫ﻓﺮد‬
efficient:‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ‬ derive:‫ﮐﺴﺐ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
according to:‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬ " satisfaction:‫ رﺿﺎﯾﺖ‬،‫ﺧﺸﻨﻮدي‬
economy:‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ expect:‫ﺑﺠﺰ‬ happiness:‫ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻟﯽ‬
value:‫ارزش‬ factor:‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ferquently:‫اﻏﻠﺐ‬
behavioral economics: ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ models:‫ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎ‬ plural:‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫رﻗﺘﺎري‬ held:‫ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬ combination:‫ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ‬
approach:‫روﯾﮑﺮد‬ constant:"‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ indicate:‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ‬
consumer:‫ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬ " wide:‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮده‬
emphasizes:‫ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﮐﺮدن‬ equal:‫ﻣﺴﺎوي‬
assortment:‫دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬
economics:‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
psychological:‫رواﻧﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ‬ prouduced:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﺪه‬
limitation:‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ‬ social:‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
rather:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ‬
complication:‫ﻋﻮارض‬ science:‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
amount:‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬
potentially: ‫ﺑﺎ داﺷﺘﻦ‬، ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه‬ limited:‫ﻣﺤﺪود‬
degree:‫درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻧﻰ‬،‫اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد‬ satisfy:‫ﺑﺮآورده ﮐﺮدن‬
attrmpt:‫ﺗﻼش‬
interfere:‫ ﻣﺪاﺧﻠﻪ‬،‫ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ‬ unlimited:‫ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪود‬
satisfy:‫ﺑﺮآورده ﮐﺮدن‬
want:‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ‬
rational:‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯽ‬ unlimited wants: ‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي‬
notable:‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬
decision:‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪود‬
pharase:‫ﻋﺒﺎرت‬
typical:‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ‬ macroeconomics:‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻼن‬
predictions:‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬ contained:‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
branch:‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬
assumed:‫ﻓﺮض ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬ difinition:‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬
entire:‫ﮐﻞ‬
thought:‫ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ‬،‫ﻓﮑﺮ‬ further:‫ﺑﺒﺸﺘﺮ‬
especially:‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬
motivated:‫داراي اﻧﮕﯿﺰش‬ social science:‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
such:‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬
self interest:‫ﻧﻔﻊ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬ economy: ‫ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬،‫اﺻﻮل اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
aggregate:‫ﮐﻞ‬
bounded rationally:‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
unemployment:‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬
nearly:‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬ consumption:‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬
inflation:‫ﺗﻮرم‬
distrib:‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﮐﺮدن‬
hypothesis:‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ‬ business:‫ﮐﺴﺐ و ﮐﺎر‬
examine:‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬ society:‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
cycles:‫ادوار‬
address:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻦ‬
choice:‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬ can be though:‫ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺗﺼﻮر ﮐﺮد‬
instead:‫در ﻋﻮض‬ scarcity:‫ﮐﻤﯿﺎﺑﯽ‬
compared:‫در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

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MICROECONOMICS :‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺧﺮد‬
markets:‫ﺑﺎزار‬
prices:‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
industries:‫ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ‬
demand:‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
supply:‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬
theories:‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
Simplified:‫ﺳﺎده ﺷﺪه‬
representation:‫ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﻮدﻫﺎي‬
real world:‫دﻧﯿﺎي واﻗﻌﯽ‬
basis:‫ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‬، ‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬
prediction:‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬
explanation:‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬
already:‫ﻗﺒﻼ‬
Nature :‫ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ‬،‫ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ‬
quality:‫ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ‬
basic:‫اﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬
character:‫ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ‬
Inquiry:‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬
Causes:‫دﻻﯾﻞ‬
Wealth:‫ﺛﺮوت‬
famous:‫ﻣﺸﻬﻮر‬
normative economics:"
‫اﺧﻼﻗﻰ‬
involving:‫ ﻧﯿﺎز دارد ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم‬
value:‫ارزش‬
judgments :‫ﻗﻀﺎوت ﻫﺎ‬
value judgments: ‫ﻗﻀﺎوت ﻫﺎي‬
‫ارزﺷﯽ‬
economic policies: ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
relates to :‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ‬
whether:‫آﯾﺎ‬
ought:‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬
interjected:‫وارد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
statement:‫اﻇﻬﺎر ﻧﻈﺮ‬
positive economic:‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺛﺒﺎﺗﯽ‬
strictly:‫ دﻗﯿﻘﺎ‬،‫ ﺳﺨﺖ‬،‫اﮐﯿﺪا‬
either:‫ﺻﺮﻓﺎ‬ physical sciences:‫ﻋﻠﻮم ﻓﯿﺰﮐﯽ‬
purely:‫ ﮐﺎﻣﻼ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻠﯽ‬ generally:‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
descriptive:‫ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤﯽ‬ electron:‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮون‬
scientific:‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ atom:‫اﺗﻢ‬
gasoline:‫ﺑﻨﺰﯾﻦ‬ nonhuman:‫ﻏﯿﺮ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬
rises:‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‬ phenomena:‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪه‬
prediction:‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﻮﯾﯽ‬ limited resources:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﺪود‬
proponent : ‫ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ‬، ‫اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬ attempt:‫ﺗﻼش‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﺪار‬، ‫دﻫﻨﺪه‬ unlimited wants: ‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي‬
conclusively:‫دﻗﯿﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪود‬
demonstrated:‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺮدن‬ individual:‫ﻓﺮد‬
closer:‫دﻗﯿﻖ ﺗﺮ‬ business:‫ﺑﻨﮕﺎه ﺗﺠﺎري‬
psychological:‫رواﻧﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ‬ nation:‫ﮐﺸﻮر‬
inputs:‫درون داده ﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ alternatives:‫ ﭼﺎره ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
outputs:‫ﺑﺮون داده ﻫﺎ‬ spend:‫ﺧﺮج ﮐﺮدن‬
purchased:‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬ funds:‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ‬
rationality:‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﯿﺖ‬ advertising:‫ﺗﺒﻠﯿﻐﺎت‬
assumption:‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ‬ situation:‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬
intentionally:‫ﻗﺼﺪا از روي ﻋﻤﺪ‬ Ultimately:‫در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬
worse off.:‫ وﺧﯿﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪن‬، ‫ﺑﺪﺗﺮ ﺷﺪن‬ purpose:‫ﻫﺪف‬
bulk:‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ versus:‫در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
rely on:‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﮐﺮدن ﺑﻪ‬ typically:‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ constructing:‫اراﺋﻪ‬ divided:‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
Satisfaction:‫ﺟﺒﺮان‬،‫ ارﺿﺎ‬،‫رﺿﺎﯾﺖ‬ undertaken:‫اﺗﺨﺎذ ﺷﺪه‬
fulfilling:‫ ارﺿﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺘﻦ‬،‫ﺑﺮآورده ﮐﺮدن‬ firm:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬
stuff :‫ﻣﻮاد‬ as a whole:‫در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬
alive:‫زﻧﺪه‬ deals :‫در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
enjoyable:‫ﻟﺬت ﺑﺨﺶ‬ economywide:‫ﺗﻤﺎم اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
term:‫اﺻﻄﻼح‬ unemployment:‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬
captures:‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬ general price level: ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
direct satisfaction:‫رﺿﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
tangible:،‫ ﻣﺎدي‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻤﺲ‬ national income:‫درآﻣﺪ ﻣﻠﯽ‬
information:‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ is concerned with: ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
entertainment:‫ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
education:‫آﻣﻮزش‬ reinstituted:‫ﺑﺎز ﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
contrasted:‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺑﺎ‬ realm:‫ ﺣﻮزه‬، ‫ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
seeks:‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ wage:‫دﺳﺘﻤﺰد‬
opposed:‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼف‬ brought:‫ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﯽ آورد‬
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union:‫اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ‬
strike:‫اﻋﺘﺼﺎب‬
In contrast:‫در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
issue:‫ ﺻﺎدر ﮐﺮدن‬،‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
inflation:‫ﺗﻮرم‬
rate of inflation:‫ﻧﺮخ ﺗﻮرم‬
growth:‫رﺷﺪ‬
fall:‫ﺷﮑﺴﺖ‬
deals with:‫ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد ﺑﻪ‬
aggregate:‫ اﻧﺒﻮه‬،‫ﮐﻞ‬
Be aware:‫آﮔﺎه ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ‬
however:‫اﻣﺎ‬
blending:‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬
increasingly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر زﯾﺎد ﺷﻮﻧﺪه‬
though:‫ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل‬
assume:‫ﻓﺮض ﮐﺮدن‬
motivated:‫داراي اﻧﮕﯿﺰش‬
respond:‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﯿﺪﻫﺪ‬
opportunities:‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
gain:‫ ﺳﻮد‬،‫ﻧﻔﻊ‬
central:‫ﻣﺤﻮري‬
insight :‫ﺑﯿﻨﺶ‬
clearly:‫آﺷﮑﺎرا‬
articulated:‫ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
benevolence:‫ﺧﯿﺮﺧﻮاﻫﯽ‬
butcher:‫ﻗﺼﺎب‬
brewer:‫آﺑﺠﻮﺳﺎز‬
banker:‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪار‬
expect :‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر داﺷﺘﻦ‬
regard:‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
Thus:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
motivated:‫اﻧﮕﯿﺰش‬
monetary:‫ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
benefits:‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ‬
costs of action:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ اﻗﺪام‬
measured:‫اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬
economists :‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد داﻧﺎن‬
rationally:‫ﻋﻘﻼﯾﯽ‬
assumption:‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ‬
simply stated:‫ﺑﯿﺎن ﺳﺎده‬
intentionally:‫ﻋﻤﺪا‬
employ:‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻣﯽ ﺑﺮد‬
biology:‫زﯾﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬
physics:‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ‬
chemistry:‫ﺷﯿﻤﯽ‬
simplified:‫ﺳﺎده ﺷﺪه‬
predict:‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬
difference:‫ﺗﻔﺎوت‬
laboratory:‫آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه‬
experiment:‫آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ‬
variable:‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
controlled condition: ‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل‬
‫ﺷﺪه‬
Rather:‫ﺑﻠﮑﻪ‬
approach:‫روﯾﮑﺮد‬
subjective:‫ذﻫﻨﯽ‬
moral:‫اﺧﻼﻗﯽ‬
relative to:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
feeling:‫اﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎت‬
interjecte:‫وارد ﺷﺪن‬
normative:‫دﺳﺘﻮري‬،‫ اﺻﻮﻟﯽ‬،‫اﺧﻼﻗﯽ‬
expressed:‫ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﺮده اﯾﻢ‬
Bounded:‫ ﮐﺮاﻧﺪار‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬
proposed:‫ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ‬
psychologists:‫روان ﺷﻨﺎس‬
psychiatrists:‫روان ﭘﺰﺷﮏ‬
suggested:‫ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ‬
alternative:‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ‬
known as :‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
complication:‫دﺷﻮاري ﻫﺎ‬
interfere:‫ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ داﺷﺘﻦ‬
Proponent:‫ﻃﺮﻓﺪاران‬
traditional:‫ﺳﻨﺘﯽ‬
exhibit:‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ دادن‬
unrealistic:‫ﻏﯿﺮ واﻗﻌﯽ‬
selfishness:‫ﺧﻮدﺧﻮاﻫﯽ‬
٣
Unbounded:‫ﺑﯽ اﻧﺪازه‬
willpower:‫ﻗﺪرت ارداه‬
consistent:‫ اﺳﺘﻮار‬،‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻗﺪم‬
long-term:‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬
goal:‫ﻫﺪف‬
consider:‫رﺳﯿﺪﮔﯽ‬
relevant:‫واﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
Instead:‫در ﻋﻮض‬
advocates:‫ﻃﺮﻓﺪاران‬
confront:‫ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪن‬
As a consequence:‫در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
pursue:‫دﻧﺒﺎل ﮐﺮدن‬
interests:‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬
From time to time:‫ﮔﺎﻫﯽ اوﻗﺎت‬
take into account: ‫ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار‬
‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬
Rules of Thumb :‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ‬
implication:‫ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
cannot be considered: ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬
‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬
tend to:‫ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ داﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
fall back on:‫ﻣﺘﮑﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮ‬
confronting:‫ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
persistently:‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬
predictable:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬
ranges:‫اﻧﻮاع‬
settle:‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد‬
repetitive:‫ﺗﮑﺮاري‬
observer:‫ﻧﺎﻇﺮ‬
conclude:‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺑﮕﯿﺮد‬
consistent:‫ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ‬
indicates:‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ‬
faces:‫ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪن‬
altered:‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
circumstances:‫اوﺿﺎع‬
fundamentally:‫اﺻﻮﻻ‬
remains:‫ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
to be seen:‫ﺗﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدد‬
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library
application:‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬
proposed:‫ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪه‬
truly:‫واﻗﻌﺎ‬
alter:‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ دادن‬
manner:‫ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬،‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
construct:‫اراﺋﻪ دادن‬
intended:‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ‬
So far:‫ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن‬
demonstrated:‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺮدن‬
psychological thought
processes:‫ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻔﮑﺮ رواﻧﯽ‬
consequence:‫در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
2 investment:‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري‬
Scarcity:‫ﮐﻤﯿﺎﺑﯽ‬
Trade-Offs:‫ﺑﺪه ﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬-‫ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ‬
alternative:‫ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺤﺎت‬-‫ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
exist:‫وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻦ‬
instead of:‫درﻋﻮض‬- ‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي‬
next-highest:‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﻌﺪي‬
capital:‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
categories:‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻫﺎ‬
factors of production:‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
manufactured:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﺪه‬
manufacture:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
previously:‫ﻗﺒﻼ‬
produce:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
factory :‫ﮐﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
building:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‬
truck:‫ﺧﻮدرو ﺑﺎري‬
tools:‫اﺑﺰار‬
machinery:‫ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ آﻻت‬
equipment:‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬
businesses:‫ﺑﻨﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ‬
productive:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪي‬
pursuit:‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ‬
consumption:‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬
primarily:‫اﺻﻮﻻ‬
context:‫ ﻣﺘﻦ‬،‫زﻣﯿﻨﻪ‬
importance:‫اﻫﻤﯿﺖ‬
exchanges:‫ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ‬
desire:‫ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ‬- ‫ آرزو‬- ‫ﻣﯿﻞ‬
wish:‫آرزو‬
else:‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬
Economic growth:‫رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
per:‫ در ﻫﺮ‬-‫ﻫﺮ‬
per capita:‫ﺳﺮاﻧﻪ‬
real:‫واﻗﻌﯽ‬
GDP:gross domestic product
GDP:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ داﺧﻠﯽ‬
gross:‫ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬-‫ﻧﺎوﯾﮋه‬
equipment:‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬
production possibilities
curve:‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ اﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
curve:‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ‬
representing:‫ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه‬
combinations:‫ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت‬
possible:‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ‬
particular:‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬
Entrepreneurship: ‫ ﮐﺎر‬،‫ﮐﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎﺋﯽ‬
‫آﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ‬
labor:‫ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر‬
land:‫زﻣﯿﻦ‬
sort:‫ﻧﻮع‬
human effort :‫ﺗﻼش اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬
takes on:‫ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
bringing:‫آوردن‬
together:‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ‬
organizing:‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﯽ‬
production:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
forgo: ‫ ﻣﺤﺮوم ﮐﺮدن‬،‫ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﺮدن‬
‫ﺧﻮد از‬
forgone:‫ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﺮدن‬
give it up :‫آن را رﻫﺎ ﻣﯿﮑﻨﯿﺪ‬
insist on:‫اﺻﺮار ورزﯾﺪن‬
human capital:‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬
٤
sum:‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
knowledge:‫داﻧﺶ‬
experience:‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬
training:‫آﻣﻮزش‬
acquisition:‫ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ‬،‫اﮐﺘﺴﺎب‬
stocking up:‫ذﺧﯿﺮه ﮐﺮدن‬
more productive:‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮﺗﺮ‬
formal:‫رﺳﻤﯽ‬
grade school:‫دﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬
advanced:‫ﻋﺎﻟﯽ‬
degrees:‫درﺟﻪ‬
income:‫درآﻣﺪ‬
Revenue:‫درآﻣﺪ‬
earn:‫اﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎﻟﯽ‬،‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن‬
received:‫درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
saving:‫ﭘﺲ اﻧﺪاز‬
aggregate:‫ﮐﻞ‬
is termed:‫ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪه ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
earned income:‫درآﻣﺪ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
received income:‫درآﻣﺪ درﯾﺎﻓﺘﻨﯽ‬
individual:‫ﻓﺮد‬
Relating to:‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ‬
rather than:‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي‬
accurately:‫ ﺑﺎدﻗﺖ‬،‫ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﯽ‬
accurate:‫درﺳﺖ‬
mathematical:‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ‬
lower:‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬
cost:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
Labor:‫ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر‬
land:‫زﻣﯿﻦ‬
natural:‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬
itself:‫ﺧﻮدش‬
mineral:‫ﻣﺎده ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ‬
nutrient:‫ﻣﺎده ﻣﻐﺬي‬
wildlife:‫ﺣﯿﺎت وﺣﺶ‬
vegetation:‫ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن‬
surface:‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
above:‫ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ‬
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library

needs:‫ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎ‬ sundae:‫ﻣﻌﺠﻮن‬ interchangeably:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﺮادف‬

physiological:‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ‬ scarcity:state of being in short quantity:‫ﮐﻤﯿﺖ‬
biological:‫زﯾﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻨﯽ‬ supply determines:‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﺮدن‬
individual:
requirement:‫ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ‬ classified:‫ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﮐﺮد‬
communities:‫ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ‬
maintaining:‫ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري‬، ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬ classification:‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬
simultaneously:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن‬
shelter:‫ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه‬ encompasses:‫درﺑﺮدارد‬
concept:‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬
sleep:‫ﺧﻮاب‬ nonhuman:‫ﻏﯿﺮ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬
exceed:،‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎوز از‬
Satisfaction:‫رﺿﺎﯾﺖ‬ gifts:‫ﻫﺪﯾﻪ‬
shortage:‫ﮐﻤﺒﻮد‬
achieved:‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪن‬ timber:‫درﺧﺘﺎن ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ‬
hurricane:‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎن‬
fulfilling :‫ارﺿﺎي‬ materials:‫ﻣﻮاد‬
hits:‫زدن‬
should be contrasted: ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬ fertility:‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﯿﺰي‬
hurricane hits:‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎن زدن‬
‫ﮐﺮد ﺑﺎ‬ contributions:‫ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
cuts off:‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﮐﺮدن‬
psychological:‫رواﻧﯽ‬ equipment:‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬
supplies:‫ﻣﻠﺰوﻣﺎت‬
wants:‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ improvements:‫ارﺗﻘﺎ‬
community:‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
enjoyable:‫ﻟﺬت ﺑﺨﺶ‬ irrigation:‫آﺑﯿﺎري‬
newscasts:‫ﭘﺨﺶ اﺧﺒﺎر‬
alive:‫زﻧﺪه‬ ditches:‫ﺟﻮي‬
minimum:‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬
opportunity cost:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‬ characterization:‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬
commentator:‫ﻣﻔﺴﺮ‬
highest-valued: ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ارزش‬ depends in:‫ارﺗﺒﺎط دارد ﺑﻪ‬
scarce:‫ﮐﻤﯿﺎب‬
‫ﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه‬ devote:‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دادن‬
zero:‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬
next-best:‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬ subdivision:‫زﯾﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
confuse:‫ ﮔﯿﺞ ﻧﺸﻦ‬،‫ﺧﻄﺎ ﻧﮑﺮدن‬
alternative:‫ ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺤﺎت‬،‫ﮔﺰزﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ component:‫زﯾﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬،‫ﺟﺰ‬
encompassing:‫ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ‬
sacrifice:‫ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬ performs:‫اﻧﺠﺎم دادن‬
evidenced:‫اﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﯿﮕﺮدد‬
obtain:‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن‬ organizing:‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﯽ‬
poverty:‫ﻓﻘﺮ‬
satisfy:‫ارﺿﺎ‬ managing:‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ‬
poor:‫ﻓﻘﯿﺮ‬
ultimate:‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬ assembling:‫ﮔﺮدﻫﻢ آوري‬
rich:‫ﺛﺮوﺗﻤﻨﺪ‬
source:‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬ operate:‫راه اﻧﺪازي‬
richest:‫ﺛﺮوﺗﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬
pervasive:‫ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ‬ ventures:‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮه آﻣﯿﺰ‬
For instance:‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬
scarcity:‫ﮐﻤﯿﺎﺑﯽ‬ involve:‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم‬
gravity:‫ﻧﯿﺮوي ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ‬
condition:‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬ sums:‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
physicists:‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ دان ﻫﺎ‬
existence:‫زﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬ wealth:‫ﺛﺮوت‬
invent:‫اﺧﺘﺮاع ﮐﺮدن‬
satisfaction:‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ‬ experimenting:‫آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﮐﺮدن‬
future:‫آﯾﻨﺪه‬
is what:‫ﻫﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ thinking:‫اﻓﮑﺎر‬
insufficient:‫ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬
subtitle:‫ﻋﻨﺎون ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬ lead to:‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ‬
virtually:‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎ‬
trade-offs:‫ﺑﺪه ﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬ same as:‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
conversion:‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬
wants:‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻬﺎ‬ Indeed:‫در واﻗﻊ‬
ice:‫ﯾﺦ‬
desire:‫ آرزو‬،‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ‬ point of view:‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
ice tray:‫ﯾﺨﺪان‬
life :‫زﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬ term:‫واژه‬
soft-drink:‫ﻧﻮﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﮑﯽ‬
fudge:‫ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻨﯽ‬ objectively:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻋﯿﻨﯽ‬
glass:‫ﻟﯿﻮان‬
٥
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library

indefinable:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ engage in:‫وارد ﺷﺪن ﺑﻪ‬ curves:‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺎ‬

clothes:‫ﻟﺒﺎس‬ browse:‫ﮔﺸﺖ زدن‬ open:‫آزاد‬
vague:‫ﻣﺒﻬﻢ‬ local:‫ﻣﺤﻠﯽ‬ investment:‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري‬
wish:‫آرزو‬ novel:‫رﻣﺎن‬ thus:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
lifesaving:‫ﻧﺠﺎت زﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬ gym:‫ژﯾﻤﻨﺎﺳﺘﯿﮏ‬ Comparative:‫ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬
dying:‫ﻣﺮدن‬ work out:‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺪﻧﯽ‬ Absolute:‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
exposure:‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ The most highly valued: ‫ﺑﺎارزش‬ Advantage:‫ﻣﺰﯾﺖ‬
northern:‫ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬ specialization :‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬
during:‫در ﻃﻮل‬ additional:‫اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬ accurately:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﺤﯿﺤﯽ‬
indeed:‫در واﻓﻊ‬ determine:‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﺮدن‬ develop:‫اراﺋﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
at least:‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬ engage:‫درﮔﯿﺮ ﺷﺪن‬ clean houses:‫ﭘﺎك ﮐﺮدن ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
articles:‫اﻗﻼم‬ opted:‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﺮدن‬ neatly:‫ﮐﺎﻣﻼ‬
Typically:‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎ‬ ranked:‫درﺟﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه‬ manicured:‫ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ﮐﺮدن‬
however:‫اﻣﺎ‬ even time:‫ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ‬ yards:‫ﺣﯿﺎط‬
casually:‫ﺧﻮدﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ extent:‫ وﺳﻌﺖ‬،‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮه‬ perform:‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬
currently:‫ﻓﻌﻼ‬ represented:‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬ oil:‫روﻏﻦ‬
Just:‫دﻗﺒﻘﺎ‬ already:‫ﻗﺒﻼ‬ convinced:‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﺪ ﺷﻮﯾﺪ‬
imagine:‫ﺗﺼﻮر ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬ mentioned:‫اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪ‬ extreme:‫ﺳﺨﺖ‬
single:‫ﻣﻨﻔﺮد‬ hypothetical:‫ﻓﺮﺿﯽ‬ genius:‫ﻧﺎﺑﻐﻪ‬
material:‫ﻣﺎدي‬ consider:‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬ figure:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬
Undoubtedly:‫ﺑﺪون ﺗﺮدﯾﺪ‬ For the sake of:‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬ Suppose:‫ﺗﺼﻮر ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ‬
particularly:‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬ argument:‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ keyboard:‫وارد ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬
lacking:‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺑﻮدن‬ additional:‫اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬ documents:‫اﺳﻨﺎد‬
compassion:‫دﻟﺴﻮزي‬ either:‫ﯾﺎ‬ employees:‫ﮐﺎرﮐﻨﺎن‬
friendship:‫دوﺳﺘﯽ‬ grade:‫ﻧﻤﺮه‬ in order:‫ﻣﺮﺗﺐ‬
affection:‫ ﻣﺤﺒﺖ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻪ‬ Figure:‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬ file cabinet :‫ﮐﺎﺑﯿﻨﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﮕﺎﻧﯽ‬
prestige:‫ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ‬ expected:‫ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬ clerks:‫ﻣﻨﺸﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﮕﺎﻧﯽ‬
competing:‫رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ‬ vertical:‫ﻋﻤﻮدي‬ Indeed:‫در واﻗﻊ‬
that ends up:‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ‬ axis:‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬ manage:‫ﻣﯿﺮﯾﺖ ﮐﺮدن‬
causes:‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬ horizontal:‫اﻓﻘﯽ‬ effectively:‫ﺑﺎ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ‬
unsatisfied:‫رﻓﻊ ﻧﺸﺪه‬ course:‫درس‬ current:‫ﻓﻌﻠﯽ‬
to be forfeited:‫ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن‬ Conversely:‫ﺑﺮﻋﮑﺲ‬ president:‫رﺋﯿﺲ‬
implies:‫ دﻻﻟﺖ ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ‬،‫ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد‬ flunk:‫رد ﺷﺪن در درس‬ function:‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد‬
consume:‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ Over time:‫وﻗﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ self-perceptions:‫ﺧﻮد اراﮐﺎت‬
Forgone:‫ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪه‬ accumulation:‫اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ‬ endeavors:‫ﺗﻼش ﻫﺎ‬
Consider:‫درﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ‬ Figure:‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬ Nonetheless:‫ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ وﺟﻮد‬
practical:‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي‬ outward:‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﯿﺮون‬ undertaking:‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬
give up:‫از دﺳﺖ دادن‬ shifting:‫ﺟﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯾﯽ‬،‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ managerial:‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺘﯽ‬

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greater:‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ rise:‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ‬ planned:‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬

3 firm:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬ construct: ‫ اﺣﺪاث‬،‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ‬،‫اراﺋﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬
commodity:‫ﮐﺎﻻ‬ business:‫ﺗﺠﺎري‬ ‫ﮐﺮدن‬
bought:‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪاري ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬ organization:‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن‬ each:‫ﻫﺮ‬
sold:‫ﻓﺮوﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬ employ:‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺮدن‬ shortage:‫ﮐﻤﺒﻮد‬
quantity:‫ ﮐﻤﯿﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ resources:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ state:‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
demanded:‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺷﺪه‬ produce:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬ obtain:‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن‬
inversely:‫ﻣﻌﮑﻮس‬ profit:‫ﺳﻮد‬ sufficient:‫ﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬
related to:‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ‬ owns:‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬ amount:‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬
complements:‫)ﻣﮑﻤﻞ)ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻻ‬ operates:‫اداره ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬ greater:‫ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ‬
opposite:‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬ at least:‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬ clearing :‫ ﺗﻬﺎﺗﺮي‬،‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻪ‬
shift:‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ plant:‫ﮐﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ substitutes:‫ﺟﺎﻧﺸﯿﻦ‬
Consumer:‫ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬ facility:‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼت‬ same:‫ﻫﻤﺎن‬
broad:‫ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ‬ in order to: ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ Butter:‫ﮐﺮه‬
term:‫اﺻﻄﻼح‬ Market:‫ﺑﺎزار‬ margarine:‫ﮐﺮه ﻧﺒﺎﺗﯽ‬
engaged in:‫درﮔﯿﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ‬ arrangement:‫ﺳﺎزوﮐﺎرﻫﺎ‬ Supply:‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬
sector:‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ exchanging:‫ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ‬ relationship :‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬
curve:‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ‬ Thus:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬ anticipation:‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬
graph:‫ﻧﻤﻮدار‬ labor market:‫ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر‬ special :‫ﺧﺎص‬
representing:‫ﺑﺎزﺧﻮرد ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ‬ automobile market:‫ﺑﺎزار اﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞ‬ refers:‫اﺷﺎره دارد ﺑﻪ‬
data:‫داده‬ credit:‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ singly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﻧﻔﺮادي‬
simply:‫ﺻﺮﻓﺎ‬ buyer:‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪار‬ various:‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
Demand:‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬ seller:‫ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه‬ constant:‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
schedule:‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه‬ price:‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬ therefore:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
purchase:‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪن‬ amount of:‫ﻣﻘﺪاري‬ microprocessor:‫رﯾﺰ ﭘﺮدازﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ‬
constant:‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ goes up:‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽ رود‬ chip:‫ﺗﺮاﺷﻪ‬
period:‫دوره‬ preference:‫ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻼت‬،‫اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ‬ French:‫ﺳﺮخ ﮐﺮده‬
one half of :‫ﻧﯿﻤﯽ از‬ strong liking:‫ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ‬ frie:‫ﺳﯿﺐ زﻣﯿﻨﯽ‬
exchange:‫ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ‬ literature:‫ادﺑﯿﺎت‬ multifunction:‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي‬
equilibrium:‫ﺗﻌﺎدل‬ quantity:‫ ﮐﻤﯿﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ copier:‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﮐﭙﯽ‬
matched:‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺷﺪن‬ traded:‫ﺗﺠﺎرت‬ criminal:‫ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
stable:‫ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‬، ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ states:‫ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬ concept:‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬
unstable:‫ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪار‬ direction:‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ goes down:‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ رود‬
persist:‫ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪن‬،‫ﺗﺪاوم‬ schedule: ‫ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪي‬،‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬ inverse:‫ﻣﻌﮑﻮس‬
Expectation:‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ variable:‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
Belief:‫ﺑﺎور‬ ordered:‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ moves up:‫ﺑﺎﻻ رﻓﺘﻦ‬
mental picture:‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ذﻫﻨﯽ‬ list:‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬ tacked on:‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮده اﯾﻢ‬
future:‫آﯾﻨﺪه‬ plan:‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ statement:‫ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬،‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﻪ‬

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equal:‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
referred to:‫اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮدﯾﻢ‬
chapter:‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬
predict:‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬
fewer:‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬
Implicitly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
hypothetical:‫ﻓﺮﺿﯽ‬
consider:‫ﻓﺮض ﻣﯿﮑﻨﯿﻢ‬
secure:‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬
digital:‫دﯾﺠﯿﺘﺎل‬
dimension:‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬
sense:‫ ﺳﺮ درآوردن‬،‫ﺣﺲ ﮐﺮدن‬
decade:‫دﻫﻪ‬
explicitly:‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮاﺣﺖ‬
in question:‫ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ‬
avoid:‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب‬
comparing:‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬
truly:‫واﻗﻌﺎ‬
panel :‫ ﺳﺘﻮن‬،‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
apiece:‫ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ‬
representative:‫ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ‬،‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪه‬
reflect:‫ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب‬،‫ﻧﺸﺎن دادن‬
vertical axis:‫ﻣﺤﻮر ﻋﻤﻮدي‬
horizontal axis:‫ﻣﺤﻮر اﻓﻘﯽ‬
through:‫از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬
plot :‫ﻃﺮح‬
smooth:‫ﻧﺮم‬
downward:‫رو ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬
sloping :‫ﺷﯿﺐ‬
indicate:‫ﻧﺸﺎن دادن‬
equally:‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎن اﻧﺪازه‬
dental:‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ دﻧﺪان‬
floss:‫ﻧﺦ دﻧﺪان‬
bagel:‫ ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻨﯽ‬، ‫ﻧﺎن ﺣﻠﻘﻪ اي‬
textbook:‫ﮐﺘﺎب درﺳﯽ‬
credit:‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
rightward:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف راﺳﺖ‬
Tastes:‫ﻋﻼﯾﻖ‬
Preferences:‫اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
in favor of :‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻊ‬
outward:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﺑﯿﺮون‬
drawn:‫ﮐﺸﯿﺪه ﺷﺪه‬
driving:‫اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
given:‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬
interdependent:‫واﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
distinguish:‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ دادن‬
inward:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف داﺧﻞ‬
consumed:‫ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
reversed:‫ﻣﻌﮑﻮس‬
encourage: ‫ ﺗﺸﻮﯾﻖ‬،‫ﺗﺸﻮﯾﻖ ﺷﺪن‬
‫ﮐﺮدن‬
regarding:‫درﺑﺎره‬
prompt:‫ﺑﯽ درﻧﮓ‬
percent:‫درﺻﺪ‬
induce :‫وادار ﮐﺮدن ﺑﻪ‬
stock up:‫ذﺧﯿﺮه ﺳﺎزي‬
Potential:‫ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه‬
reduction :‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬
supplied:‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
involve:‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
offer:‫ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد دادن‬
generally:‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
Just as:‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
construct :‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ‬
simply:‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎدﮔﯽ‬
producer:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
convert:‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﮐﺮدن‬
earlier:‫در اواﯾﻞ‬
upward:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﺑﺎﻻ‬
direct relationship:‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬
Productivity:‫ﺑﻬﺮه وري‬
techniques :‫ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ‬
Tax:‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬
subsidy:‫ﯾﺎراﻧﻪ‬
per-unit:‫ﻫﺮ واﺣﺪ‬
effectively:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬
٨
addition to:‫ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ‬
reduce:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬
willingness:‫ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ‬
withhold:‫ﺧﻮدداري ﮐﺮدن‬
decrease:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ دادن‬
Industry:‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬
short run:‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت‬
long run:‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬
trends:‫روﻧﺪ‬
motion:‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬
force:‫ﻧﯿﺮو‬
exceed:‫ زﯾﺎد ﺷﺪن‬،‫ﺗﺠﺎوز‬
somehow:‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي‬
encompassing:‫ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ‬
4
Competition:‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬
admission:‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮش‬
college:‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬
keen:‫ﺷﺪﯾﺪ‬
efficiency:‫ﮐﺎرآﯾﯽ‬
Alternatively:‫ﯾﺎ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬
pure:‫ ﻣﺤﺾ‬،‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
market system:‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎزار‬
generates:‫اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬
bear:‫داﺷﺘﻦ‬
TRUE:‫واﻗﻌﯽ‬
opportunity:‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‬
externality:‫ﺗﺎﭘﯿﺮات ﺑﺮوﻧﯽ‬
consequence:‫ زﻧﺠﯿﺮه اي‬،‫ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ‬
spills over:‫ﺳﺮازﯾﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
third parties:‫اﺷﺨﺎص ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬
Pollution:‫آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ‬
failure:‫ ورﺷﮑﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬،‫ﺷﮑﺴﺖ‬
Lack:‫ ﻧﺒﻮد‬،‫ﻓﻘﺪان‬
crop:‫)ﻣﺤﺼﻮل)ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ‬
finance : ‫ ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬،‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
management:‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ‬
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pipeline:‫ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
free-riders: ‫ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬،‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺎر‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎر‬
arises:‫اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
presume:‫ ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬،‫ﮔﻤﺎن ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
individually:‫ﺷﺨﺼﺎ‬
escape:‫ﻓﺮار ﮐﺮدن از‬
portion:‫ ﺑﺨﺶ‬،‫ﺳﻬﻢ‬
reduction:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬
provide:‫آﻣﺎده ﮐﺮدن‬
commodity:‫ﮐﺎﻻ‬
actually:‫واﻗﻌﯽ‬
government-inhibited
good.:‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻨﻊ دوﻟﺖ‬
deemed :‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ رﺳﺪ‬
considred:‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ رﺳﺪ‬
has been deemed:‫ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
socially:‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
undesirable:‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬
through:‫از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬
political:‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ‬
Heroin:‫ﻫﺮوﺋﯿﻦ‬
cigarettes:‫ﺳﯿﮕﺎر‬
gambling:‫ﻗﻤﺎر‬
cocaine:‫ﮐﻮﮐﺎﺋﯿﻦ‬
government- sponsored
goods.:‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ دوﻟﺖ‬
inhibit:‫ ﺳﺮﮐﻮب ﮐﺮدن‬،‫ﻣﻨﻊ ﮐﺮدن‬
desirable:‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬
Museum:‫ﻣﻮزه‬
put down:‫ﺳﺮﮐﻮب ﮐﺮدن‬
force:‫زور‬
authority:‫ اﻗﺘﺪار‬،‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬
are fed:‫ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
drug:‫دارو‬
development:‫رﺷﺪ‬
profit:‫ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ‬،‫ﺳﻮد‬
excess:‫اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬
total:‫ﮐﻞ‬ recognition:‫)درك )ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬
revenue:‫درآﻣﺪ‬ rival:‫رﻗﯿﺐ‬
over:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ consuming:‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬
specific period of time: ‫در ﯾﮏ‬ private goods :‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
‫زﻣﺎن ﺧﺎص‬ consumption:‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬
can be copied: ‫ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﮐﭙﯽ ﺑﺮداري‬ consume:‫ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﺮدن‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ principle:‫اﺻﻞ‬
times:‫ﺑﺎرﻫﺎ‬ public goods :‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
massive:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ spending:‫ ﺧﺮج ﮐﺮدن‬، ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
public spending:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬ Refers to:‫اﺷﺎره دارد ﺑﻪ‬
reducing:‫در ﺣﺎل ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬ Department:‫اداره‬
public good:‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬ commencement:‫آﻏﺎز‬
jointly:‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ‬ sponsor :‫ﺣﺎﻣﯽ‬
consumed:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺼﺮف‬ promotes:‫ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﺮدن‬
simultaneously:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن‬ stability:‫ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﯾﯽ‬،‫ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار‬،‫ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري‬
additional:‫اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬ facing:‫در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
reduction:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬ relief:‫آﺳﺎﯾﺶ‬
quality:‫ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ‬ lack :‫ ﻧﺒﻮد‬،‫ﻓﻘﺪان‬
National defense:‫دﻓﺎع ﻣﻠﯽ‬ political:‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ‬
police protection:‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﭘﻠﯿﺲ‬ subsidize: ‫ ﮐﻤﮏ‬،‫ﮐﻤﮏ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ دادن‬
legal system:‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﺮدن از ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
redistribution: ‫ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬،‫ﺑﺎز ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬ public service:‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺪد‬ taxation:‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﻨﺪي‬
Distributing again: ‫ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬،‫ﺑﺎز ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬ collect:‫ﺟﻤﻊ آوري‬
‫ﻣﺠﺪد‬ defence:‫دﻓﺎع‬
progressive:‫ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪي‬ can be carried out:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺠﺎم اﺳﺖ‬
income tax:‫ﻣﺎﻟﺒﺎت ﺑﺮ درآﻣﺪ‬ progressive:‫ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪي‬
transfer:‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯽ‬ third parties :‫اﺷﺨﺎص ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬
payment:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬ Parties:‫ اﺷﺨﺎﺻﯽ‬،‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬
transfer payment:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯽ‬ transaction:‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬
authority:‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬ relationship:‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬
Regulation:‫آﯾﯿﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻘﺮرات‬ caregiver:‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ‬
inoculated:‫واﮐﺴﯿﻨﻪ ﺷﺪن‬ patient:‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎر‬
entering:‫وارد ﺷﺪن‬ fee:‫دﺳﺘﻤﺰد‬
resource:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ insurance:‫ﺑﯿﻤﻪ‬
satisfy:‫ارﺿﺎ‬ companies:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
steel:‫ﻓﻮﻻد‬ income:‫درآﻣﺪ‬
rival consumption:‫ﻣﺼﺮف رﻗﺒﺎ‬ assistance :‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪت‬
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provide:‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮐﺮدن‬
financial:‫ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
provide financial
assistance:‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آوري ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪت ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
forbid‫ و‬inhibit:‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮع‬
supporter :‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
sponsor:‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
profit:‫ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ‬،‫ﺳﻮد‬
benefit:‫ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ‬،‫ﺳﻮد‬
inability:‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧﯽ‬
inability to succeed: ‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧﯽ در‬
‫ﭘﯿﺮوزي‬
failure:‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧﯽ در ﭘﯿﺮوزي‬
partition:‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ‬
allocation:‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ‬
expenditure:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
spending:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
law:‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
contest:‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬
competition:‫زﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬
apportioning:‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬
act of apportioning again : ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺪد‬
redistribution:‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻣﺠﺪد‬
consumption:‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬
‫درس‬:
Price System:‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
advantage:‫ﻣﺰﯾﺖ‬
proficiency:‫ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬
ideal:‫اﯾﺪه آل‬
form:‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬
via:‫از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬
voluntary:‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎري‬
exchange:‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬
mutually:‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼ‬
advantageous:‫ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪ‬
trade:‫ﺗﺠﺎرت‬
sovereign:‫ﺣﺎﮐﻢ‬
freedom:‫آزادي‬
purchase:‫ﺣﺮﯾﺪ‬
Politician:‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﺘﻤﺪار‬
manager:‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬
ultimately:‫در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬
proponent:‫ﻃﺮﻓﺪار‬
argue :‫اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
characteristic:‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬
among:‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
protects:‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
coercion:‫اﺟﺒﺎر‬
Correction:‫اﺻﻼح‬
Externalities :‫ﺗﺎﭘﯿﺮات ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ‬
bear:‫ﺑﺪاﻧﻨﺪ‬
circumstances:‫اوﺿﺎع و اﺣﻮال‬
society:‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
hypothetical:‫ﻓﺮﺿﯽ‬
Consider:‫در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ‬
regulation:‫ﻣﻘﺮرات‬
against:‫ﺑﺮ ﺿﺪ‬
town:‫روﺳﺘﺎ‬
clean:‫ﭘﺎك‬
moves into:‫وارد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
inputs:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
mill:‫ﮐﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
charges:‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
incur:‫ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺷﺪن‬
In the course of :‫در ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
however:‫اﻣﺎ‬
utilizes:‫ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﯽ ﺑﺮد‬
simple:‫ﺳﺎده‬
indeed:‫درر واﻗﻊ‬
furnaces:‫ﮐﻮزه ﻫﺎ‬
emit:‫ﺧﺎرج ﮐﺮدن‬
dirtying:‫ﮐﺜﯿﻒ ﮐﺮدن‬
Rather:‫ﺑﻠﮑﻪ‬
community:‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
incur:‫ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
١٠
dirtier:‫ﮐﺜﯿﻒ ﺗﺮ‬
respiratory:‫ﺗﻨﻔﺴﯽ‬
illnesses:‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻫﺎ‬
effect:‫اﺛﺮ‬
similar:‫ﺷﺒﯿﻪ‬
steel mill:‫ﮐﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد‬
coal:‫زﻏﺎل ﺳﻨﮓ‬
oil:‫ﻧﻔﺖ‬
workers’ services :‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﮐﺎرﮔﺮان‬
externality:‫ﺗﺎﭘﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ‬
external:‫ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ‬
associated with:‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ‬
spilled over:‫ﺳﺮرﯾﺰ ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ‬
fundamental:‫اﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬
belongs:‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻮدن‬
hence:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
particular:‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
clearly:‫واﺿﺢ‬
assigned:‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داده ﺷﺪه‬
property:‫اﻣﻮال‬
rights:‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬
owner:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮏ‬
exchange:‫ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ‬
exchange property:‫ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ اﻣﻮال‬
prevent:‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺷﺪن‬
spillovers:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
observers:‫ﻧﺎﻇﺮان‬
contend:‫ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ‬
negative:‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬
associated:‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻂ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
growing:‫ﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪه‬
digital billboards: ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ اﻋﻼﻧﺎت‬
‫دﯾﺠﯿﺘﺎﻟﯽ‬
Misallocation:‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﻧﺎدرﺳﺖ‬
will tend to:‫ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داﺷﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
overallocate :‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬
implicitly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
priced:‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه‬
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deceptively:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮔﻤﺮاه ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
low:‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﯿﻦ‬
mill :‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬
owner:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮏ‬
to take account:‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
imposing:‫ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
rest:‫ﺑﻘﯿﻪ‬
In essence: ‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎ‬
is not borne:‫ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﻧﺸﺪن‬
otherwise:‫ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ دﯾﮕﺮي‬
In contrast:‫در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
benefits:‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬
induce:‫ﺗﺮﻏﯿﺐ‬
fails to reflect:‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻧﺪﻫﺪ‬
relatively:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ‬
Thus ‫و‬Hence:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
too low:‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﮐﻢ‬
property:‫ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
spillovers:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬،‫ﺳﺮرﯾﺰﻫﺎ‬
In the case of :‫در ﻣﻮرد‬
at least:‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
avenues:‫راه‬
special taxes:‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت وﯾﮋه‬
legislative regulation: ‫ﻣﻘﺮرات‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬
prohibition:‫ﺑﺎزداري‬
arises:‫اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
waste:‫ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ‬
disposal:‫اﻧﻬﺪام‬
costless:‫ﺑﺪون ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
commensurate:‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
fee:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
ultimate:‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬
consume:‫ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﺮدن‬
ideally:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﯾﺪه آل‬
equal:‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
Alternatively:‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان راه دﯾﮕﺮ‬
: elderly:‫ﺳﺎﻟﺨﻮرده‬
correct:‫اﺻﻼح‬
negative:‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬
specify:‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
allowable:‫ﻣﺠﺎز‬
rate:‫ﻣﯿﺰان‬
require:‫اﯾﺠﺎب ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
abatement:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬
equipment:‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬
facilities:‫اﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎت‬
output:‫ﺑﺎزده‬
determining:‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﺮدن‬
appropriate:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
extensive:‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮده‬
spills:‫ﺳﺮازﯾﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
over:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
several:‫ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ‬
policy:‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺸﯽ‬
producing:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﺮدن‬
underallocates:‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬
extremely:‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎر‬
large:‫زﯾﺎد‬
desired:‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ‬
right:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
communicable:‫ﻣﺴﺮي‬
campaigns:‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت‬
population:‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ‬
at no charge:‫ﺑﺪون ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
subsidy:‫ﯾﺎراﻧﻪ‬
payment:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬
either:‫ﯾﺎ‬
subsidize:‫ﯾﺎراﻧﻪ دادن‬
reimbursing:‫ﭘﺲ دادن ﭘﻮل‬
net:‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
thereby:‫ﺑﺪﯾﻦ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬
seeking:‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬
capture:‫ﺟﺬب ﮐﺮدن‬
transportation:‫ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬
Consequently:‫در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
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undertake:‫اﻧﺠﺎم دادن‬
Perhaps:‫ﺷﺎﯾﺪ‬
as a result of:‫در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
enrolled:‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺎم ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
rival:‫رﻗﯿﺐ‬
as much as:‫ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه‬
contender:‫رﻗﯿﺐ‬
title champion:‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬
at the same time
simultaneously:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن‬
distinguishing: ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ‬
feature:‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬
exclusive:‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ‬
rent:‫اﺟﺎره دادن‬
jointly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬
fundamental:‫اﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬
set:‫ﺟﺪا ﺳﺎزي‬
depriving:‫ﻣﺤﺮوم ﮐﺮدن‬
amount:‫ﻣﯿﺰان‬
bestowed:‫ارزاﻧﯽ ﺷﺪه‬
anyone else:‫ﻫﯿﭻ ﮐﺲ دﯾﮕﺮي‬
probably:‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‬
in place:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
collection:‫ﮐﻠﮑﺴﯿﻮن‬
on the basis of: ‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
Nonpayers: ‫اﻓﺮادي ﮐﻪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﻧﻤﯽ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
incurring:‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﮐﺮدن‬
monetary:‫ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
excluding:‫ﻣﺤﺮوم ﮐﺮدن‬،‫ﺣﺬف ﮐﺮدن‬
would be entailed:‫اﯾﺠﺎد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
prevent:‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي‬
For instance:‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
taxpayers:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬
incentive: ‫اﻧﮕﯿﺰه‬
cannot be excluded: ‫ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮان‬
‫ﺣﺬف ﮐﺮد‬
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library

TRUE:‫واﻗﻌﯽ‬ indeed :‫در واﻗﻊ‬ nominal:‫اﺳﻤﯽ‬

categorize:‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﮐﺮدن‬ numerous:‫ﺑﯽ ﺷﻤﺎر‬ minus:‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎي‬
leads to :‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ‬ undesirable:‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬ creditor:‫ﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﮑﺎر‬،‫ﻃﻠﺒﮑﺎر‬
advantage:‫ﻣﺰﯾﺖ‬،‫ﺳﻮد‬ respect to:‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ obligation:‫ﺗﮑﻠﯿﻒ‬
burden:‫ﺑﺎر‬ justify:‫ﺗﻮﺟﯿﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ to whom:‫ﺑﺮ او‬
Suppose:‫ﺗﺼﻮر ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬ relatively:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ‬ owe:‫ﺑﺪﻫﮑﺎر ﺑﻮدن‬
citizen:‫ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪ‬ declaring:‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ foreign:‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬
proportion: ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ exercise:‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ cyclical unemployment: ‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬
actually:‫واﻗﻌﺎ‬ stance:‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫ادواري‬
connection:‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬ psychoactive:‫روان ﮐﺮدان‬ Unemployment:‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬
sharing: ‫اﺷﺘﺮاك‬ drugs:‫داروﻫﺎ‬ resulting from:‫ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از‬
belong: ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ expressly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﺮﯾﺢ‬ recession:‫رﮐﻮد‬
multilateral:‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬ prohibited:‫ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ aggregate:‫ﮐﻞ‬
consistently:‫ﻫﻤﻮاره‬ heavily:‫ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود زﯾﺎدي‬ policymaker:‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬار‬
avoid:‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ورزﯾﺪن‬ prescription:‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﺰ‬ policy:‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺸﯽ‬
contributing:‫ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﺮدن‬ recent:‫ﺗﺎزه‬ keel:‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل‬
In short:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬ explicit:‫ﺻﺮﯾﺢ‬ debtor:‫ﺑﺪﻫﮑﺎر‬
economywide stability : ‫ﺛﺒﺎت ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬ progressive:‫ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪي‬ obliged:‫ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ payment:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬ Commercial:‫ﺗﺠﺎري‬
charged:‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬ rendered:‫اراﺋﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬ debt:‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬
promoting:‫ارﺗﻘﺎ‬ in return:‫در ﻋﻮض‬ entrant:‫داوﻃﻠﺐ‬
provision:‫ﺗﻬﯿﻪ‬ primary:‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ officially:‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت رﺳﻤﯽ‬
ensuring :‫ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ‬ security:‫ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬ institution:‫)ﻧﻬﺎد)ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ‬
transfer: ‫) اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯽ)ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬ disability:‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧﯽ‬ fire:‫اﺧﺮاج ﮐﺮدن‬
proficiency:‫ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ unemployment:‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬ Dismiss:‫ﺑﺮﮐﻨﺎر ﮐﺮدن‬
normative:‫دﺳﺘﻮري‬ insurance:‫ﺑﯿﻤﻪ‬ close:‫ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ‬
rather than:‫ﺑﺠﺎي‬ in kind:‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻧﻘﺪي‬ frictional unemployment: ‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬
determine: ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ stamp:‫ﮐﻮﭘﻦ‬ ‫اﺻﻄﮑﺎﮐﯽ‬
merit:‫ارزش‬ Medicare:‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت درﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ due to:‫ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬
has deemed:‫ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬ Medicaid:‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت داروﯾﯽ‬ appropriate:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
desirable:‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬ health care service,: ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ‬ offer:‫ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد‬
inherent:‫ذاﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ‬ remain:‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪن‬
designation:‫ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬاري‬ engaged in:‫درﮔﯿﺮ ﺷﺪن در‬ temporary:‫ﻣﻮﻗﺖ‬
entirely:‫ﮐﺎﻣﻼ‬ 5 unemployed:‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎر‬
subjective:‫ذﻫﻨﯽ‬ anticipated inflation: ‫ﺗﻮرم ﭘﯿﺶ‬ eliminate:‫ﺣﺬف‬
provision:‫ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﺷﺪه‬ prevent:‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺷﺪن‬
judged:‫ﻗﻀﺎوت ﺷﺪه‬ inflation:‫ﺗﻮرم‬ present:‫)ﻓﻌﻠﯽ)ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬
reimbursement:‫ﺑﺎز ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬ interest:‫ﺳﻮد ﻧﺮخ ﺑﻬﺮه‬ lined up :‫ﻣﻬﯿﺎ ﮐﺮدن‬

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(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library

immediately:‫ﻓﻮرا‬ reentered:‫دوﺑﺎره وارد ﺷﺪه‬ entrant:one who becomes a

household:‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮار‬ Seasonal unemployment: ‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬ member
household:of or pertaining to a
together:‫ﺑﺎﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻠﯽ‬
home or family
inflation:‫ﺗﻮرم‬ pattern:‫اﻟﮕﻮ‬ anticipate:expect
sustained:‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ industry:‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬ creditor:monylender
dropped:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ fluctuations:‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎن‬ :
actively:‫ﻓﻌﺎﻻﻧﻪ‬
dramatically:‫ﺗﺎﺣﺪ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮي‬ render:‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
looking for:‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﮐﺮدن‬
interest rate :‫ﻧﺮخ ﺑﻬﺮه‬ impossible:‫ﻧﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬
entire:‫ﮐﻞ‬
percentage:‫درﺻﺪ‬ agriculture:‫ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
in terms of:‫از ﻧﻈﺮ‬
charged:‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه‬ construction:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳﺎزﻫﺎ‬
lost:‫از دﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻪ‬
varies:‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬ structural unemployment
:‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬ hardship:‫)ﺳﺨﺘﯽ)ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎري‬
according to:‫ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ‬
poor:‫ﺿﻌﯿﻒ‬ lack:‫ﻓﻘﺪان‬
Job leavers :‫ﺗﺮك ﮐﻨﻨﺪه اﺧﺘﯿﺎري ﺷﻐﻞ‬
match:‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ self-respect:‫ﻋﺰت ﻧﻔﺲ‬
voluntarily:‫ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬
workers' abilities:‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺎرﮔﺮان‬ convey:‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﻤﻮدن‬
Job losers:‫ازﮐﺎر اﺧﺮاج ﺷﺪه‬
requirement:‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ‬ Categories:‫ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
employment:‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
employer:‫ﮐﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ‬ fall into:‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
involuntarily:‫ﻏﯿﺮ ارادي‬
unanticipated inflation: ‫ﺗﻮرم ﭘﯿﺶ‬ laid off:‫ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺷﺪن‬
terminated:‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﻣﯿﺮﺳﺪ‬
New entrants:‫ﺗﺎزه ﺑﯿﮑﺎر ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻧﺸﺪه‬ Major:‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬
surprise:‫ﺗﻌﺠﺐ‬ Types:‫ﻧﻮع‬
ever:‫ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن‬
held:‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن‬ borrower:‫ﻗﺮض ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن‬ Frictional:‫اﺻﻄﮑﺎﮐﯽ‬

full-time:‫ﺗﻤﺎم وﻗﺖ‬ compensate:‫ﺟﺒﺮان ﻧﻤﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬ structural:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬

compensate:‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬ cyclical:‫ادواري‬
lasting:‫ﺗﺪاوم داﺷﺘﻦ‬
nominal:‫اﺳﻤﯽ‬ adults:‫ﺑﺰرگ ﺳﺎل‬ seasonal:‫ﻓﺼﻠﯽ‬
willing:‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺎن‬ continuous:‫ﻣﺪاوم‬
Describe:‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬
voluntarily:‫داوﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ‬ flow:‫)اﻧﺘﻘﺎل)ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
position:‫وﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬
voluntarily:‫راﯾﮕﺎن‬ redirected:‫در ﺟﻬﺖ دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺮدن‬
characteristic:‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬
supposed to:‫ﺗﺼﻮر ﮐﺮدن‬ rather than : ‫ﺑﺠﺎي آﻧﮑﻪ‬ hunting:‫ﺷﮑﺎر‬
Attendance:‫ﺣﻀﻮر‬ guarantee:‫ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﮐﺮدن‬
reality:‫واﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬
parade:‫)راﻫﭙﯿﻤﺎﯾﯽ) ﺳﺎن‬ low-paying:‫ﮐﻢ درآﻣﺪ‬
purchasing power :‫ﻗﺪرت ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬
unemployment:state of not high-paying :‫ﭘﺮدارﻣﺪ‬
vice versa:‫)ﺑﺮﻋﮑﺲ)ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼ‬
being employed perspective:‫دﯾﺪﮔﺎه‬
real:‫واﻗﻌﯽ‬
interest rate:rate of money that encompasses:‫درﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ‬
actually:‫واﻗﻌﺎ‬ is paid for financial service
increasingly:‫ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ زﯾﺎدي‬
imagined:‫ﺗﺼﻮر ﺷﺪه‬ inflation:rise in prices
fire:dismiss from a job viewpoint:‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
invented:‫اﺧﺘﺮاع ﺷﺪه‬
debtor:on who is obliged to mandates:‫دﺳﺘﻮرات‬
theoretical:‫ﻧﻈﺮي‬
another fund:‫وﺟﻪ‬
overall:‫ﮐﻠﯽ‬ voluntarily:not by force
social insurance:‫ﺑﯿﻤﻪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
Reentrants:‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﮐﺎر‬

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(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library
announcing:‫اﻋﻼم‬
closing:‫ﺗﻌﻄﯿﻠﯽ‬
plant:‫ﮐﺎرﺧﺎﻧﯽ‬
in advance:‫ﭘﯿﺸﺎﭘﯿﺶ‬
considerable:‫ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬
evidence:‫ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ‬
influence:‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻦ‬
thereby:‫ﺑﺪﯾﻦ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬
associated with:‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ‬
primarily:‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎ‬
recession:‫)رﮐﻮدﻫﺎ)ﮐﺴﺎدي ﻫﺎ‬
depression:‫ﺑﺤﺮان ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
intensity:‫ﺷﺪت‬
duration:‫ﻣﺪت‬
lessen:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬
frequency:‫ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ‬
downturns:‫)ﻧﺰول)اﻓﺖ‬
warmer:‫ﮔﺮم ﺗﺮ‬
seasonally:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻓﺼﻠﯽ‬
resort:‫ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺢ ﮔﺎه‬
upward:‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
definition:‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬
constant:‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
talked about:‫ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد درﺑﺎره‬
in term of:‫از ﻧﻈﺮ‬
purchasing power:‫ﻗﺪرت ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬
decline:‫اﻓﺖ‬
discuss:‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﮐﺮدن‬
expressed:‫ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬
In contrast:‫در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
bill:‫اﺳﮑﻨﺎس‬
grandparents:‫ﭘﺪر و ﻣﺎدر ﺑﺰرگ‬
value:‫ارزش‬
Obviously:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
diminish:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬
come up:‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن‬
determine:‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﺮدن‬
hurt:‫آﺳﯿﺐ دﯾﺪن‬
vastly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر وﺳﯿﻌﯽ‬
turns out to :‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪن‬
percent:‫درﺻﺪ‬
it was going to be:‫ﻗﺮار ﺑﻮد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
particular:‫ﺧﺎص‬
caused by :‫اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪن‬
ravages:‫اﺛﺮات ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺒﯽ‬
distinction:‫ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ‬
in mind:‫در ذﻫﻦ‬
borrow:‫ﻗﺮض ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
anticipayion:‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬
neither:‫ﻧﻪ‬
lender:‫ﻗﺮض دﻫﻨﺪه‬
fooled:‫ﻓﺮﯾﺐ ﺧﻮردن‬
valuable:‫ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ‬
ordinarily:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل‬
plus:‫ﺑﻌﻼوه‬
inflationary:‫ﺗﻮرﻣﯽ‬
premium:‫)ﺟﺎﯾﺰه)ﭘﺎداش‬
to take account of:‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮدن ﺑﻪ‬
deprecation:‫اﻓﺖ‬
covers:‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪن‬
times:‫ﺿﺮﺑﺪر‬
omit:‫ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪن‬
Dividding:‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮدن‬
:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬
:@@@@@
creditors lose:‫ﻃﻠﺒﮑﺎران ﻣﯿﺒﺎزﻧﺪ‬
debtors gain:‫ﺑﺪﻫﮑﺎران ﺳﻮد ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
underestimated:‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ زده‬
protecting:‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ‬
adjustable:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ‬
mortgage:‫رﻫﻦ‬
cost of living:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬
adjustment:‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬
automatic:‫ﺧﻮدﺑﺨﻮدي‬
wage:‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬
to the extent that:‫ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ﮐﻪ‬
١٤
non interest bearing:‫ﺑﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه‬
mattress:‫ﺗﺸﮏ‬
cheking: ‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﺟﺎري‬
suffer:‫آﺳﯿﺐ دﯾﺪن‬
fate:‫ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬
figure out:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
adjust:‫ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ‬
in case:‫در ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ‬
working out:‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬
complicated:‫ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه ﺗﺮ‬
contracts:‫ﻗﺮارداد‬
raw:‫ﺧﺎم‬
repricing:‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﻣﺠﺪد‬
cash:‫ﻧﻘﺪ‬
interest bearing:‫ﺑﻬﺮه اي‬
distortion:‫اﺧﺘﻼﻻت‬
introduce:‫در ﭘﯽ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
figure out:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
complicated :‫ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه ﺗﺮ‬
contract:‫ﻗﺮارداد‬
repricing:‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﻣﺠﺪد‬
menu:‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬
6
capital good:‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اي‬
Durable:‫ﺑﺎدوام‬
expected:‫ﺑﺠﺰ‬
service life:‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬
consumed:‫ﻣﺼﺮف ﺷﺪه‬
current:‫ﺟﺎري‬
durable consumer goods: ‫ﮐﺎﻻي‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ دوام‬
life span:‫ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ‬
consumption expenditure: ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ‬
falls into:‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﺪن ﺑﻪ‬
nondurable:‫ﺑﯽ دوام‬
export:‫ﺻﺎدرات‬
military:‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ‬
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library

already :‫ﻗﺒﻼ‬ goods in process:‫ﮐﺎﻻي در ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬ housecleaners:‫ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﯽ ﻣﻨﺰل‬

expenditure approach: ‫روﯾﮑﺮد‬ raw:‫ﺧﺎم‬ retailers:‫ﺧﺮده ﻓﺮوﺷﺎن‬
‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬ on hand:‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ wholesalers:‫ﻋﻤﺪه ﻓﺮوﺷﺎن‬
Computing:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ Whenever:‫ﻫﺮ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ‬ Total income :‫درآﻣﺪ ﮐﻠﯽ‬
adding up :‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬ decreasing:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ yearly:‫ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
final goods:‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬ negative:‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬ earned:‫ﮐﺴﺐ ﺷﺪه‬
derive:‫ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن‬ increasing:‫)اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ)دادن‬ wages:‫دﺳﺘﻤﺰد‬
separate:‫ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬ positive:‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ rent:‫اﺟﺎره‬
components:‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ investment:‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري‬ interest payments: ‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﻫﺎي‬
expenditures:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬ expand:‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮه‬
together:‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ‬ layperson:‫ﻓﺮد ﻋﺎدي‬ profits:‫ﺳﻮد‬
final goods and services: ‫ﮐﺎﻻ ﻫﺎ و‬ relates to:‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﯿﺸﻮد ﺑﻪ‬ landowners:‫ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎن زﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬ stocks:‫ﺳﻬﺎم‬ entrepreneurs:‫ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﺎن‬
stage:‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ bonds:‫اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ‬ respectively:‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬
transformed:‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪن‬ nondurable consumer transaction:‫داد و ﺳﺘﺪ‬
wheat:‫ﮔﻨﺪم‬ goods:‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﺑﯽ دوام ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ‬ deal:‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬
ordinarily:‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬ measuring:‫اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي‬ Value added:‫ارزش اﻓﺰوده‬
considered:‫در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬ assigning:‫)دادن)ﻧﺎم ﮔﺬاري ﮐﺮدن‬ minus:‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎي‬
annual:‫ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬ phenomena:‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﻫﺎ‬ intermediate:‫واﺳﻄﻪ اي‬
entire:‫ﮐﻞ‬ ownership:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬ contributed to:‫ﻧﻘﺶ داﺷﺘﻦ در‬
fixed investment.: ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري‬ owning:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮏ ﺑﻮدن‬ wage:‫دﺳﻤﺰد‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ : poorly paid :‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﮐﻢ‬
output:‫ﺑﺮون داده‬
newly:‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎزﮔﯽ‬ possession:‫ﺗﻤﻠﮏ‬
industry:‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬
GROSS DOMESTIC accomplishment:‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬
PRODUCT:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ داﺧﻠﯽ‬ deals with:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
calculate:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬
value:‫ارزش‬ aggregates:‫ﮐﻞ‬
sell overseas :‫ﻓﺮوش ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﻫﺎ‬
located :‫ ژواﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻬﯽ‬ totals:‫ﮐﻠﯿﺎت‬
***:
within:‫در داﺧﻞ‬ performance:‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬ concept:‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬
borders:‫ﻣﺮز‬ manner:‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ circular:‫دوار‬
equal:‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ functioning:‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد‬ flow:‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
construction:‫ﻣﺼﺮف‬ operating:‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ignoring:‫ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﺮدن‬
intermediate good: ‫ﮐﺎﻻي واﺳﻄﻪ‬ securities:‫اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار‬ principles:‫اﺻﻞ‬
‫اي‬ certificates:‫ﮔﻮاﻫﯽ‬ exactly:‫دﻗﯿﻘﺎ‬
entirely:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ‬ Special:‫ﺧﺎص‬ direction:‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬
Grain:‫ﻏﻠﻪ‬ deficit:‫ﮐﺴﺮي‬ shown:‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه‬
inventory investment: ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬ services:‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ assumed:‫ﻓﺮض ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﮔﺬاري در ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي‬ Assistance:‫ﮐﻤﮏ‬ entire:‫ﮐﻞ‬
stocks:‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي ﻫﺎ‬ lawyers:‫وﮐﻼ‬ whatever:‫ﻫﺮ آﻧﭽﻪ‬

١٥
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library
indicated:‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه‬
be under the impression: ‫ﮔﻤﺎن‬
‫ﮐﺮدن‬
indeed:‫در واﻗﻊ‬
rewarded:‫ﭘﺎداش‬
associated with:‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ‬
monetary:‫ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
In essence:‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎ‬
receipts:‫رﺳﯿﺪﻫﺎ‬
opposite:‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬
therefore:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
simultaneously:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن‬
upper:‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬
loops:‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ‬
Product Market= where
households are the buyers and
businesses are the sellers:
demanders:‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن‬
Factor Markets :‫ﺑﺎزار ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
entrepreneurial:‫ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ‬
Observe:‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬
counterclockwise: ‫ﺧﻼف ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
market value:‫ارزش ﺑﺎزاري‬
therefore:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
referring:‫اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮدن‬
certain rate:‫ﻣﯿﺰان ﺧﺎص‬
per year:‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎل‬
Suppose:‫ﺗﺼﻮر ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬
salary:‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬
unless:‫ﻣﮕﺮ‬
Thus:‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬
specify:‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﮐﺮدن‬
contrast:‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬
accumulated:‫اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ‬
in time:‫از ﻧﻈﺮ زﻣﺎن‬
over time:‫وﻗﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
Implicit:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
count:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬
twice:‫دوﺑﺎره‬
though:‫اﮔﺮﭼﻪ‬
numerical:‫ﻋﺪدي‬
clarify:‫روﺷﻦ ﮐﺮدن‬
further:‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬
determining:‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬
arbitrarily:‫دﻟﺨﻮاﻫﺎﻧﻪ‬
furniture:‫ﻣﺒﻠﻤﺎن و اﺛﺎﺛﯿﻪ‬
automobiles:‫اﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞ‬
appliances:‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ‬
the rest:‫ﺑﻘﯿﻪ‬
intangible:‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺎدي‬
commodities:‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ‬
constitute:‫ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ دادن‬
proportion:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
recall:‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ‬
major:‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬
****:
apartments:‫آﭘﺎرﺗﻤﺎن‬
rental:‫اﺟﺎره‬
Consequently:‫در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
statisticians:‫ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن‬
estimate:‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬
implicit:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
owner-occupied: ‫داراي ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺿﺨﺼﯽ‬
roughly:‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬
undertaken:‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
additions:‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻫﺎ‬
hence:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
investing:‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري‬
estimating:‫ﺑﺮآورد‬
residential:‫ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬
components:‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
already:‫ﻗﺒﻼ‬
mentioned:‫اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه‬
putting up:‫اﺣﺪاث‬
immediately:‫واﺳﻄﻪ اي‬
producer durables: ‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﺑﺎدوام‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
١٦
meet:‫ﺑﺮآورده ﮐﺮدن‬
orders:‫ﺳﻔﺎرﺷﺎت‬
inventory investment.: ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺬاري در ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي‬
subtracting:‫ﮐﺎﻫﯿﺪن‬
employees:‫ﮐﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ‬
Net Exports:‫ﺻﺎدرات ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
Foreign Expenditures: ‫ﻣﺨﺎرج‬
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬
accurate:‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬
gross:‫ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
domestic:‫داﺧﻠﯽ‬
resident:‫ﺳﺎﮐﻦ‬
Net export (X) = total exports –
total imports :
C = consumption expenditures :
I = investment expenditures :
G = government expenditures :
X = net exports:
@@@@:
preexisting:‫ﻗﺒﻠﯽ‬
purely:‫ﺻﺮﻓﺎ‬
securities:‫اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ‬
transfer payments,: ‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﻫﺎي‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯽ‬
shares:‫ﺳﻬﺎم‬
Corporation:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬
rights:‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬
obtain:‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن‬
consummated:‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪن‬
merely:‫ﺻﺮﻓﺎ‬
gave up:‫از دﺳﺖ دادن‬
unless:‫ﻣﮕﺮ‬
broker:‫دﻻل‬
performing:‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬
concurrently:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن‬
obvious:‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
Social Security:‫ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library
veterans:‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎزان‬
compensation:‫ﺧﺴﺎرت‬
recipients:‫رﺳﯿﺪ ﻫﺎ‬
contribution:‫ﻧﻘﺶ داﺷﺘﻦ در‬
in return for: ‫در ﻋﻮض‬
to be eligible:‫واﺟﺪ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ‬
attend:‫ﺣﻀﻮر در‬
wealthy:‫ﺛﺮوﺗﻤﻨﺪ‬
relative:‫ﻓﺎﻣﯿﻞ‬
Excluded :‫ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨﯽ ﺷﺪه‬
child care:‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ از ﺑﭽﻪ‬
marketplace:‫ﻣﮑﺎن ﺑﺎزرا‬
Otherwise:‫از ﺟﻬﺎت دﯾﮕﺮ‬
underground:‫ﻣﺨﻔﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
reported:‫ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪن‬
hence:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
housekeepers:‫ﮐﺪﺑﺎﻧﻮ‬
declared:‫ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﺪن‬
Illegal:‫ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬
illicit:‫ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺠﺎز‬
borkor:‫دﻻل‬
7 borrower:‫ﻗﺮض ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
owned-possessed:‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ‬
assets:‫داراﯾﯽ‬
legal:‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ‬
claim:‫ادﻋﺎ‬
legal claim:‫ادﻋﺎي ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬
at least:‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
wealth:‫ﺛﺮوت‬
liquid:‫ﻧﻘﺪﯾﻨﻪ‬
asymmetric information: ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻘﺎرن‬
asymmetric:‫ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻘﺎرن‬
wish:‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻦ‬
instead of:‫ﺑﺠﺎي‬
lending:‫ﻗﺮض دادن‬
barter:‫ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ‬
took place:‫اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎدن‬
Central bank:‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي‬ money:‫ﭘﻮل‬
institution:‫ﻧﻬﺎد‬ medium:‫وﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬
serves:‫ﺑﮑﺎر آﻣﺪن‬ universally:‫در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ‬
treasury:‫ﺧﺰاﻧﻪ‬ accepted:‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
regulate:‫ﻧﻈﺎرت ﮐﺮدن ﺑﺮ‬ both:‫ﻫﺮ دو‬
fiduciary:‫اﻣﺎﻧﺘﯽ‬ payment:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬
monetary:‫ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬ creditors:‫ﻃﻠﺒﮑﺎران‬
fiduciary monetary system: ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ debt:‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬
‫ ﻧﻈﺎم اﺳﮑﻨﺎس ﺑﯽ ﭘﺸﺘﻮاﻧﻪ‬،‫ﭘﻮﻟﯽ اﻋﺘﺒﺎري‬ moral hazard:‫ﺧﻄﺮ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ‬
issued:‫ﺻﺎدر ﺷﺪه‬ hazard:‫ﺧﻄﺮ‬
uniquely:‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮا‬ possibility:‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬
faith:‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ engage in:‫درﮔﯿﺮ ﺷﺪن در‬
currency:‫ﭘﻮل راﯾﺞ‬ riskier:‫ﭘﺮﺧﻄﺮﺗﺮ‬
deposit:‫ﺳﭙﺮده‬ been obtained:‫دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه‬
transactions deposit: ‫ﺳﭙﺮده‬ Adverse:‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬-‫ﺑﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﯽ‬ explain:‫ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ‬
intermediary:‫واﺳﻄﻪ اي‬ Thrift :‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﯾﯽ‬
financial intermediaries: ‫واﺳﻄﻪ‬ Thrift institutions: ‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎت ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﯾﯽ‬
ultimate:‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬ association:‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬
lender:‫ﻗﺮض دﻫﻨﺪه‬ credit union: ‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻬﺎي ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫اﺷﺨﺎص ﮐﻢ دراﻣﺪ وام ﻫﺎي ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ‬
savings institutions: ‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎت ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫اﻧﺪاز‬ transaction deposits: ‫ﺳﭙﺮده ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬
liabilities:‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬ Checkable:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬
Amounts owed:‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺪﻫﮑﺎري‬ debitable:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺪﻫﮑﺎر‬
against:‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ account balances:‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﺣﺴﺎب‬
nonowner:‫ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺎﻟﮏ‬ commercial :‫ﺗﺠﺎري‬
liquidity:‫ﻧﻘﺪﯾﻨﮕﯽ‬ transmit:‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
acquired:‫ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن‬ debit-card :،‫ﮐﺎرت ﺑﺪﻫﮑﺎري‬
danger:‫ﺧﻄﺮ‬ restriction:‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ‬
disposed of :‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ traveler’s checks: ‫ﭼﮏ ﻫﺎي‬
intervening:‫واﺳﻄﻪ اي‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺗﯽ‬
attribute:‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺖ‬ instrument:‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬
readily:‫ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﯽ‬ nonbanking:‫ﻏﯿﺮﺑﺎﻧﮑﯽ‬
tradable:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬ signed:‫اﻣﻀﺎ‬
loan:‫وام‬ upon:‫ﺑﺒﻌﺪ از‬
borrow:‫ﻗﺮض ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ signature:‫اﻣﻀﺎ‬
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quantity:‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ jewelry:‫ﻃﻼ و ﺟﻮاﻫﺮ‬ various:‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

outstanding:‫ﺻﺎدر ﺷﺪه‬ pot:‫ﮔﻠﺪان‬ comparison:‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬
unit of accounting: ‫واﺣﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب‬ pan:‫ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﺎﺑﻪ‬ shopping:‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬
by which:‫ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آن‬ facilitate:‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎزد‬ most important:‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬
expressed:‫ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ associated with:‫ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ‬ set aside to :‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دادن‬
denominator:‫ﻣﺨﺮج‬ uncertainty:‫ﻋﺪم اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن‬ later on:‫ﺑﻌﺪ در‬
common denominator: ‫ﻣﺨﺮج‬ That is:‫اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ In the meantime:‫در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬ existence:‫وﺟﻮد‬ retain:‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﮐﺮدن‬
price system:‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬ diverse:‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮع‬ fourth :‫ﭼﻬﺎرم‬
property:‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬ collection:‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ monetary:‫ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
###:# # # # # inventory:‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي‬ stated:‫ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
fiscal=financial:‫ﻣﺎﻟﯽ = ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬ specialize:‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ in terms of:‫از ﻧﻈﺮ‬
economizing=Thrift : ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﯾﯽ‬ comparative:‫رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ‬ That is to say:‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺎن دﯾﮕﺮ‬
‫= ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﯾﯽ‬ advantage:‫ﻣﺰﯾﺖ‬ specified:‫ﺗﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﺷﺪن‬
saving account= deposit: ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ fruit:‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬ currency:‫ﭘﻮل راﯾﺞ‬
‫ﭘﺲ اﻧﺪاز = ﺳﭙﺮده‬ permit:‫اﺟﺎزه دادن‬ corporate:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬
###:# # # # # specialization:‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ bond: ‫اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ‬
traditionally:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺳﻨﺘﯽ‬
inherent:‫ذاﺗﯽ‬ corporate bond: ‫اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬
unit of accounting:‫واﺣﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب‬
efficiency:‫ﺑﻬﺮه وري‬ ‫ﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ‬
standard:‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎر‬
placing:‫ﻗﺮار دادن‬ face value:‫ارزش اﺳﻤﯽ‬
deferred payment:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯽ‬
specific:‫ﺧﺎص‬ maturity:‫ﺳﺮرﺳﯿﺪ‬
standard of deferred
commonly: ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬ upon:‫ﺑﻌﺪ از آن‬
payment:‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯽ‬
recognized:‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬ periodic:‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب‬
store:‫ذﺧﯿﺮه‬
yardstick:‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎر‬ due:‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ‬
store of value:‫ذﺧﯿﺮه ارزش‬
relative:‫ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬ comes due:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺷﺪن‬
purchasing power:‫ﻗﺪرت ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬
Accountants:‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاران‬ holder:‫دارﻧﺪه‬
resort to:‫ﺗﻮﺳﻞ ﮐﺮدن ﺑﻪ‬
department:‫اداره‬ accounts for:‫ﺗﺒﺒﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
shoemaker:‫ﮐﻔﺎش‬
commerce:‫ﺗﺠﺎرت‬ Although:‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
dozen:‫دوﺟﯿﻦ‬
domestic:‫داﺧﻠﯽ‬ widely:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اي‬
seek out: ‫ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل‬
calculate:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ liquidity:‫ﻧﻘﺪﯾﻨﮕﯽ‬
exactly:‫دﻗﯿﻘﺎ‬
losses:‫زﯾﺎن ﻫﺎ‬ liquid:‫ﻧﻘﺪﯾﻨﻪ‬
interested:‫ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ‬
typical:‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ‬ acquired:‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن‬
pair:‫ﺟﻔﺖ‬
budget: ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ‬ disposed of:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﺮس ﯾﻮدن‬
pair of shoes: ‫ﺟﻔﺖ ﮐﻔﺶ‬
regularly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ relative certainty : ‫اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬
likelihood:‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬
expenses:‫ﻣﺨﺎرج‬ as to:‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان‬
double:‫دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
describing:‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬ incur:‫ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺷﺪن ﺑﺮ‬
coincidence:‫ﺗﻘﺎرن‬
compare :‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬ debit:‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬
in order to: ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬
worth:‫ﺑﺎ ارزش‬ yield:‫ﺑﺎزده‬
desired:‫دﻟﺨﻮاه‬
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interest yield :‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﻬﺮه‬ temporary:‫ﻣﻮﻗﺖ‬ repaying:‫ﺑﺎزﭘ ﺮداﺧﺖ‬

alternative interest yield: ‫ﺑﺎزده‬ transactions approach: ‫روﯾﮑﺮد‬ potential:‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮه ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﯽ‬ undertake:‫اﻧﺠﺎم دادن‬
In the past:‫در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ The Transactions Approach to minimize:‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن‬
commodity money:‫ﭘﻮل ﮐﺎﻻﯾﯽ‬ Measuring Money: M1: monitor:‫ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ‬
throughout:‫ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ‬ M1=currency+transactions afterward:‫ﺑﻌﺪ از آن‬
coin:‫ﺳﮑﻪ‬ deposits+traveler’s checks non avoid:‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از‬
issued by banks:M1 = + ‫ارز‬
paper currency:‫ﭘﻮل ﮐﺎﻏﺬي‬ trouble:‫زﺣﻤﺖ‬
‫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﭼﮏ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺗﯽ‬+ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت رﺳﻮﺑﺎت‬
raise:‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮدن‬ creditworthiness:‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫ﺻﺎدر ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻫﺎ‬
intrinsic:‫ذاﺗﯽ‬ keeping tabs on: ‫ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻦ زﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
key:‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬
producer:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫در‬
designation:‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬
rest on:‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ دارد ﺑﻪ‬ pool:‫ﺷﺮﯾﮏ ﺷﺪن‬
minted:‫ﺿﺮب در‬
confidence :‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ thereby:‫در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬
paper note:‫ﭘﻮل ﮐﺎﻏﺬي‬
trust:‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ scale:‫ﻣﻘﯿﺎس‬
conduct:‫اﻧﺠﺎم دادن‬
convertible:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬ intermediary:‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﺠﯽ‬
convenience:‫راﺣﺘﯽ‬
precious: ‫ﮔﺮاﻧﺒﻬﺎ‬ centralization:‫ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
safety:‫اﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬
bill:‫اﺳﮑﻨﺎس‬ Pension:‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮي‬
component :‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬
Nevertheless:‫ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ وﺟﻮد‬ retirement:‫ﺑﺎزﻧﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬
ownership:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬
acceptability:‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﯿﺖ‬ shareholder:‫ﺳﻬﺎﻣﺪاران‬
Hence:‫از اﯾﻦ رو‬
predictability:‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬ behalf:‫از ﻃﺮف‬
offer:‫اراﺋﻪ‬
predictability of value: ‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬ portfolio:‫ﺳﻬﺎم‬
numerous:‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬
‫ارزش‬ instrument: ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬
virtually:‫ﻋﻤﻼ‬
usefulness:‫ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪي‬ premium:‫ﺣﻖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ‬
@@@:@ @ @
declining:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ primary: ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬
encompass:‫در ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
year in:‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ‬ mainly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه‬
profit-seeking:‫ﺳﻮدﺟﻮ‬
year out:‫در ﻃﻮل ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻤﺎدي‬ 8
loan association:‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻫﺎي وام‬
characteristic:‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬ asset:‫داراﯾﯽ ﻫﺎ‬
mutual :‫ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﯽ‬
necessarily:‫ﻟﺰوﻣﺎ‬ balance sheet:‫ﺗﺮاز ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
depositor:‫ﺳﭙﺮده ﮔﺬار‬
refuse:‫رد ﮐﺮدن‬ written:‫ﻣﮑﺘﻮب‬
Financing:‫ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
be compensated:‫ﺟﺒﺮان ﺷﻮد‬ statement:‫ﺻﻮرت وﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬
corporation:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬
circulation:‫ﮔﺮدش‬ property:‫اﻣﻮال‬
intermediating:‫واﺳﻄﻪ ﮔﺮي‬
variables:‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي‬ figure:‫رﻗﻢ‬
investor:‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬار‬
widespread:‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮده‬ deficit:‫ﮐﺴﺮي‬
intermediation:‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﺠﯽ ﮔﺮي‬
agreement:‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ‬ capital:‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
participant:‫ﺷﺮﯾﮏ‬
indeed :‫در واﻗﻊ‬ desperately:‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت‬
Asymmetric :‫ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻘﺎرن‬
struggle:‫ﺗﻼش ﮐﺮدن‬ expense:‫ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺟﺎري‬،‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
prospect:‫ﭼﺸﻢ اﻧﺪاز‬
liquidity approach:‫روﯾﮑﺮد ﻧﻘﺪﯾﻨﮕﯽ‬ fee:‫دﺳﺘﻤﺰد‬
intends to:‫در ﻧﻈﺮ دارد ﺗﺎ‬
medium of exchange:‫وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ‬
failure:‫ﺷﮑﺴﺖ‬
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incur: ،‫ اﯾﺠﺎد ﮐﺮدن‬،‫ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺷﺪن‬ Resident:‫ﺳﺎﮐﻦ‬ commission:‫ﺣﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﮐﺎري‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪن‬ boarding up:‫ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﮐﻮﺑﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬ rental:‫اﺟﺎره اي‬
outside:‫ﺧﺎرج از‬ stocking up:‫ذﺧﯿﺮه ﺳﺎزي ﮐﺮدن‬ ended:‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬
interest:‫ﺑﻬﺮه‬ emergency:‫اﺿﻄﺮاري‬ performance:‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬
Extra:‫اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬ utility expenses:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ‬ analysis:‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬
mortgage:‫رﻫﻦ‬ expenses:‫ﻣﺨﺎرج‬ counted:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬
invest:‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري‬ electricity:‫ﺑﺮق‬ performed:‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه‬
shareS:‫ﺳﻬﺎم‬ elementary:‫اﺑﺘﺪاﯾﯽ‬ customer:‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮي‬
owner:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮏ‬ vendor:‫ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه‬ generate:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
belong:‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارد‬ cigarette:‫ﺳﯿﮕﺎر‬ cost of the supplies:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﻠﺰوﻣﺎت‬
cheque:‫ﭼﮏ‬ stall:‫ﻏﺮﻓﻪ‬ technician:‫ﺗﮑﻨﺴﯿﻦ‬
proprietorship: ،‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﻓﺮدي‬ cart:‫ﮔﺎري‬ hire:‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ اﻧﺤﺼﺎري‬ withdrawal:‫ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ‬ analyse:‫ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬
decision:‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺮي‬ net loss:‫ﺿﺮر ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ operate:‫راه اﻧﺪازي‬
responsible:‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮل‬ net income :‫ﺳﻮد ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ delivery cost:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬
rent:‫اﺟﺎره‬،‫ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﺎﻟﮑﺎﻧﻪ‬ entity:‫ﻧﻬﺎد‬ repairs:‫ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮات‬
regularly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ @@@@:@ @ @ @ advertising:‫ﺗﺒﻠﯿﻐﺎت‬
flat:‫آﭘﺎرﺗﻤﺎن‬ Accounting:‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري‬ cleaning services: ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻧﻘﻞ و‬
piece:‫ﺗﮑﻪ‬ refer:‫اﻃﻼق ﺷﺪن‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
revenue:‫ﻋﻮاﯾﺪ دوﻟﺘﯽ‬ language of business: ‫زﺑﺎن ﮐﺴﺐ و‬ travel expenses:‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻔﺮ‬
recession:‫رﮐﻮد‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ accrual:‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪي‬
tax:‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬ goal:‫ﻫﺪف‬ accrual basis of accounting: ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎي‬
salary:‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ process:‫ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪي ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري‬
especially:‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص‬ recording:‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ noted:‫اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد‬
professional:‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ اي‬ summarizing:‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬ cash basis of accounting: ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎي‬
instructor:‫ﻣﺮﺑﯽ‬ classifying:‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪي ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري‬
lecturer:‫ﺳﺨﻨﺮان‬ reporting:‫ﮔﺰارش‬ significant:‫ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار‬
statement: ‫ ﺻﻮرت‬،‫ﺻﻮرت ﺣﺴﺎب‬ sole:‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ extending:‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮش‬
‫وﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬ proprietor:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮏ‬ resale:‫ﻓﺮوش ﻣﺠﺪد‬
announcement:‫اﻋﻼن‬ partnership:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺗﻀﺎﻣﻨﯽ‬ exceed:‫ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ از‬
formal :‫رﺳﻤﯽ‬ statement of cash flows: ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ unprofitable:‫ﺑﯽ ﺳﻮد‬
official:‫رﺳﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻧﻘﺪي‬ Heading:‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬
prepare:‫آﻣﺎده ﮐﺮدن‬ owner’s equity:‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎن ﺳﻬﺎم‬ Notice:‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
occasion:‫زﻣﺎن‬ profitability:‫ﺳﻮد دﻫﯽ‬ identify:‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪن‬
situation:‫وﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬ compare:‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬ time concept:‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم زﻣﺎن‬
Computerized:‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮي‬ charged:‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه‬ Common sense:‫ﻋﻘﻞ ﺳﻠﯿﻢ‬
supplies:‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ‬،‫ﻣﻠﺰوﻣﺎت‬ rendered:‫اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه‬ quite :‫ﮐﺎﻣﻼ‬
expedition:‫ﺳﻔﺮ‬ inflow:‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ورودي‬ amounting:‫ﻣﯿﺰان‬

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quarter:‫ﺳﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻪ‬ informal claim:‫ادﻋﺎي رﺳﻤﯽ‬ separately:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬

interpret:‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﮐﺮدن‬ contract:‫ﻗﺮارداد‬ 9
data:‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ promise:‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪ‬ accountant:‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪار‬
reported:‫ﮔﺰارش‬ note payable:‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﯽ‬ check:‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮل‬
compare:‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬ account payable:‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﯽ‬ scrutinize:‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬
connecting:‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬ worth:‫ﺑﺎ ارزش‬ scrutinizing:‫دﻗﯿﻖ‬
link:‫ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ‬ located:‫واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه‬ deal:‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬
designed:‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬ operate:‫راه اﻧﺪازي‬ acquire:‫ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن‬
position:‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬ claim:‫ادﻋﺎ‬ Obtain:‫ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن‬
particular date:‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺧﺎص‬ liability:‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬ concept:‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬
concerned:‫ﻧﮕﺮان‬ owner’s interest:‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﮏ‬ idea:‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬
dissolved:‫ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ﺷﺪن‬ precedence:‫اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ‬ abstract:‫اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﯽ‬
balance:‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪه‬ @@@@@:@ @ @ @ @ principle:‫اﺻﻞ‬
point in time:‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ در زﻣﺎن‬ preparation:‫ﺗﻬﯿﻪ‬ Generally:‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
economic entity:‫ﻧﻬﺎد ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ accounting process: ‫ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ‬ corporation:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺳﻬﺎﻣﯽ‬
cash:‫ﭘﻮل ﻧﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري‬ company:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬
merchandise:‫ﮐﺎﻻ‬ convenient :‫راﺣﺖ‬ equipment:‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬
supplies:‫ﻣﻠﺰوﻣﺎت‬ conveying:‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ unveil:‫ﭘﺮدﻫﺒﺮداري ﮐﺮد‬
equipment:‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬ management:‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ‬ line:‫ﺧﻂ‬
trucks:‫ﮐﺎﻣﯿﻮن ﻫﺎ‬ interested:‫ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪ‬ current:‫ﺟﺎري‬
machines:‫ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ آﻻت‬ outsider:‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬ present:‫در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬
buildings:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‬ concise:‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ expensive:‫ﮔﺮان‬
land:‫زﻣﯿﻦ‬ picture:‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ‬ exchange:‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬،‫ ﺻﺮاﻓﯽ‬،‫ ارز‬،‫ﺗﺒﺎدل‬
Nonphysical:‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ‬ end:‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬ in its place:‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي آن‬
legal claim:‫ادﻋﺎي ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬ clear:‫ واﺿﺢ‬،‫روﺷﻦ‬ Financial:‫ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
customer:‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮي‬ understanding:‫درك‬ transaction:‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬
accounts receivable: ‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻫﺎي‬ content:‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮا‬ represent:‫ﻧﺸﺎن دادن‬
‫درﯾﺎﻓﺘﻨﯽ‬ excellent:‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﯽ‬ entity:‫ﻧﻬﺎد‬
legal rights:‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬ appreciate:‫ﻗﺪرداﻧﯽ‬ deed:‫ ﻋﻤﻞ و ﮐﺮدار‬،‫ ﻗﺒﺎﻟﻪ‬،‫ﺳﻨﺪ رﺳﻤﯽ‬
patent:‫ﺣﻖ ﺛﺒﺖ اﺧﺘﺮاع‬ widely:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اي‬ legal:‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬
copyrights:‫ﺣﻖ ﭼﺎپ‬ length:‫ﻃﻮل‬ document:‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬
on account:‫ﻋﻠﯽ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬ comprising:‫ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ از‬ legal document:‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬
collected:‫وﺻﻮل ﺷﺪن‬ detailed:‫ﻣﺸﺮوح‬ containing:‫ﺣﺎوي‬
measurable:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي‬ portray:‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﯿﺪن‬ agreement:‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ‬
managerial:‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺘﯽ‬ set:‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ contract:‫ﻗﺮارداد‬
president:‫رﺋﯿﺲ‬ distinct:‫ﻣﺠﺰا‬ communist:‫ﮐﻤﻮﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬
debt:‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬ sections:‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ original:‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬
formal claim:‫ادﻋﺎي رﺳﻤﯽ‬ permanent:‫ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‬ title:‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬

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disappear:‫ﻧﺎﭘﺪﯾﺪ‬ indication:‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬ transaction:‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬

disappeared:‫ﻧﺎﭘﺪﯾﺪ ﺷﺪه‬ steady:‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ informed:‫آﮔﺎه‬
FASB =Financial Accounting @@@@:@ @ @ @ Evidence:‫ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ‬
Standards Board:FASB = developed:‫رﺷﺪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ agreed:‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري ﻣﺎﻟﯽ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻫﯿﺌﺖ‬ equity:‫ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺣﻘﻮق‬ document:‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬
Standard:‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ continually:‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬ such:‫ﭼﻨﯿﻦ‬
Board:‫ﻫﯿﺌﺖ‬ revised:‫ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺪ‬ purchase:‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪاري ﮐﺮدن‬
supplement:‫ﺑﻪ اﻧﻀﻤﺎم‬ take up:‫ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ‬ invoice:‫ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬،‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر‬
future:‫آﯾﻨﺪه‬ topic:‫ﺳﺮﻓﺼﻞ‬ property:‫داراﺋﯽ‬
general:‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬ early:‫در اﺑﺘﺪا‬ deed:‫ ﺳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻗﺒﺎﻟﻪ‬
whole:‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬ govern:‫ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﻮدن‬ title:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬
most:‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬ preparation:‫ﺗﻬﯿﻪ‬ confirmed:‫ﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪ ﺷﺪه‬
detail:‫ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎت‬ behind:‫ﭘﺸﺖ‬ independent:‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
part:‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ presented:‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ داده ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬ dependent:‫واﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
index:‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ‬ cost principle:‫اﺻﻞ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬ reviewing:‫ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
compare:‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬ objectivity:‫ﻋﯿﻨﯽ‬،‫ﺑﯽ ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻧﻪ‬ term:‫اﺻﻄﻼح‬
rise :‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ‬ entity:‫ﻧﻬﺎد‬ unrelated:‫ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬
wholesale:‫ﻋﻤﺪه ﻓﺮوﺷﯽ‬ business entity concept: ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬ affair:‫ﺗﻼش‬
investor:‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬار‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎد ﮐﺴﺐ و ﮐﺎر‬ expect:‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر داﺷﺘﻦ‬
shares:‫ﺳﻬﺎم‬ going concern:‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ داﯾﺮ‬ determining ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه‬:
entitled:‫ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرداري از‬ stable-rial concept: ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم رﯾﺎل‬ Estimate:‫ﺑﺮآورد ﮐﺮدن‬
reasonable:‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ Estimated market values: ‫ارزش‬
return:‫ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ‬ specify :‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮآوردي ﺑﺎزار‬
invoice:‫ﺻﻮرﺗﺤﺴﺎب‬ acquired:‫اﮐﺘﺴﺎﺑﯽ‬ objective:‫ﻋﯿﻨﯽ‬
stunned :‫ﻣﺒﻬﻮت‬ known:‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬ subjective:‫ذﻫﻨﯽ‬
stun:‫ﮔﯿﺠﯽ‬ historical:‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ‬ rest on:‫ﻣﺘﮑﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ‬
billing:‫ﺻﺪور ﺻﻮرت ﺣﺴﺎب‬ historical cost: ‫ﺑﻬﺎي ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه‬ opinion:‫ﻋﻘﯿﺪه‬
principle:‫اﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ‬ making the estimate: ‫اﻧﺠﺎم دادن‬
scientific:‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ once:‫ﯾﮑﻤﺮﺗﺒﻪ‬ ‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
record:،‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﭘﺮوﻧﺪه‬،‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ recorded:‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪه‬ purpose:‫ﻫﺪف‬
account:‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ remain:‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪن‬ business:‫ﮐﺴﺐ و ﮐﺎر‬
bill:‫ﺻﻮرﺗﺤﺴﺎب‬ unchanged:‫ﻋﻮض ﻧﺸﺪه‬ considered:‫درﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬
solvency: ‫ ﻗﺪرت ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬،‫ﻋﺪم اﻋﺴﺎر‬ realize:‫درك ﮐﺮدن‬ distinct:‫ﻣﺠﺰا‬
‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬ assets listed:‫داراﯾﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﺷﺪه‬ separate:‫ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
preserve:‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬ amount:‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ travel agency:‫آژاﻧﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺗﯽ‬
stable:‫ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‬ represent:‫ﻧﺸﺎن دادن‬ dry- cleaning:‫ﺧﺸﮑﺸﻮﺋﯽ‬
change:‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ presently:‫ﻓﻌﻼ‬ store:‫ﻣﻐﺎزه‬
suddenly:‫ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎن‬ established:‫ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪن‬ operated:‫اداره ﮐﺮدن‬

٢٢
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library
proprietorship:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ اﻧﺤﺼﺎري‬
separately:‫ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
enterprise:‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ‬
establishment:‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ‬
either:‫ﻫﺮدو‬
Thus:‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
treat:‫رﻓﺘﺎر ﮐﺮدن‬
generating:‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
incurring:‫ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺷﺪن‬
owning:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬
assumption:‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ‬
continued:‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
existence:‫وﺟﻮد‬
though:‫اﮔﺮﭼﻪ‬
Even:‫ﺣﺘﯽ‬
occasionally:‫ﮔﺎﻫﯽ اوﻗﺎت‬
reasonably:‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻻﻧﻪ‬
yield:‫ﻋﺎﯾﺪي‬،‫ﺑﺎزده‬
necessary:‫ﺿﺮوري‬
complete:‫ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ‬
project:‫ﻃﺮح‬
plan:‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
undertake:‫ اﻧﺠﺎم دادن‬،‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﮐﺮدن‬
future:‫آﯾﻨﺪه‬
force:‫ﻣﺠﺒﻮر ﺑﻮدن‬
typically:‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
useful life:‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﯿﺪ‬
Instead:‫در ﻋﻮض‬
hence:‫از اﯾﻨﺮو‬
allocated:‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ داده ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬
successive:‫ﻣﺘﻮاﻟﯽ‬
annual:‫ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
relevant:‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬
since:‫زﯾﺮا‬
market value:‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﺎزار‬
mile:‫ﻣﺎﯾﻞ‬
employed:‫ﺑﮑﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ‬
assigned:‫داده ﺷﺪه‬
profitability:‫ﺳﻮدﺑﺨﺸﯽ‬
solvency:‫ﻗﺪرت ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬
unlike:‫ﺑﺮﻋﮑﺲ‬
precise:‫دﻗﯿﻖ‬
changeless:‫ﺑﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
same:‫ﻫﻤﺎن‬
due to:‫ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬
unstable:‫ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪار‬
measurement:‫اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي‬
past:‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬
equal:‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
certainly:‫ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬
possible:‫ﺷﺪﻧﯽ‬
adjusted:‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺷﺪه‬
subjective :‫ذﻫﻨﯽ‬
judgment:‫داوري‬
consumer price index: ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ‬
concerning:‫درﺑﺎره‬
inherent:‫ذاﺗﯽ‬
supplement:‫ﺿﻤﯿﻤﻪ‬
rapid:‫ﺗﻨﺪ‬
identifiable:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ‬
@@@@:
basic :‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬
goal:‫ﻫﺪف‬
describe:‫ﺷﺮح دادن‬
rely on:‫ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﮐﺮدن ﺑﺮ‬
relationship:‫راﺑﻄﻪ‬
expressed:‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
fundamental :‫اﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬
eqution:‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
view:‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬،‫ﻧﻤﺎ‬
claim:‫ادﻋﺎ‬
supplied: ‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده‬،‫ﻋﺮض ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬
acquisition :‫اﮐﺘﺴﺎب‬
cash-giving:‫از دﺳﺖ دادن‬
٢٣
Paying cash:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﻧﻘﺪي‬
promise:‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪ‬
due:‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬
incurring:‫ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺷﺪن‬
illustrate:‫ﻧﺸﺎن دادن‬
Accepting:‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
receipt:‫رﺳﯿﺪ‬
like:‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
double-entry ‫دﻓﺘﺮ داري دوﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬:
ultimate:‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬
step:‫ﻗﺪم‬
within:‫در‬
framework :‫ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب‬
10
appointment: ،‫ اﻧﺘﺼﺎب‬،‫ﻗﺮار ﻣﻼﻗﺎت‬
‫ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬،‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬
arrangement:‫ﻗﺮار‬
meet:‫ﻣﻼﻗﺎت ﮐﺮدن‬
particular:‫ﺧﺎص‬
position:‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬
appointing:‫اﻧﺘﺼﺎب‬
furniture:‫اﺳﺒﺎب و اﺛﺎﺛﯿﻪ‬
fittings:‫اﺳﺒﺎب و ﻟﻮازم‬
Specialization:‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬
field:‫رﺷﺘﻪ‬
technological :‫ﻓﻨﯽ‬
advancement:‫ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬
globalization:‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺳﺎزي‬
qualified:‫ﺷﺎﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬
manager:‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬
approach:‫روﯾﮑﺮد‬
dealing with:‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
marketing:‫ﺑﺎزارﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
Answering:‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ‬
basic :‫اﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬
acting:‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﺮدن‬
autocratic:‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪادي‬
Autocrat:‫ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺪ‬
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library
ruler:‫ﺣﺎﮐﻢ‬
absolute:‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
power:‫ﻗﺪرت‬
organization:‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن‬
chalking out :‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن ﭼﯿﺰي‬
Achieve :‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن‬
typical :‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
corporate:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬
strategies:‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي‬
communication:‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ارﺗﺒﺎط‬
communicating:‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬
communications:‫ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت‬
mean:‫وﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬
sending:‫ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎدن‬
receiving:‫درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﺮدن‬
telephone line:‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‬
foundation:‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ‬
relationship:‫ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت‬
Without:‫ﺑﺪون‬
communicating:‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬
effectively:‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬
achieve:‫دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬
objective:‫ﻫﺪف‬
Controlling:‫ﻧﻈﺎرت‬
command:‫ﺗﺴﻠﻂ‬
Management:‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ‬
Planning:‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬
Organizing:‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﯽ‬
Direction :‫ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ‬
ordination:‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬
Co-ordination:‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬
supported:‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﺑﺎ‬
leadership:‫رﻫﺒﺮي‬
communication :‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬
motivation:‫اﻧﮕﯿﺰش‬
morale:‫روﺣﯿﻪ‬
Coordinating:‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬
Bring:‫آوردن‬
element:‫اﺟﺰا‬
efficient :‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬
connotation:‫ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
feeling:‫اﺣﺴﺎس‬
subject :‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
dynamic:‫ﭘﻮﯾﺎ‬
Profession:‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬
Professional Manager: ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫اي‬
credentials : ‫ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ‬،‫ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺖ‬
‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬،‫ﻻزم‬
qualification:‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻻزم‬
achievement:‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬
especially:‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬
indicate:‫ﻧﺸﺎن دادن‬
suitability:‫ﺷﺎﯾﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬
prove:‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺮدن‬
adopt:‫اﺗﺨﺎذ ﮐﺮدن‬
short-term:‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت‬
toward:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
harmful:‫ﻣﻀﺮ‬
directing:‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬،‫ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ‬
operation:‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬
organization :‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن‬
distribute :‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬
allocate :‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ‬
feature:‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬
distinctive:‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ‬
attribute:‫ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬،‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
aspect:‫ ﺑﻌﺪ‬،‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬
intuition:‫ ﺣﺲ ﺷﺸﻢ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﻀﻮري‬
immediately:‫ﺑﯽ درﻧﮓ‬
decision:‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬
knowledge based :‫داﻧﺶ ﺑﻨﯿﺎد‬
leadership:‫رﻫﺒﺮي‬
lead:‫رﻫﺒﺮي ﮐﺮدن‬
command:‫ ﺣﮑﻢ دادن‬،‫ﺗﺴﻠﻂ داﺷﺘﻦ‬
precede:‫ﻣﻘﺪم ﺑﻮدن‬
٢٤
impressive:‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬
progress:‫ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬
management:‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ‬
Academic:‫ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬
Practical:‫ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﯽ‬
signify:‫دﻻﻟﺖ داﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺮ‬
importance:‫اﻫﻤﯿﺖ‬
profession:‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬
motivation:‫اﻧﮕﯿﺰش‬
Enthusiasm:‫ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ‬، ‫اﺷﺘﯿﺎق‬
Advertisement:‫ﺗﺒﻠﯿﻐﺎت‬
Organizing:‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﯽ‬
Arrange:‫ﻧﻈﻢ دادن‬
systematically:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬
trade:‫ﺗﺠﺎري‬
union :‫اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ‬
political:‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ‬
process:‫ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ‬
seminar:‫ﻫﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬
departmental:‫اداري‬
function:‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد‬
applicable:‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل‬
Planning:‫ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬
Intention :‫ﻗﺼﺪ‬
decision:‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺮي‬
imperative:‫واﺟﺐ‬
uncertain:‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬
environment:‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬
predictions:‫ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬،‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﻮﯾﯽ‬
Proponent:‫ﻃﺮﻓﺪاران‬
behavioral:‫رﻓﺘﺎري‬
conclusively:‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎ‬
demonstrated:‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺮدن‬
profession:‫ ﺷﻐﻞ‬، ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬
occupation:‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬
paid:‫داراي دﺳﺘﻤﺰد‬
discipline:‫رﺷﺘﻪ‬
fulfill:‫ﺑﺮآورده ﮐﺮدن‬
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library

condition:‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ‬ statistics:‫آﻣﺎر‬ Finance:‫ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬

@@@@: psychology:‫رواﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ Creative:‫ﺧﻼق‬
done:‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪن‬ sociology:‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ function:‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد‬
through:‫از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ influenced:‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ creativity:‫ﺧﻼﻗﯿﺖ‬
creation:‫اﯾﺠﺎد‬ internal:‫دروﻧﯽ‬ notice:‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬
maintenance:‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬ external:‫ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ‬ in facing:‫در ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
internal:‫داﺧﻠﯽ‬ environmental :‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‬ challenge:‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶ‬
environment:‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬ Place :‫ﻣﮑﺎن‬ competition:‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬
efficiently :‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﺎرا‬ Labor :‫ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر‬ Introduction:‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ‬
effectively:‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬ Machines:‫ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ آﻻت‬ advertising:‫ﺗﺒﻠﯿﻐﺎت‬
toward:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ Money:‫ﭘﻮل‬ personalized:‫ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬
attainment:‫دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ‬ Economic factors:‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ performing:‫اﺟﺮا‬
multipurpose:‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮره‬ Political:‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ‬ Similarly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ‬
organ:‫وﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬ Legal:‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬ style:‫ﺳﺒﮏ‬
pre-established :‫از ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه‬ Social :‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ Democratic:‫دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺗﯿﮏ‬
direction:‫ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ‬ Cultural:‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬ Autocratic:‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪادي‬
human:‫اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬ Climatic :‫اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ‬ Paternalistic:‫ﭘﺪرﻣﺂﺑﺎﻧﻪ‬
performance:‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬ Technological:‫ﻓﻨﺎوري‬ Beaurocratic:‫ﺑﻮرﮐﺮاﺳﯽ‬
along:‫ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ‬،‫در ﻃﻮل‬ Global :‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ‬ Performance: ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬
lines:‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺸﯽ ﻫﺎ‬ Ethical :‫اﺧﻼﻗﯽ‬ indicator:‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ‬
not:‫ﻧﻪ‬ Moral :‫وﺟﺪاﻧﯽ‬ Growth:‫رﺷﺪ‬
Material:‫ﻣﺎده‬ mentioned:‫ﻧﺎﻣﺒﺮده‬ Development:‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
information:‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ definition:‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ Market Share:‫ﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﺎزار‬
purposeful:‫ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ‬ scope:‫ﺣﻮزه‬ relative:‫ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬
goal:‫ﻫﺪف‬ nature:‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ‬ subjective:‫ذﻫﻨﯽ‬
orient:‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺮدن‬ additional:‫اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬ body:‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
goal oriented:‫ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ‬ clarify:‫روﺷﻦ ﮐﺮدن‬ organized:‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
definite:‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ combination:‫ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ‬ developed:‫رﺷﺪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
objective:‫اﻫﺪاف‬ Art:‫ﻫﻨﺮ‬ cause:‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬
Universal:‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ‬ Science:‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ effect:‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮل‬
situational :‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺘﯽ‬ Profession:‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ predictive:‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﻮﯾﺎﻧﻪ‬
Differ:‫ﻓﺮق داﺷﺘﻦ‬ compared with:‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮐﺮدن ﺑﺎ‬ power:‫ﻗﺪرت‬
continuous:‫ﻣﺪاوم‬ skill:‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬ Rules:‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬
process:‫ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ‬ Conceptual:‫ادراﮐﯽ‬ Regulation:‫ﻣﻘﺮرات‬
creative:‫ﺧﻼق‬ Technical:‫ﻓﻨﯽ‬ verify:‫ﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪ ﺷﺪن‬
multidisciplinary:‫ﭼﻨﺪ رﺷﺘﻪ اي‬ Decision making:‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺮي‬ established:‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
knowledge:‫داﻧﺶ‬ ْvarious:‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ challenged:‫ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
math:‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ‬ Marketing:‫ﺑﺎزارﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬ Perfect :‫ ﻣﺤﺾ‬،‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬

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Physics:‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ‬ accountability:‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ‬ experience:‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬

Chemistry:‫ﺷﯿﻤﯽ‬ confusing:‫ﮔﯿﺞ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬ requisite:‫ﻻزﻣﻪ‬
thought:‫ﺗﻔﮑﺮ‬ signal:‫ﺳﯿﮕﻨﺎل‬ objective:‫ﺑﯽ ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻧﻪ‬
Generalization:‫ﮐﻠﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﯽ‬ Designation:‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬ focused:‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
employee:‫ﮐﺎرﻣﻨﺪ‬ prefer :‫ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺢ دادن‬ performance:‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ‬
strike:‫اﻋﺘﺼﺎب‬ parent :‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ oriented:‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬
discussed:‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﺷﺪه‬ specialize:‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ chalking out:‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آوردن‬
debated:‫ﻣﺠﺎدﻟﻪ ﺷﺪه‬ functional:‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدي‬،‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ‬ competitive :‫رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ‬
aspect:‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ Marketing Management: ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ‬ organizational :‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬
Theoretically:‫ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻧﻈﺮي‬ ‫ﺑﺎزارﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬ emerging:‫در ﺣﺎل ﻇﻬﻮر‬
academically :‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ Materials Management: ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ‬ theory:‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬
towards:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ criticize:‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎد از‬
profession:‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ‬ National:‫ﻣﻠﯽ‬ committed:‫ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ‬
compare:‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬ Personnel:‫ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻠﯽ‬ attractive:‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ‬
characteristics:‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬ desirable:‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬ offer:‫ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد‬
Law:‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ enforce:‫اﺟﺮا‬ loyalty:‫وﻓﺎداري‬
Medicine:‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‬ ownership:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬ loyalty:‫وﻓﺎداري‬
full fledge:‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬ Right:‫ﺣﻖ‬ accountability:‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ‬
below:‫در زﯾﺮ‬ Management right : ‫ﺣﻖ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ‬ views:‫دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺎ‬
applicable :‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺟﺮا‬ mainly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه‬ clash:‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد‬
Regarding:‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ inheritance:‫وراﺛﺖ‬ uncertainty :‫ﺗﺮدﯾﺪ‬
doubt:‫ﺷﮏ‬ irrespective:‫ﺑﺪون در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ prove:‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
extent:‫وﺳﻌﺖ‬،‫ﺣﺪ‬ Chartered:‫ﺧﺒﺮه‬ credential:‫ﮔﻮاﻫﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
period:‫دوره‬ Accountancy:‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري‬ disastrous:‫ﻓﺠﯿﻊ‬
centralized:‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬ Secretary:‫ﻣﻨﺸﯽ‬ freedom:‫آزادي‬
authority:‫ﻗﺪرت‬ professional:‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ اي‬ run:‫اﺟﺮا‬
rule making:‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺳﺎزي‬ respective:‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬ @@@@:@ @ @ @
enforceable:‫ﻻزم اﻻﺟﺮا‬ responsibility:‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ‬ misunderstood:‫ﻏﻠﻂ درك ﺷﺪه‬
code:‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع وﻇﺎﯾﻒ‬ enforceable:‫اﺟﺮا‬ misinterpreted:‫ﺑﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﺷﺪه‬
conduct:‫رﻓﺘﺎر‬ practical:‫ﻋﻤﻠﯽ‬ viewed:‫ﺑﺎزدﯾﺪ‬
Membership:‫ﻋﻀﻮﯾﺖ‬ practice:‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ differently:‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬
acquired:‫ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن‬ outset:‫اﺑﺘﺪا‬ various:‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
qualification:‫ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺖ‬ outset:‫اﺑﺘﺪا‬ concept:‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬
approval:‫ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺖ‬ signifies:‫دﻻﻟﺖ دارد‬ For the sake of:‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬
certificate:‫ﮔﻮاﻫﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ Separation:‫ﺟﺪاﯾﯽ‬ simplicity:‫ﺳﺎدﮔﯽ‬
practice:‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ownership:‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬ clarity:‫وﺿﻮح‬
commitment:‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪ‬ intuition:‫ﺷﻬﻮدي‬ defined:‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
obligation:‫اﻟﺘﺰام‬ expertise:‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ process:‫ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ‬

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structure:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ organizational politics: ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ‬

authority:‫ﻗﺪرت‬ ‫ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬
relationship:‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ behavior:‫رﻓﺘﺎر‬
establishment:‫ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ‬ brought:‫آوردن‬
corporate:‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻫﺎ‬ physical:‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ‬
performed:‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه‬ registered:‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺎم‬
Classify:‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬ location:‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬
group:‫ﮔﺮوه ﺑﻨﺪي‬ address:‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬
Appoint:‫اﻧﺘﺼﺎب‬ identify:‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ‬
Assign:‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دادن‬ branches:‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
authorities:‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎرات‬ division:‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
role:‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ Comparatively:‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬
Specify :‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮدن‬ latest :‫آﺧﺮﯾﻦ‬
scope:‫ﺣﻮزه‬ approach:‫روش‬
activities:‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ‬ constantly:‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺪاوم‬
Follow-up:‫ﭘﯿﮕﯿﺮي‬ interact:‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
review:‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ influence:‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬
matter :‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ image-building:‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺳﺎزي‬
carry out:‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ identity:‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ‬
responsibility:‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ‬ topics:‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﺎ‬
structure:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬
structure of top:‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ‬
middle:‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
lower:‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬
delegation:‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪﮔﯽ‬
decentralization:‫ﻋﺪم ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
span:‫ﻣﺤﺪوده‬
formal:‫رﺳﻤﯽ‬
structural position: ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬
closer:‫ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ‬
set-up:‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﮐﺮدن‬
namely:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
informal:‫ﻏﯿﺮ رﺳﻤﯽ‬
relationship:‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬
subject matter:‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
communication:‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬

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