SOLUTIONS ¢ os PHYSICS: Corperate Office : 45, 2nd Floor, Maharishi Dayanand Marg, Comer Markat, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017 Tal. : 011-49842349/ 49842350 By: Sanjeev Kr. Jha Akhilesh Kr. Singh Typeset by Disha DTP Team DISHA PUBLICATION ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © Copyright Publisher No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without prior permission of the publisher. The author and the publisher do not take any legal responsibility for any errors or misrepresentations that might have creptin. We have tried and made our best efforts ta provide accurate up-to- dato information in this book. For further information about the books from DISHA, Log on to www.dishapublication.com or email to infe@dishapublication.com(2) Electric Charges and Fields @) Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance (3) Curent Hlectricity C)) Moving Charges and Magnetism ) Magnetism and Matter (6) Electromagnetic Induction @ Alternating Current (8) Electromagnetic Waves (9) Ray Optics and Optical Instruments ao Wave Optics (11) Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 2) Atoms (3) Nuclei ZA (a4) Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits (15) Communication Systems bas 1-20 21-53 54-70 71-87 88-105 106 - 120 121-143 144-153 ‘154 - 183 184-197 198 - 223 224-235 236 = 258 259 - 268 269 - 272Preface NCERT Books areone ofthe most important resources for every student preparing for his/her school board examination. It also forms the basic foundation for competitive examinations like PMT, JEE, NTSE, Olympiad etc. The Exercises at the end of each chapter or In-chapter not only captures the essence of the whole chapter but also helps in understanding the various kinds of questions that can be asked in the examination. Thus understanding explanations of these questions builds your confidence and interest in the subject. Thebook ‘Errarless NCERT Solutions with 100% Reasoning Class 12 Physics’ ig exclusively written to provide best quality solutions to all the Questions/ Exercises given after every chapter! In-chapter. The Unique Selling Point of this book lies in the following: © Chapter at a glance, provides crisps points which will help the students to revise their NCERT chapter. © 100% Errorless Reasoning (which is missing in Most of the Books), explain step-by-step to bring 100% Concept Clarity for the student and help them to write the solution in board exam according to marking scheme. 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ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS CHAPTER AT A GLANCE Coulomb’s law: The force between two point charges q, and qp at rest and placed at a separation rin vacuum or free space is given by 1 m®._1 a F- Gay Gasp =9x10° Nm?C Charge is quantised ie. q=+ne Electric charge produces electric field (E) and magnetic field (B) © $9 @ F=Constant Eonly BandB If F bethe force on charge qo, then electric field E= JE qo Magnitude of Electric field duc to a point charge at a distance ‘r’ from the charge E = - Electric field is a vector quantity Megt The distance dependence of the electric field due to (i) monopole (ii) dipole, and (iii) quadrupole is as follows : 1 @ E«> cr Gi) E cP short range r The electric field (E) dueto a line of charge is proportional to 1/r The electric field (E) due to uniformly charged flat sheet is constant at all points. Electric field intensity duc to an electricdipole m 7 a 2pr @on axial line, R= tna @-ay aye Pe 1 long range i) Bry short range a ot tine Ha P (ii} on equational line, E = Trey Gray? (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 10, i, 12, 13. 14, 15, 16. 17, 18. iii) at any point along a line making an angle 6 with dipole axis Boat Py +300s"0) ATE r Electric field lincis an imaginary line or curve drawn through a region of space so that its tangent at any point is in the direction of the electric field vector at that point. Two electric field lines can never intersect. Field lines start at positive charge and end. at negative charge. The electric field is uniform in a region, if (a) the number of lines of force crossing unit area normally, is same atall points and (b) the lines of force are parallel, The first condition (a) makes the magnitude of the field to be the same, while the second condition (b) makes the direction of the field to be the same at all points. Ifa cube is placed in uniform electric field the net flux through it will be zero. This also follows from Gauss’s theorem. Electric flux over an area is equal to the total number of electric field lines crossing this area. Blectric flux through small area element ds is given by ¢,=! a Gauss’s theorem: The electric flux over any closed surface is — times the total charge enclose by that surface, ie, Og= Bas =15q Gauss’ theorem is used to find electric field. Electric field et any point on the axis ofa uniformly charged ring at ae = Brey G2 +R? Blecttic field due toa charged spherical shell @ Atan extreme point(r> Ry, B= 1 Arey x* @) Atthe surface ofa shell (¢=R);E= LL 2 Gi) Atanintemal point (rR); E= 1-4. Amey 2 @) Atthe surface ¢=R);E= —-—L Gi) Ata point inside the charged non-conducting sphere; E = x ins RB Gv) At the centre of the sphere E=-0 (71-0) Electric field due to thin infinite sheet of surface charge density o Gg B= 289 WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 3 ————} EXERCISE = Sol. 12 Sol. 13 _ 9x10" x0.4x10% x0.8x10% What is the force between two small charged spheres having charges of 2x 10-'C and 3 x 10-7 C placed 30 em apart in air? Given, qy = 2 « 10°7C, q) =3 * 10-7C, r= 30 cm = 0.3 m, F =? -_! 4a formula, F = By, 4neq x? = 2x10? x2x107 3107 03" =6 x 10 N (fepulsive} Refer Chapter at a Glance (1) The electrostatic force on a small sphere of charge 0.4 uC due to another small sphere of charge -0.8 uC in air is 0.2 N. (@) What is the distance between the two spheres? {b) What is the force on the second sphere duc to the first? Given, q, = 0.4 WC, q, =- 0.8 pC, Fyp = 0.2 N, (@) =? (0) Fy, =? -_1 4% = an {a} We know |F| = tray 2 =>ra tay F = 144x104 02 £=12x 10% m=12 cm (b) The force is mutual. The same force of 0.2 N (attractive) acts on the second sphere due to the first. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other, Check that the ratio £e4/Gm, m, is dimensionless. Look up a Table of Physical Constants and determine the value of this ratio. What does the ratio signify? An electron and a proton have charges of 1.6 x 107 C each and their masses are 9.1 x 10-1 kg and 1.6 x 10-27 kg respectively. Universal Gravitational Constant G=6.7* 1071! Nm/ke? (WWW.JEEBOOKS.IN14 Sol. 15 NCERT SOLUTIONS and k= = 9 x 10° Nm? Fa Electrostatic force between electron and proton, peel © Amey 1? where r is the distance between their centres. Gravitational force between electron and proton, G.m,m, The ratio is quite huge. This shows that electrostatic forces are much stronger than gravitational forces. CE Nore The gravitational force is much weaker than this coulomb force, where asnuclear force is much stronger than it. This nuclear force keeps protons together inside the nucleus against coulomb repulsive force (a) Explain the meaning of the statement ‘electric charge of a body is quantised’, (pb) Why can one ignore quantisation of electric charge when dealing with macroscopic i.e., large scale charge? (a) Quantization of electric charge. It is now a well known fact that all charges occurring in nature are positive or negative integral multiples of a basic unit of electric charge which we take as the magnitude of the charge on an electron. We use symbol e for the amount of charge on an electron. Hence charge on an electron is —e and that on a proton happens to be + e, while charge on a neutron is zero. Any charged ‘body will have + ne charge, where n is an integer. This fact is called the quantization of electric charge. (b) At the macroscopic level one deals with charges that are enormous compared to the magnitude of charge e. Since e = 1.6 x 10-9 C, a charge of magnitude, say, 1 uC contains something like 10"? times the electronic charge. At this scale, the fact that charge can increase or decrease only in units of ¢ is not very different from saying that charge can take continuous values. Thus, at the macroscopic level, the quantisation of charge has no practical consequence and can be ignored. When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, charges appear on both. A similar phenomenon is observed with many other pairs of bodies. Explain how this observation is consistent with the law of conservation of charge. (WWW.JEEBOOKS.INELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 5 Sol. Sol. Sol. 18 Sol. Charge is neither created nor destroyed. It is merely transferred from one body to another. Electrons are transferred from glass to silk, so glass has positive charge and silk has negative charge. Four point charges q, — 2 uC, gp = -5 HC, gq — 2nC, and gy --5 HC are located at the corners of a square ABCD of side 10 em. What is the force on a charge of 1 jC placed at the centre of the square? The center O of the square is at equal distance of /2 cm from each corner. Since opposite corners have equal charges, forces along both diagonals will be balanced. Resultant force on 1 wC charge at the centre of the square ABCD will be zero. (a) Anelectrostatic field line is a continuous curve. That is, a field line cannot have sudden breaks. Why not? ®) Explain why two field lines never cross each other at any point? (a) They start from a positive charge and end at a negative charge. They are continuous, because force is continuous. They do not have sudden breaks, otherwise a moving test charge will have to take jumps. (b) Two lines of force do not intersect cach other. If they intersect at a point, there will be two directions of field at that point. Since it is impossible, hence they don’t intersect. Refer Chapter at a Glance (10) ‘Two point charges ¢,=3 [LC and g,=-3 HC are located 20 cm apart in vacuom. (@) What is the clectric field at the midpoint O of the line AB joining the two charges? (b) Ifanegative test charge of magnitude 1.5 10-° C is placed at this point, what is the force experienced by the test charge? Given, q,=3 uC =3 x 10 6c, Gy =-3 uC =-3 x 10-6C, 1, = 10 em= 0.1 m, r= 10em= 0.1 m, @ Eo-? Wo = 1.5 K 10°C, Fy =? B at O due to charge at A, (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 19 Sol. 1.10 Sol. 0.2m A @———__®B +3pC ° —3yC Ga _ 9x10? x3x10% Bo (0.17 = 27x 10°NC"! along OB Also, E at O duc to charge at B, Ey = 27 x 105 NC along OB Resultant E at O, Eg = Eg + Bg = 27 105 + 27 x 105 = 54 x 10° NC" along OB (b) For point O, B= 54 x 10° NC, Q = 15x 10°C By relation, F = dg E F=15* 109 x 54x 105°=8.1% 104 = 8.0 x 103 N along OA. 1 Ey =—— A ane Here, ©, is due to charge q,,@, due to q, and similar for other. A system has two charges q, = 2.5 x 10-7 C and gg = -2.5 «1077 C located at points A (0, 0,-15 cm) and B (0, 0,+15 cm), respectively. What are the total charge and electric dipole moment of the system? The system is an electric dipole of charge strength q = (2.5 x 10-7 - 2.5 *10-A\C= zero Electric dipole moment, p=qa=2.5 x 107 x 03 = 7.5 x 108 C-m along Z-axis. An electric dipole with dipole moment 4 x 10? C-m is aligned at 30° with the direction of a uniform electric field of magnitude 5 x 104 NC- 1, Calculate the magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole. Given, p= 4% 109 C-m, E=5x10NCI& @=30° ie. sin @=0.5, 1 =? (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS z Sol. 112 Sol. 1.13 By formula, 7=Px# < =pE sin @=4 x 10° «5 x 104 x 0.5 = 104 J (or Nm) A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found to have a negative charge of 3.2 = 10-7 C, (@) Estimate the number of electrons transferred (from which to which?) >) Is there a transfer of mass from wool to polythene? @) Given, q=-3.2 = 10-7 C, e=-16x 10 C, n=? By relation, q = ne ~ 7 32x10 =2x102 -1.6x10-? These electrons are transferred from wool to polythene. : Refer Chapter at a Glance (2) (b) Since electrons have a definite mass (9.1 x 10-31 kg), the transfer of electrons may result in mass transfer by amount nm =2x1012x9.1x10-3! = 18.2 10-19 kg which is negligible. (®) Twoinsulated charged copper spheres A and B have their centres separated by a distance of 50 cm. What is the mutual force of electrostatic repulsion if the charge on each is 6,5 x 10-’ C? The radiiof A and B arc negligible compared to the distance of separation. >) Whatis the force of repulsion if each sphere 1s charged double the above amount, and the distance hetween them is halved? @) Given, q, = 6.5 x 10-7, 99. = 6.5 x 10-7 C, r=50cm=0.5 m,F=? L_quag _ 9x10? x6.5%1077 x6.5x107 By fornakty RE ——— a SAE ROOK IY KOO KIG u Ant 7 (05) = 1.521 x 102. N (6) Doubling charge on each sphere increases the force four times. Making the distance half, further increases the force four times. So new force becomes 16 times. Now F= 1.521 x 10-2 x 16 = 24.34x 107 = 0.2434.N Suppose the spheres A and B in question 1.12 have identical sizes. A third sphere of the same size but uncharged is brought in contact with the first, then brought in contact with the second, and finally remeved from both. What is the new force of repulsion between A and B? Before contact, sphere A has charge 6.5 x 10-7 C, while C has no charge. On contact, A and C both have cqual charge, io. 3.25 x 10-7 C cach. o n=qe= (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN8 NCERT SOLUTIONS Then sphere C (with charge 3.25 x 10-7 C} comes in contact with sphere B having charge 6.5 x 10°? C. Both share the total charge equally. Then B has a charge 3S 07 = 4.875 x 10°C Now, g; = 3.25 * 10°? C; gy = 4.875 x L07C Feo 4neg 7 _ 9x10" x3.25x1077 x4,875x107 (os) = 0.5625 x 107N. 1.14 Figure shows tracks of three charged particles in a uniform electrostatic field. Give the signs of the three charges. Which particle has the highest charge to mass ratio? a Lie Sol, Particle 1 and 2 have negative charge. Particle 3 has positive charge. Particle 3 has highest charge to mass ratio, because its path is morecurved. CE Nore \ The deflectom of a charged particle in uniform electric field is vad 1.15 Consider a uniform electric field E = 3 x 10° f N/C. @) What is the flux of this fleld through a square of 10 em on a side whose plane is parallel to the yz-plane? ®) What is the flux through the same square if the normal to its plane makes a 60° angle with the x-axis? Sol Given, E=3x10iNC?, A= 10x 10 = 100 cm? = 102m? Since surface lies in YZ plane, normal to the surface is along X-axis, A=107im? WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 9 Sol. 1.17 Sol. @ 9=0%9=2% ©) 0=60°,g=? By relation ¢= EA = EA cos 0 Substituting the values, we get, @) o=3 x 109 x 10% x 1=30 Nm/C (b) 6=3% 103 x 10? x 0.5 =15 Nm/C What is the net flux of the uniform electric field of question 1.15 through acube of side 20 cm oriented so that its faces are parallel to the coordinate planes? Zero. The number of lines entering the cube is the same as the number of lines leaving the cube. Careful measurement of the electric field at the surface of a black box indicates that the net outward flux through the surface of the box is 8.0 10° Nov/C, (a) What is the net charge inside the box? (b) Ifthenet outward flux through the surface of the box were zero, could you conclude that there were no charges inside the box? Why or why not? @) Given, Electric flux == 8.0 x 103Nm2C-1, y= 8.854 x 10-1? CN 'm taken), q =? By Gauss’s law Flux = q/s9 or q= $8 =8x 103 x 8.854 x 10712= 7.1 x 10-8C. (0) In case, net outward flux through the surface is zero. The conclusion is if any charges are present inside the cube, their algebraic sum is TETO. Apoint charge +10 WC 1s at a distance 5 cm directly above the centre of a square of side 10 cm, as shown in Fig. What is the magnitude of the electric flux through the square? (Hint; Think of the square as one face of a cube with edge 10 cm.) Sem 1 Ig / 0m — Fig. WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN10 NCERT SOLUTIONS Sol. The situation is shown in figure. The square can be considered as one of the faces of a cube of each side 10 cm, enclosing the point charge inside it. The cube surface will act as Gaussian surface. Given, q= 10nC =10x10*C, £9 = 8.854x10712C2N7\m? (taken) By Gauss’s law for whole closed surface, 10x10 =9q/e) = ———_ Paleo Fs4 10? =1.13x106Nm? /C As one face area is one-sixth of total surface area of the cube, 6 Flux through one face = 2 ible = 1.88 x 105 Nov/C Electric flux linked with a closed surface can be calculated as (e 1.19 A point charge of 2.0 uC is at the centre of a cuble Gaussian surface 9.0 cm on edge. What is the net electric flux through the surface? Sol. Given, q= 2uC=2x10%c, £9 =8.854x10-2 C2N“ 1m (taken), @ =? By Gauss’s law = We, = (2 « 10-9) / (8.854 x 1071) = 2.26 x 10° NC 1.20 A polnt charge causes an electric flux of — 1.0 x 103 Nm7/C to pass through a spherical Gaussian surface of 10.0 cm radius centred on the charge. (a) If the radius of the Gaussian surface were doubled, how much flux would pass through the surface? (b) What is the value of the point charge? (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS "1 Sol. 1,21 Sol. 1.22 Sol. Given, Flux = §=-1.0x10°Nm?c"!, £9 =8.854x10~2C?N“'m (taken), gq =? (@) By Gauss’s law, electric flux $= q/e9 It is independent of dimensions and shape of the Gaussian surface. So, =—-1.0x10?Nm?c! (b) We have, = $69 =—10" «8.854107 = — 8.854 x 109°C. A conducting sphere of radius 10 cm has an unknown charge. If the electric field 20 cm from the centre of the sphere is 1.5 x 103 N/C and points radially inward, what is the net charge on the sphere? Given, E=-1.5 x 103N C7 (Bis taken negative because it points inwardly opposite to r) T= 20cm = 0.2m, q =? For outside point, the charge on the conducting sphere behaves as a point charge situated at the centre of the sphere. 1q formula, E=—_—-+ & ney r? or q=Exdnsgr” 3 2 a 15x10" x02) _ _ 667 x 109. 9x109 Refer Chapter at a Glance (16) Auniformly charged conduction sphere of 2.4 m diameter has a surface charge density of 80.0 j:C/m”. (a) Find the charge on the sphere. (b) What 1s the total electric flux leaving the surface of the sphere? Given, r= 1.2m, o=80.0uCm™ = 80x10 Cm, 8) =8.854x10!7C7N 1m (taken) @ q=? @) 9=? (a) By relation, cA=o4m 80 x 10-6 x 4 x 3.14 x (1.2)? 8 x 12,56 x 1.44 x 199 144.7 x 10 = 1,447 x 103 q (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN12 NCERT SOLUTIONS 1.23 Sol. 1,24 Sol. (b) For outside space, the charge on the conducting sphere behaves as a point charge situated at the centre of the sphere. By Gauss’s theorem, $= q/e9 -3 = RIO = 1.63 x 108NmIC 8854x107 An infinite line charge produces a field of 9 x 104 N/C at a distance of 2cm. Calculate the linear charge density. Given, E=9 x 10¢N Co, T=2om=2x 10%m, A=? By formula, E = Ord = 2negIE 2negt _ 2x10? x9x10* = Tp). 29x10? Vow + Refer Chapter at a Glance (5) * For symetrical charge distribution use Gauss’ law to find electric field (here Sor infinite line charge) Twolarge, thin metal plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inmer faces, the plates have surface charge densities of opposite signs and of magnitude 17.0 x 16-* C/m?, What is E: (a) in the outer region of the first plate, (b) in the outer region of the second plate, and (c) between the plates? There are two plates A and B having surface charge densities oy = 17.0 x 10- C/m? on A and Gy - 17.0 x 10°? C/m? on B respectively. There are three regions— A B Region I is the outer region of first plate. s s Region Il is the region between Ea Ep Bp the plates. Es Region III is the outer region of the second plate. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 13 (@) According to Gause’s theorem, if the plates have same surface charge density but having opposite sings, then the electric field in region I is zero, 7 ef yl By=E, +Ea= 3 at oe (b) Similarly, the electric field in region III is also zero. Eq =E, +E, (6) In region Hi, the electric field oa Eq-E,+E3=——+— 2eq 28 _ 6 _17.0x107 & 885x107? B= 1.92 «10-19 NIC ADDITIONAL NCERT EXERCISES 1.25 An oil drop of 12 excess electrons is held stationary under a constant electric field of 2.55x104 NC“ in Millikan’s ail drop experiment, The density of the oil is 1.26 g cm‘. Estimate the radius of the drop (g = 9.81 ms; ¢ = 1.60 x 169 ©, Sol. Given, n = 12, e= 1.6 x 10°C, B=255x 104 Vort, o = 1.26g cm3 = 1.26 x 107 kg or, g=98lms2, Radius of drop, t= 7 Now, downward force of gravity on drop = upward force due to electric field ie mg=neH ot, (4/3) nr’og=neB 1/3, = (=y" _ { 3x12x1.6x107 x2.55x104 , nog 423,14 1.26%10° «9.81 = 9.8175 * 10-7m=9.8175 « 104mm. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN14 NCERT SOLUTIONS 1,26 Sol. 1,27 Sol. Which among the curves shown in Fig, cannot possibly represent electrostatic field lines? Fig. (b) Fg () Only (c} is right; the rest cannot represent electrostatic field lines, because field lines * — must be normal to a conductor * cannot start from a negative charge, * cannot intersect each other, + They do not form closed loops In a certain region of space, electric field is along the Z-direction throughout, Thc magnitude of clectric ficld is howcver, not constant but increases uniformly along the positive Z-direction, at therate of 105NC- 1 per metre. What are the force and torque experienced by asystem having a total dipole moment cqual to 10-7 cm in the negative Z-direction ? qx = 10-7NC- "in (given) = () Let E = Blectric field at A (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 15 E+x x 105 = Blectric field at B [vB is increasing @ 10° NCL] ah Ka ws A B — x—9 E (B+x%10) = electric force on (+ q)= gE ... (2) He electric force on (-q) =qE+xx 10°) + B) Further, net force on the dipole = Fy — F, (along BA) = q(E + 105 x} gH= 10° qx = 105 x 10-7 [from eq. (1)] = 10 N, along (-Z) direction. <= PE sin = PE sin 180°= 0 hence torque on diapole will be zero. Torque on a diapole in an electric field is t=BxB 1.28 @ ® © Aconductor A with a cavity as shown in Fig, (a) is given a charge Q. Show that the entire charge must appear on the outer surface of the conductor. Another conductor B with charge q is inserted into the cavity keeping Binsulated from A. Show that the total charge on the outside surface of Ais Q + q [Fig. (b)]. Asensitive instrument is to be shielded from the strong electrostatic fleld in its environment. Suggest a possible way. Qta (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN16 NCERT SOLUTIONS Sol. 1.29 Sol. (a) Taking a close Gaussian surface just inside touching the outer surface of the conductor (A). Since electric field inside the Gaussian surface is zero. Gia=2-0 a) Hence there is no charge inside the Gaussian surface and whole charge Q lies on the outer surface of conductor A. (b) Charge + Q appears on conductor A forming cavity. Induced charge + q appears on outer surface of A. Therefore, total charge (Q + ag} appears on outer surface of A. (c) The instrument should be enclosed inside a metallic case to make its environment field free. A hollow charged conductor has a tiny hole cut into its surface. Show that the electric field in the hole is (c/2g9) i, where fi is the unit vector inthe outward normal direction, and c is the surface charge density near the hole. E, = Field at A & B (which are 2 points just out-side & within the cavity as shown) due to the entire shell except that material which originally was there at the place of the cavity. E, = field at A & B because of that material which were there originally in place of cavity. If there were no cavity, the total field at point A would be = = ie Ey+E,=— (1) And at point B would be zero (because inside a charged conductor electric field is always zero) ie E,-B,=0 wf) . E=B, (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 17 1.30 Sol. By putting it in eq. (1), we get ¢ 28 The direction will be radially outward because of symmetry. Electric field near any conducting plane is E = — ,where ois the charge density. Fo And, Inside a conductor, electric field is zero. Obtain the fornmula for the electric field due to along thin wire of uniform near charge density 7, without using Gauss’s law. [Hint: Use Coulomb’s law directly and evaluate the necessary integral.] Let AB be a thin wire having charge density (linear) 4. D is any point at normal distance r from a point C, in the middle of the wire. Let ‘dx’ be a small element of wire AB & at a distance Vr? +x? from point D. Now, electric intensity at D due to charge on the element dx only 1 E PF any Bat 3 Component along DG, 1 Adx Epg =7——- 7 0988 and 18 ang Pa? along DF Epg = Amey (7 +x?) The parallel component Ey, will be cancelled by the parallel component of the field of the charge by a similar element dx on the other half: The radial components gets added. in ® (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 1,31 Sol, 1.32 Sol. Radial component of electric intensity due to charge on element dx. 1 Adx B ra @ e) cos @ wi) From the fig. x=rtan6 dx = 1 sec?6 do fii) => (2 +x?) = tan? @ = 71 + tana) (? + x2) = 1? sec? 8 (iil) Putting equation (ii) & (iii) in equation (i), we have 2 rsec? 046 a dE =——..-——_~—-cos8 = —— cos dO Arey 1 50076 Ansot Since, wire has infinite length, its end A and B are quite away. Hence ‘@’ varies from —n/2to+n/2 +n/2 a cos 40 = J rege —n/2 oe ef h © 4meot TsinOE'ai2 > B= 2neor It is now believed that protons and neutrons (which constitute nuclei of ordinary matter) are themselves built out of more elementary units called quarks. A proton and a neutron consist of three quarks each. Two types of quarks, the so called ‘up’ quark (denoted by u) of charge + (2/3) e, and the ‘down’ quark (denoted by d) of charge (1/3) ¢, together with electrons build up ordinary matter. (Quarks of other types have also been found which give rise to different unusual varieties of matter.) Suggest a possible quark composition ofa preton and neutron. Proton, p = 2u+ 1d = axZe-E=e Neutron, n= In + 2d= ixerax{-2}-0 (a) Consider an arbitrary electrostatic field configuration. A small test charge is placed at a null point (Le., where E =0) of the configuration. Show that the equilibrium of the test charge is necessarily unstable. ®) Verify this result for the simple configuration of two charges of the same magnitude and sign placed a certain distance apart. (a) Proving it by contradiction. Suppose the equilibrium is stable; then the test charge displaced slightly in any direction will experience a restoring force towards the null-point. That is, all field lines near the (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 19 1,33 Sol. null point should be directed inwards towards the null point. That is, there is a net inward flux of electric field through a closed surface around the null-paint. But by Gauss’s law, the flux of electric field through a surface, not enclosing any charge, must be zero. Hence, the equilibrium cannot be stable. (b) The mid-point of the line joining the two charges is a null-point. Displace a test charge from the null-point slightly along the line. There is a restoring force. But displace it, say, normal to the line. You will see that the net force takes it away from the null-point. Remember, stability of equilibrium needs restoring force in all directions. A particle of mass a and charge (—g) enters the region between the two charged plates initially moving along x-axis with specd v,, The length of plate is L and an uniform electric field E is maintained betyreen the plates, Show that the vertical defiction of the particle at the far edge of the plate is gE |(2mv2). ‘Compare this motion with motion of a projectile in gravitational fleld discussed in section 4.10 of class XI Text book ef physics. Let the point at which the charged particle enters the electric field, be origin O(0, 0}, then after travelling a horizontal displacement Z, it gets deflected by displacement y in vertical direction as it comes out of electric field. So, co- ordinates of its initial position are x, = 0 and y, = 0 and of final position on coming out of electric fieldare y= Landy, =y Components of its acceleration area, =O F_ qk and a,~ = and of initial velocity are 24, =v, and a, = 0 So, by 2" equation of motion in horizontal direction, 1 my m sug tae” ob 0=u,t + 0" (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 1.34 Sol. ape ati) Vy and by 2™ equation of motion in vertical direction, won mast Sayl sort H(Z) 9 yO OT om Wy oD or y= mis This gives the vertical deflection of the particle at the far edge of the plate. = Refer Chapter ata Glance (4) © When accereration is found, Kinematic equations can be used io find position, time etc. Suppose that the particle in Q.1.33 is an electron projected with velocity v, =2.0 x 10° ms“. IE between the plates separated by 0,5 cm is 9.1 x 10*1N/ C, where will the electron strike the upper plate? Charge of electron, e= 1.6x10-!? C and mass of electron, m, =9.1%10-! kg, Ifthe electron is released just near the negatively charged plate, then y= 0.5 comand hence _ gE or pa zy ome 2. 29.110 kg x(2%106 ms x0.5x107 m = =2.5x 104 ~ 16x10" Cx 91x10 N/C or L=1.6 x10? m=1.6em (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INyok op Ie x 10. 1. 12. 13. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE CHAPTER AT A GLANCE Electric potential is the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to the point in electrostatic field, Blectric potential, ve Electric potenial due to apoint charge V = Cs Electric potential (V) due toa dipole at a distance ris proportional to Ir, Electric potential difference V,—V, = Was __| E.dé= if -2] q ‘1B There can be a potential difference across the terminals of the condenser even if there is no current. dv Relation between potential gradient and electric field, E= -* where, x is the potential pradient Electrostatic potential energy, U = a Capacitance ofa capacitor C= 2 Dielectric constant or relative permittivity k = = 0 Induced charge on the faces of dielectric due to dielectric polarisation is q =a[1—C/ky]. Capacitance ofa parallel plate capacitor filled with diacleciric C= — ForD.C. circuits the condenser acts as an open circuit because for D.C. circuits with condenser, i=0. Ifa parallel plate capacitor is charged to V volts and the charging battery is removed, A dielectric plate is now introduced between the plates of condenser, then {a) Charge on the condenser remains the same. (6) Capacity increases, becomes K times the previous value. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN14, 15, 16. 17. 18 19, 20. NCERT SOLUTIONS (© Potential difference between the plates decrease and becomes (1/K) times the previous value. (@® The field between the plates decreases and becomes (1/K) times the previous value. (© Energy decreases and becomes (1/K} times the previous value i.o. =U,K Ifthe air capacitor is charged to V volts and dielectric plate is introduced in the gap between the plates, (battery still connected), then (@) The charge on the plates increases. (b) The capacity increases K times. (©) The potential difference between the plates remains the same. (@ Field between the plates remains the same, (©) The energy increases, becomes K times the previous value, i.e. U,=KU, Force of attraction between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is Pu Te) AK” If three capacitors of capacitance C,, C, and C, are connected in series toa potential difference V, the potential across the capacitors in the respective order will be in the ratio C3C, C3015 CyCa. @ Cylindrical capacitor, c= 270! nk Ri = 7 = AmepRiRo C= (b) Spherical capacitor R,-R, i tor E=L v=tov7=-& Energy stored in a capacitor E=>QV 30" 3c 11,1 Jee de cag (©) Parallel combination C=C, +Cy Electrostatic potential at a point due to several changes (@) Series combination yo rH 4ae9 tat (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 23 = EXERCISE = 21 Sol. Two charges 5 * 10°C and-3 10-8C are located 16cm apart, At what point (s) on the line joining the two charges is the electric potential zero? Take the potential at infinity to be zero, There are two charges, q,=5~ 10°C q=-3 * 10-8 Distance between the two charges, d= 16 em = 0.16 m Consider a point P on the line joining the two charges, as shown in the given figure. << d——_» a qs <——_ r—>P r= Distance of point P from charge q Let the electric potential (V) at point P be zero. Potential at point P is the sum of potentials caused by charges q, and dp Tespectively. ve 92 Ne Tree neg -@ Where, & = Permittivity of free space For V = 0, equation (i) reduces to a Qe 9 ag * Fneg(d=1) — ~_ 4 Anegr 4nay(d-) ab r @n Sx10*_ Caxlo*) 0.16 8 r @i6-p” r 5 “7=0.1m= 10cm Therefore, the potential is zero at a distance of 10 cm from the positive charge between the charges Suppose point P is outside the system of two charges at a distance s from the negative charge. Where potential is zero, as shown in the following figure. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 2.2 Sol. <—__:—_ >», ui cs — — Ss ——P For this arrangement, potential is given by. = 42 YS deg At =A) a Where s = Permittivity of free space For V = 0, equation (ii} reduces to a. Amegs 4ne)(s—d) 2 s s-d _ x10) 3 (@--0.16) ©. 8= 0.4m= 40 cm Therefore, the potential is zero at a distance of 40 cm from the positive charge outside the system of charges. Electric potential due to a point charge at a distance r is y= i Aregular hexagon of side 10 cm hasacharge 5 uC at each of its vertices. Calculate the potential at the centre of the hexagon, Geometrically each vertex is at a distance of 10 cm (length of side) from centre of the hexagon. So, for all charges, T=10cm=0.1 m, q=S5uC =5x 10°C, n=6,V=? (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 25 By formula, v= —1_™4 Arey 6 Ge suitcase ) Identify an equipotential surface of the system. Whatis the direction of the electric field at every point on this surface? The system represents an electric dipole of charge strength 2 uC, electric dipole length 0.06 m and electric dipole moment =0.12* 10-°C-m. 1 peosd By formula, V= ——_—,— ” 4ntg For points on equatorial line, 8 = 90°, cos 8 = zero. The equatorial plane is plane of zero potential. Direction of electric field at every point of the equipotential surface is normal to the surface, A spherical conductor of radius 12cm has a charge of 1.6 x 10-7C distributed uniformly on its surface. What is the electric ficld @ b) © inside the sphere just outside the sphere at a point 18 cm from the centre of the sphere? Given, R= 12 om=0.12 m, q= 1.6 * 10-7C @ () © @ ) © r<120om, E=? r=R=12cm,E=? r=18cem, E=? For a point inside the spherical conductor, electric field, E = zero tt a 4 For point just on the surface of the conductor, E = ane R? = 9x10? x1.6x1077 _ 9x1.6x107 (0.12)? 144x104 For point outside the conductor, pa 14 2 9x10 x1.6x107 4reg 7 (0.18 =105NC1 _9X1.6x10" = 4,4 x 10°NC, 324x104 (WWW.JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 25 Sol. 2.6 Sol. Electric field inside a conductor is zero. A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8pF (1 pF= 10-7 F), What will be the capacitance if the distance between the plates is reduced by half, and the space between them is filled with a substance of the dielectric constant 6? Given, C, = 8 pF =8 x 10-UR, d, = 4/2, K=6,C,=? A By formula, C= S804 In first ease, Cy — S04 _ KeoA _ 2KepA An second case, Cg aia” 7% Dividing, we get, a REA. ro, = d SoA or conoxe, «2 ofedypa = 96 x 1071? = 96 pF. Three capacitors each of capacitance 9 pF are connected in series. (@) What isthe total capacitance of the combination? (b) What is the potential difference across each capacitor if the combination is connected to a 120V supply? Given, C = 9 pF =9 x 10°? F,n =3, @ C,=?, O)V=120V,V, =9,V,=2, V3 c_9x1o? By formula, C,= 3 oye gr (b) Since in series, charge q is same on each capacitor, CV =C,¥, =O, As C=C, = Cy We have, V, = V. = V3 = V, (say) Since V, + V,+V,=V 3V, = 120 V, = 40V Potential difference across each capacitor is 40 V. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 27 27 Sol. 2.8 Sol. 29 Three capacitors of capacitances 2 pF, 3 pF and 4 pF are connceted in parallel. (a) What is the total capacitance of the combination? (bp) Determine the charge on each capacitance if the combination is connected to a 100 V supply. Given, C, = 2 pF, C, = 3 pF, C,=4 pF, @) C,=2, ) V=100V, g, =2, q =, 43 =? (@) By formula, in parallel combination, C=C, +C,+C,=2+3+4=9 pF (>) In parallel combination, potential difference is same across each capacitor. By relation, q = CV. Substituting the values, we get, q = 2 100 = 200pC = 200 x 10-2 4d, = 3 * 100 = 300pC = 300 x 10°? Gg = 4 x 100 = 400pC = 400 x 10°C. Ina parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, cach plate hasan area of 6 10? ny and the distance between the plates is 3 mm. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected ton 100 V supply, what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor? Given, A =6 x 10%m?, d=3 mm =3x 104m, s9= 8.854 < 10-1202 NN! mr V=100V, C=?,q=? By formula, C= ot. _ dessa x6x107 3x197 = 17.718 x 10-12 F = 17.7 pF. And by relation, q = CV = 17.7 x 10-2 x 100 = 17.7 * 101°, Explain what would happen ifin the capacitor given in question 2.8, a3 mum thick mica sheet (of dielectric constant = 6) were inserted between the plates, @) while the voltage supply remained connected and, (b) after the supply was disconnected. Given, Cy — 17.7 pF, Cy —KC, = 6 Cy, {a} While the supply remained connected; voltage will remain constant Ox = Cy V=6 CV =6 x 17.7 x 10 C = 1.06 x 10-4C. Charge on capacitor becomes six times. {b) When supply is disconnected; Charge will remain constant gO VK (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN28 NCERT SOLUTIONS vg= 2-4 ~16,7v C, KC Potential difference between plates becomes one-sixth. © Refer Chapter at a Glance (14) * When a diaelectric is inserted between the plates, the capacitance increases. 2.10 A12pF capacitor is connected to a SOV battery. How mach electrostatic energy is stored in the capacitor? Sol. Given, C = 12 pF= 12x 10°17 F, V=50V,E=? By formula, electrostatic energy E = - 3} elaxct0? x(50)? =15* 1043, 2.11 A600pF capacitor is charged by a 200V supply. It is then disconnected from the supply and is connected to another uncharged 600 pF capacitor. How much electrostatic energy is lost in the process? Sol. Given, C, = 600 pF = 600 x 10"? F=6 x 107, C,=6 x 10-7 F, V, =200 V, V, =0, Loss of energy, AE =? C{C2(¥i- Vo)? AE= By firme, 2C; +€2) = §x107x6x1071(200- 0) 2(6x107° +.6x1071) _ 36%10-° x 200x200 = 6x10), 2x12x197 Since potential of both the capactior becomes equal, the changes are redistributed. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 29 2.12 Sol. 2.13 Sol. A charge of 8 mC is located at the origin. Calculate the work done in taking a small charge of -2 x 10 C from a point P(0, 0, 3cm) toa point Q(0, 4cm, 0) via a point R (0, 6 cm, 9 cm). Let % and ¥ are the position vectors for points P and Q then 4 =3 k andr, =3om=0.03m % —4 j andr, =4cem=0.04m Position of point R does not affect the result. Also q= 8 mC =8x 10°C. 14 By formula, Veg For point P, vy, = 2X10? x8x107 ‘ 0.03 For point Q, _ 9x10? x8x10~ - 0.04 Potential difference, (V,— Vj) =18 x 10®— 24x 108 =-6x 10° V Work done W = charged moved x potential difference, =(2* 10%) (6x 108)= 1.27 A cube of side b has a charge q at cach of its vertices. Determine the potential and electric field due to this charge array at the centre of the cube. =24x10°V Vv, =18x108V Geometrically, distance of centre of the cube from each vertex = wy, Potential at centre due to charge at one vertex 1 q q © 49 V3b/2 2y/3neqb Potential at centre due to charge at cight vertices, Ve Sq, _ 4d 2V3negb V3nagb (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN30 NCERT SOLUTIONS Electric field = zero. It is due to symmetry of charge about the point. 2.14 Two tiny spheres carrying charges 1.5 uC and 2.5 WC are located 30 cm apart, Find the potential and electric field: {a) at the mid-point of the linc joining the two charges, and {b) ata point 10 cm from this midpoint in a plane normal to the line and passing through the mid-point. Sol. The situation is shown in figure. LSpC 150m 1Som 2.5 nC (a) Potential at C due to charge at A 1 15x10 =) 1sxl0” =9 x 109 x 10-5 amy 015 a Bs” Potential at C due to charge at B __1_ 25x10 4neg 0.15 Total potential at C = 9 x 104 + 15 x 104 = 24 x 104 V. Intensity of electric field at C due to charge at A =15x10+y 1 15x19 = slong CB any 152 15x107 1974 Intensity of eleciric field at C duc to charge at B 1 25x10 ——.——_ along CA 4nep” (0.15)" 8 = 9x10? x 6x10°NC7 25x1077 = =10x10°NC™ 25x10) = 9x10? x (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE a Resultant intensity of electric field at C = 10 x105— 6 x 10°= 4 x 10° NC from 2.5 pCto 1.5 nC. Refer Chapter at a Glance (2) 6 (0) Potential at D due to charge at A =—_ 15x10 4ne 0.18 = 9x 10? 152107 75x104V 18x10 . 1 15x10 Potential at D due to charge at B aay’ 0.18 = 9x10°x 25x10” 18x107? Total potential at D = 75 x 10*+ 12.5 x 104= 20 x 104V Intensity of electric field at D due to charge at A =12.5x104V Lsniot = 9x10°x =5/12x108NCT Intensity of electric field at D due to charge at B _1 _25x108 slong DG neg” 0.0324 = 9x10" x 2x07 5 /36210°NC! Angle GDF = 6 = 2 x 6/2 = 2 tan”! (1.5) = 2x 56°18" = 112°36" cos 6 = — 0.3843, sin 6 = 0.9232 Resultant intensity of electric field at D =|) «(Banos +23 108) (2.108) 030)” (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS , 625 _250x03843 2 108 ia 1296—«32 eee ase eas-ne8228)* 108 1/2 _ | 561.775 6 — 23.7 196 [ae | x10 36 = x10 = 0.66 x 105 = 6.6 x 10° NC For direction, for angle « with DF, 208 xsing tana = 36 ___ a 2x 1054 Bato! xcos8 Roaos 0.9232 St Saba . 25x10° x0.9232 _ _25%0.9232 15x10° +25x10° x (0.3843) ~ 15— 3, 6075 5. 39257 = 76°51’ along DF. Note: In y Fig. since, ZADC =4 == 65°18". ZDAC = a —(56°18') = 33°42", Since direction of electric field is 76°51' with DF, it will beat an angle = 180°— [(76°51') + (33°42')] = 180°— 110°33' =69°27'_ with line AB, joining the two charges. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 33 GS Note | Flectric field is vector quantity and potential is scaler quantity. The, resultant fleld is sum of fields due to all the charges. 2,15 Aspherical conducting shell of inner radius r, and outer radius r, has acharge Q. ® ® Sol. (@} Acharge q is placed at the centre of the shell. What Is the surface charge density on the inner and outer surfaces of the shell? Is the electric field inside a cavity with no charge, zero even if the shell is not spherical, but has any irregular shape? Explain. Surface charge density on the inner and outer shell. Taking a Gaussian surface ofradiusr >1, but r PBdA=0 [8-0 . = T4119 = q'=-4 &9 The conducting shell has no net charge, yet its inner shell has — q surface charge. Because the net charge on the shell is zero and no charge can be internal to the conductor, there must be + q charge on the outer surface of the conductor, other than + Q. = *. Surface charge density of inner surface = ray TE] And surface charge density of outer surface = a, 5] (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS ©) 2.16 (@) ® Sol. (@ By Gauss’s law, the net charge on the inner surface enclosing the cavity (not having any charge) must be zero. For a cavity of arbitrary shape, this is not enough to claim that the electric field inside must be zero. The cavity may have positive and negative charges with total charge zero. To dispose of this possibility, take a closed loop, part of which is inside the cavity along a field line and the rest gives a net work done by the field in carrying a test charge over a closed loop. We know this is impossible for an electrostatic field, Hence there are no field lines inside the cavity i.e., no field, and no charge on the inner surface of the conductor, whatever be its shape. Show that the normal component of electrostatic ficld has a discontinuity from one side of a charged surface to another given by (8, -8,)A=—— where 4 isa unit vector normal te the surface 9 at a point and o is the surface charge density at that point. (The direction of 4 is from side 1 to side 2.) Hence show that just outside a conductor, the electric field is ofi/e. Show that the tangential component of electrostatic field is continuous from one side of a charged surface ta another. Hint : For (a), use Gauss's law. For (b) use the fact that work done by eleetrostatic field on a closed loop is zero. Let AB bea charged surface having two sides as marked in the figure. A cylinder enclosing a small area AS of the charged surface is the Gaussian surface. According t0 Gauss theorem, total ux linked with the surface G,Ads=4,Ads+ 6, Ads+6 Ads =o & GuA.dS+§ gods = x wv § Ads=0 as 0=90° -. cos 90°=0 (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 35 or Fy ASA, +E,.AS4, = as & where E, + E, are the electric fields through circular cross-sections of cylinder at II and III respectively. a x cs or B,A, +E) Ay = ® “ . _o E, (fy )+E, fi, =— or Fi.(-ia)+Bafia= or (E,-E;) sig we or (E.-E))A= i) (-s fi, =fi= unit vector from side 1 to side 2.) Hence proved. It is clear from the figure the H, lies inside the conductor. Also we know that the electric field inside the conductor is zero. E,-1 Thus from Eq. (i), a a=— & a an os Ey, fin=—: £6 or a — a a a ‘ep (+ 8.4 =1) oc. In electric field just outside the conductor = % Hence proved. (b) Thetangential component of electrostatic field is continuous from one side of a charged surface to another, we use that the work done by electrostatic field on closed-loop is zero. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 2.17 Sol. Let ABA be a charged surface in the field of a point charge g lying at origin. Let r, and rp be its positive vectors at points A and B respectively. Let E be the electric field at point P, thus E cos @ is the tangential component of electric field E. “. Edi = Edl.cos 6 = (E cos @) di. To prove that E cos @ is continuous from one to another side of the charge surface, we have to find the value of $ jsp E.dl. If it comes to be zero then we can say that tangential component of E is continuous. B. 1 1 oL Bdl=——q|+-+ ear *(i AL 1 161 wa PaaS] Hence proved. Along charged cylinder of linear charged density ), is surrounded by a hollow co-axial conducting cylinder. What is the electric field in the space between the two cylinders? The charge + q spreads uniformly on the outer surface of A and -— q uniformly spreads on the inner surface of B, An electric field E is produced between the two shells which will be directed radially outwards as shown. in Fig. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 37 ‘Letus consider a coaxial cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius r. The electric flux through this cylindrical Gaussian surface is given by bn = [Ea = | Bascoso? = Bf 48-E(2ns) The flux through the end faces of the Gaussian cylinder is zero because EE is parallel to them. Hence ¢, isthe flux through whole of the Gaussian surface. Applying Gauss’s law, Ex 2nré =-2- & AW) * © Onggé t ® o pot a_i} 2negt & 2negt Remember that Gauss's theorem gives net electric field (due to all the charges). ie, pedi (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 2,18 Ina hydrogen atom, the electron and proton arc bound at a distance of about 0.534, @ ® © So. @) ®) © (cane “106x107 Estimate the potential energy of the system in eV, taking the zero of the potential energy at infinite separation of the electron from proton, ‘What is the minimum work required to free the electron, given that its kinetic energy in the orbit is half the magnitude of potential energy obtained in (a)? ‘What are the answers to (a) and (b) above if the zero of potential energy is taken at 1.06 A separation? Given, g, =+ 1.6 10°C, a, =-1.6 x 109 ¢, t= 0.53 A =0.53 x 10719 m By formula, potential energy, ue ae neg” = 910° <(1.6107"9) x (-1.6x107") 053x107! 144 =—-* =-27.17 ev. e Kinetic energy of electron = uu =13.585 eV. Total energy of electron =—27.17 + 13.585 =— 13.585 eV. When electron is free, energy becomes zero. Then Work done = increase in energy of electron = 0 — C 13.585) =13.835 eV. Potential energy, 1 11 Baw. oot tag 1 (: a =9 x 10? x (1.6 x 10-19) x CL6 x 10-19) 1 1 } = 13.585 eV. Kinetic energy of electron = + 13.585 eV. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 39 2.19 Sol. 2.20, Sol. If one of the two clectrons of a H,, molecule is removed, we get a hydrogen molecular ion Ho. In the ground state of an H, the two protons are separated by roughly 1.5 A, and the electron is roughly 1 A from each proton, Determine the potential energy of the system. Specify your choice of the zero of potential energy. By formula, potential energy of the system U=P.E. of first proton and electron system + P.H. of second proton and electron system + P.E. of proton and proton system Applying values, we get (1.6x10719) x(-1.6x107!9) U=9x 10° x 1x107 x1.6x10-9 (1.6x107) x(-1.6x1077) +9x 109 x 1x10 51.6107 (1.6107)? 15x10? x1.6x1079 19 =9 x 109 x So (4-5) =~ 19.2 ev. 10° 11 15 (zero of potential energy is taken to be at infinite) ‘Two charged conducting spheres of radii a. and b are connected tocach other by a wire. What is the ratio of electric fields at the surfaces of the two spheres? Use the result obtained to explain why charge density on the sharp and pointed ends of a conductor is higher than that of its flatter portions. The two spheres in contact will have same electric potential. Let a, and a, be the surface densities of charge (charge density) on the two spheres respectively. Then, charge on first sphere, q, = 4na7o, charge on second sphere, gy =4nb2a, 49109 x Potential of first sphere, Vj = a = 4ra0, Potential of second sphere, V2 = - = 4nbo, Electric field of first sphere on the surface, Ey = 9! =4n (WWW.JEEBOOKS.IN 240 NCERT SOLUTIONS 2.21. Sol. Electric ficld of second sphere on the surface, E “oe Anes Since, V, = V5, 4nacy = 4nbo,, ie, 2 = 52 b oy And also £1 1 > E,; 0 a The ratio of electric field is inverse of the ratio of the radii of the two spheres, since, ratio of charge densities is inverse of the ratio of the radii of the charged surfaces. For a sharp pointed end, a = 0, o = infinite For flat portion, a= 00,6 = 0, This explains accumulation of charge at the pointed region of a charged conductor. J Change density at the surface is inversely proportional fo the radius. Two charges —q and +q are located at points (0, 0, —a) and (0, 0, a), respectively. @) Whryis the electrostatic potential at the points (0, 0, z) and (x, y, 0)? (b) Obtain the dependence af potential on the distance r of a point from. the origin when r/a >> 1, © How much work is done in moving a small test charge from the point , 0, 0) to (7, 0, 0) along the x-axis? Docs the answer change if the path of the test charge between the same points is not along the x-axis? {a) Distance between points (0, 0,-a) and (0, 0,7) =z+a Distance between points (0, 0, a} and (0, 0, z)=z-—a Potential due to charge — q at point (0, og= 1-4 Ane) Z+8 Potential due to charge + q at point (0, a= Amey z-a Total potential at point @,0,2)--7 444 4nsg(z+ 2) 489 (z—a) ap) tA 4meg|(z-a) (z+a) (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE ai 2,22, Sol. = 1x aa oe where p = q.2a = dipole Anty z*-92 4mtg 72-4? moment of charge system. Distance between points (0, 0, -a) and (, y, 0) =yx+y? +a? Distance between points (0, 0, a) and (% ¥, 0) =x? +y7 +47 Since the two distances are equal and charges are equal and opposite, total potential at point (x, y, 0)= zero. (B) The dependence on r is 1/1? type (© Zero; n0, because work done by electrostatic field between two points is independent of the path connecting the two points. Electric potential dueto a dtapoleis a Figure shows.a charge array known as anelectric quadrupole, For a point on the axis of the quadrupole, obtnin the dependence of potential on r for r/a>> 1, and contrast your results with that due ta an electric dipole, and an electric monopole (Le., a single charge), Situation is shown in following figure. Aa Ba C€ P o—ee_@_____~ q -q-q qa 1 r ———_» Potential at P due to charge + q at A af, 4neq t+a Potential at P due to charge — 2q at B - 1 4 4meg or (WWW.JEEBOOKS.IN42 NCERT SOLUTIONS Potential at P due to charge + q at C = 4 Trey Fa Total potential at P 1 a(4-4) “dato rea or ra — 4 | a(t—a)—2(r —a”)+ rr +a) ~ Ane r(r+a)(r—a) = 4 —ar—2r? 4207 42? ar Ang rea”) oe Ameg “1(r? a) As 52> 1 ie, >> a >P-#+542r Hence V 2ata Yee. Vv for quadrupole. But Ve for =24 4 et oe 4ney Pr e dipole and Vcc! for monopole. r 2.23. Anelectrical technician requires a capacitance of 2 uF ina circuit across a potential difference of 1 kV. A large number of 1 xF capacitors are available to him each of which can withstand a potential difference of not more than 400 V. Suggest a possible arrangement that requires the minimum number of capacitors. Sol, Since each capacitor can withstand a potential difference of 400 V, at least three must be used in series to share 1 kV potential difference, 3 in series will have capacitance = (1/3) HF. To have 24 F combination, we must connect six such series combinations, inparallel, Total capacitors required = 3 in series x 6 in parallel = 18 Refer Chapter at a Glance (19) WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 43 2.24, Whatis the area of the plates of a 2 F parallel plate capacitor, given that the separation between the platesis 0.5 cm? [You will realise from your answer why ordinary capacitors are in the range of |1F or less. However, electrolytic capacitors do have a much larger capacitance (0.1 F) because of very minute separation between the conductors.] 1 Sol, Given, C=2F,d=0.Sem=05x10%m, &=———., A=? On ax? By formula, capacitance, c= Sut and A= oA £9 = 2x05 107 x 4x 3.14 «9x 10° = 113.04 « 107 m?= 1130.4 km? 2.25 Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the network in Fig. For a 300 V supply, determine the charge and voltage across each capacitor. in 100 pe t300V - -— Sol. Figure shows equivalent circuit 100 pF D ® E 100 pF G 300 Ae|}B mi C,| 200pF 200 pF GS ete, CG 2 Capacitance between C and F (C,, C, in series) = 200/2 = 100 pF Capacitance between B and G (in parallel) = 100 + 100 = 200 pF Capacitance between A and G (in series) = (100 x 200)/(100 + 200) = (200/3) pF Potential difference of 300 V between A and G divided between points A (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 2,26 Sol. and B and points B and G, in the inverse ratio of the capacitance between them. Thus, Potential difference between A and B = 200V Potential difference between B and G = 100V Hence, V, = 200 V and q, =C,V, =2x10°C V, = 100 V and gq, =C,V, = 10°C =V, = 50 V and q, =q,=C,V, =C,V5 =10*C. Simplyfy the circuit and use equivalent capacitance in series/parallel combination. The plates of a parallel plate capacitor have an area of 90cm? cach and area separated by 2.5 mm, The capacitor is charged by connecting it to a 400 V supply. (@) How much electrostatic cncrgy is stored by the capacitor? (b) View this energy as stored in the clectrostatic field between the plates, and obtain the energy per unit volume w, Hence arrive at a relation between # and the magnitude of electric fleld between the plates. (@) Given, A = 90 cm? = 90 x 104 m2, d=25mm =25 « 107 m, V=400 V,C=? By formula, capacitance _8pA_ 190x104 4 amx9x10°x2.5x10> 210 991 and 4x3.14x25 3.14 1 11 =x E=—cy?= 2 2°31 1071 x0 400 = hpi =255x10°I. (®) Volume of medium between parallel plates, V=AXd=90x 104 x 25x 10% = 225 x 10-7 m3 Hence, energy per unit volume, _ 2.5510 2 =0,113 Jur, 225x107? (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN2.27 Sol. 2,28 Sol. A4uF capaeltor is charged by a 200 V supply. It is then disconnected from the supply, and is connected to another uncharged? pF capacitor. How much electrostatic energy of the first capacitor is lost in the form of heat and electromagnetic radiation? Given, C, = 4pF = 4x10, Cy = 2uF =2x10*F, V, = 200 V, V,=0, Loss of energy, AE=? By formula, 2 ape SI =Vey _ 4x10 x2x10-°(200-0)? _8 g2; AC, +C2) 442)x10° 3 Hence, energy converted into heat and electromagnetic radiation =2.67« 107 J. Refer Chapter at a Glance (18) Show that the force on cach plate of parallel plate capacitor has a magnitude equal to (1/2) QE, where Q is the charge on the capacitor, and Eis the magnitude of electric ficld between the plates, Explain the origin of the factor 1/2. Suppose we increase the separation of the plates by Ax. Work done by external agency = F Ax . This goes to increase the potential energy of the capacitor by u and Ax where u is energy density. F = ua which is easily seen to be (1/2) QH, using u = (1/2)egE”. The physical origin of the factor 1/2 in the force formula lies in the fact that just outside the conductor, field is E, and inside it is zero. So the average value E/2 contributes to the force. CZ Note \ Energy density in.a region of electric field B is eo hoget (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN46 NCERT SOLUTIONS 2.29 A spherical capacitor consists of two concentric spherical conductors, Sol. held in position by suitable insulating supports Fig. Show that the capacitance of a spherical capacitor is given by, cu {moh A- where r, and r, are the radil of onter and inner spheres, respectively. Let r, is the radius of the outer sphere B. r, is the radius of the inner sphere A. heviasi = surfac + q is the charge given to A. —q is the charge induced to the inner surface of B. + q is the charge induced to the outer surface of B which will flow to the earth as B is earthed. V is the potential difference between A and B. Capacitance C = 4a Vv The electric field is non uniform in between the two spheres (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE a7 So, ne & = dV = Edr o v=fov= pea A ty Electric field E at any point on the gaussian surface is radially outwards By Gauss’s theorem, a= vfealiolst 2.30 Aspherical capacitor has an inner sphere ofradius 12 cm and an outer sphere of radius 13 cm. The omter sphere is earthed and the inner sphere is given a charge of 2.5 uC. The space between the concentric spheres 1s filled with a Hquid of dielectric constant 32. (@) Determine the capacitance of the capacitor. @® What is the potential of the inner sphere? (c) Compare the capacitance of this capacitor with that of an isolated sphere of radius 12 em. Explain why the latter is much smaller Sol Given, r, = 12 cm= 12 x 10? m, r= 13 em = 13 x 10? m, q=25 HC =25* 10°C, K=32 (a) By formula, capacitance C i A K4neg WA __32x13%x10 «12x10 9x10°13x107 -12x10°7) fis c SA x10! = 5.55 x 109 F, Refer Chapter at a Glance (17) (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN48 NCERT SOLUTIONS () Potential of inner sphere, V = q/C 6 qed xo" x3. x4 =4.5x102V. 1664x107 (©) Capacitance of sphere, C _12x107 9x10? It is small because it forms no capacitor. 2.31 Answer carefully: @) Two large conducting spheres carrying charges Q, and Q, are brought close to each other, Is the magnitude of electrostatic force between them exactly given by 0,0» /4negr? ,whereris the distance between their centres? (b) IfCoulomb’s law involved 1/r' dependence (instead of 1/r”), would Gauss’s law be still true ? (c) Asmall test charge is released at rest at a pointin an electrostatic field configuration. Will it travel along the field line passing through that point? @ Whatis the work done by the field of a nucleusin a complete circular orbit of the clectron? What if the orbit is elliptical? (©) We know that clectric field is discontinuous across the surface of acharged conductor, Is electric potential also discontinuous there? @® What meaning would you give to the capacitance ofa single conductor? (y) Guess a possible reason why water has much greater diaelectric constant (= 80) than say, mica (= 6) Sol. (a) No, because charge distributions on the spheres will not be uniform. (0) No. (©) Notnecessarily. (True onlyifthe field line is a straight line.) The field line gives the direction of acceleration, not that of velocity, in general. (d) Zero, no matter what the shape of the complete orbit is. (c) No, potential is continuous. (® Assingle conductor is a capacitor with one of the ‘plates’ at infinity. (@ A water molecule has permanent dipole moment. However, detailed explanation of the value of dielectric constant requires microscopic theory and is beyond the scope of the book. 2.32 A cylindrical capacitor has two co-axial cylinders of length 15 cm and radii 1.5 cm and 1,4 cm, The outer cylinder is earthed and the inner cylinder is given a charge of 3.5 uC . Determine the capacitance of the system and the potential of the inner cylinder. Neglect end effects (L.e., bending of field lines at the ends). =1,33x10-UF, (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 49 Sol. 2.33 Sol. Given, £= 15 om =15 x 10? m, r, = 1.4m =14%10?m,r,=15em=15% 10? m, q=3.5 uC =3.5«105C By formula, capacitance C = meg [loge 2 = 2meyt /2.3026 logy 5 A a oe 15x10 1x9x10? 2.3026x0,02996 =12% 107°R, ssniok By relation, V=q/C= = 2.92 x 104 V. + Refer Chapter at a Glance (17) . Gaus's Law § sis = 2 . can be used to find net electric field and then Nepean caren Be rate Aparallel plate capacitor is to be designed with a voltage rating 1 kV, using a material of dielectric constant 3 and diclectric strength about 107 V7, (Dielectric strength is the maximum electric field a material can tolerate without breakdown, Le., without starting to condnet electricity through partial lonisation.} For safety, we should Hke the field never to exceed, say 10% of the dielectric strength. What minimum area of the plates is required to have a capacitance of 50 pF? The capacitor must have a tolerance of 10 kV (-. 1 kV is 10% of 10 kV). Hence minimum dielectric slab thickness, d= VWE= 104/107 = 107 m. A.will be minimum when dis minimum Now d= 103 m, C= 50 pF =50 x 107? F, K=3,A=? By formula, capacitance, cote oe ce 12 1973 = 50x10 X10” Caen 9x10) =2x © X3 x 104 18.84 x 104 m?= 18.84 cm? Refer Chapter at a Glance (11) WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 2.34 Deseribe schematically the equipotential surfaces corresponding to @ ® © @ Sol. () ) a constant clectric ficld in the Z-direction, a ficld that uniformly increases in magnitude but remains in a constant (say, Z) direction, a single positive charge at the origin, and a uniform grid consisting of long equally spaced parallel charged wires in a plane. Planes parallel to X-Y plane Equipotential surfaces corresponding to a constant electric field in the Z-direction (dV = p.d between successive equipotential surfaces which is zero in this case) Same as in (a), cxcept that planes differing by a fixed potential get closer as field increases. *t (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 51 Equipotential surfaces corresponding to a uniformly increasing electric field in the Z-direction (c) Concentric spheres centered at the origin. @ A periodically varying shape near the grid which gradually reaches the shape of planes parallel to the grid at far distances. Aumiform prid consisting of long equally spaced aoe AY Electric field is normal to the equipotential surface. 2.35 Ina Van De Graaff generator, a spherical metal shell is to be a 15 x 106 Velectrode. The dielectric strength of the gas surrounding the electrode is S x 10-7 V/m, What is the minimum radius of the spherical shell required? (You will learn from this exercise why one cannot build an electrostatic generator using a very small shell which requires a small charge to acquire a high potential.) Sol. Given, V=15 = 10°V Dielectric strength of the surrounding gas, E=5 x 107 Vor! Radius of spherical shell, r = ? For a spherical shell, V “aaa (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 2.36 Sol. If @ be surface density of charge, then q=4ms ss vate, oe Anegr & E e-2] we have, r= V/E & _ 115x106 7 = 0.3 m=30 em 5x10 e. Cs) New | Ifthe electric field just outside the sphere is sufficient for dielectric breakdown of air, no more charge can be transferred to it. Asmall sphere of radivsr, and charge q, isenclosed by a spherical shell of radius r, and charge q,. Show that if q, is positive, charge will necessarily flow from the sphere tothe shell (when the two are connected by a wire) no matter what the charge q, on the shell is. Potential of inner sphere due to its own charge = 1 4 Arey 1 Potential of inner sphere due to its presence inside the shell = 192. Ane t Total potential of the sphere -1(a,2 4neg\ hb Potential of the shell =! 92 Aneg % Potential difference between sphere and shell -2{2}52 -la Ameg\ J 4mey mM Amey Itis independent of the charge q, on the shell. Since q, is positive, potential difference between sphere and shell is positive. Charge (if positive) will always flow from sphere to shell. ee emt ohare) ane fmt Noe fe ea Teper preentta (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 53 2.37 Answer the following: Sol. @ ® © @ ) © @ The top of the atmosphere is at about 400 kV with respect to the surface of the earth, corresponding to an electric field that decreases with altitude. Near the surface of the earth, the fleld is about 100 Var", Why then do we not get an electric shock as we step out of our house inte the open? (Assume the house to be a steel cage so there is no field inside!) A man fixes outside his house one evening a two metre high insulating slab carrying on its top a large aluminium sheet of area 1m?. Will he get an electrie shock if he touches the metal sheet next morning? The discharging current in the atmosphere due to the small conductivity of air is known to be 1800 A on an average over the globe. Why then does the atmosphere not discharge itself completely in due course and become electrically neutral? In cther words, what keeps the atmosphere charged? What are the forms of energy into which the clectrical energy of the atmosphere is dissipated during « lightning? (Hint: The earth has an electric field of about 100 Vir" at its surface in the downward direction, corresponding to a surface charge density=—10° C nr 2, Due to the slight conductivity of the atmosphere up to about 50 km (beyond which it is good conductor), about + 1800 Cis pumped every second into the earth as a whole. The earth, however, does not get discharged since thunderstorms and lightning occurring continually all over the globe pump an equal amount of negative charge on the carth.) Our body and the ground form an equipotential surface. As we step out into the open, the original equipotential surfaces of open, the original equipotential surfaces of open air change, keeping our head and the ground at the same potential. Yes. The steady discharging current in the atmosphere charges up the aluminium sheet gradually and raises its voltage to an extent depending on the capacitance of the capacitor (formed by the sheet, slab and the ground). The atmosphere is continually being charged by thunderstorms and lightning all over the globe and discharged through regions of ordinary weather. The two opposing currents are, on an average, in equilibrium. Light energy involving in lightning; heat and sound energy in the accompanying thunder. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INCURRENT ELECTRICITY CHAPTER AT A GLANCE 1. According toohm'slaw,VxI or V=IR where V is the potential difference in volt, Lis the current in ampere, R is the resistance in ohm. 2. Oneway of writing Ohm’s law is J= cE, where} is current density, o conductivity and E electric field. 3. Ohm’s law cannot be applied to circuits which contain diodes, transistors, capacitors etc. Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s loop theorem can be applied to AC voltages only for their instantaneous values. They cannot be applied to rms values. 4 pe RA 4. Resistance, R= A or p= 7 where pis the resistivity of the material of the conductor in ahm-meter, /is the length in meter and A is the area of cross-section of the wire in m?. 5. If length ofa wire increases by n times, then resistance will increase by n? times i.e., R! =. 6 Ifradius of a wire is reduced to + times, then new resistance becomes ni* timesie., R1=n'R. 7. When a uniform wire conductance ‘c’ is stretched to n times the original length, its conductance becomes c/n. 8. Two important properties of a metal to make a standard resistor are low temperature coefficient and low linear expansivity. 9, — Resistance is a property of object, resistivity is a property of material. 10. In series grouping R,=R, +R, +R, Inparallel grouping 2-1 1, 1 parallel grouping Rp 7 + R *R sites where R, and R, are the total resistance of the various resistances R,, R,, Ry exe connected in series and parallel combination. 11, The cells are connected in series to get more voltage, in parallel to get more current and in mixed group to got more power. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INCURRENT ELECTRICITY 55. 12, 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. me Cells in series, I= uRee >—— Cells in parallel, I= Cells in mixed Rtn mne groupings = OR 4+-nt where n =no. of cells in series in each row, m=no. of rows of cells in parallel. According to Kirchhofs law, i= 0 and }iR=}is where i is the current in ampere; R is resistance in ohm, and sis the emf. in ve there is only one battery in the circuit, problems involving solution of current by Kirchoff’s law can be done with one equation. For this thecurrent is judiciously chosen for the convenience of division. ) R where, E,,E,=EMFs oftwocells, EQ 1,, = lengths of the potentiometer wire on which e.m.f. E, and E,are balanced. The meter bridge cannot be used to measure very high or very low resistances. Ina potentiometer, ifthe EMF of'the driving cell (cell connected in the main circuit) is increased, the balancing length will decrease. When current I flows through a conductor of resistance R for time t, then heat generated in it is given by according to joule's heating law. H=PRt joule or n-Z ve Electric power P=VI= PR = zz A fuse wite should have low melting point and high resistivity. Current density J = aq (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 31, Sol. 3.2. Sol. 33. Sol. 34. EXERCISE =} ‘The storage batiery ofa car has an emf of 12 V. If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.4 © what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery? Given, E = 12V,7=0.4.0, og, =? Curreat drawn is maximum, when there is no external load. A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 Q is connected te a resistor. If the current in the circult is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the cirevit is closed? Given, E = 10 V,r=30,1=0.5A,R=2,V=? E ge By formula, 1= >— and R= @/) -r=(10/0.5)-3=20-3-172 By relation, V=IR=0.5 x 17=85V (a) Three resistors of resistances 10,20 and 3Q are combined in series, What is the total resistance of the combination? (pb) Ifthe combination is connected to a battery of emf 12 V and negligible internal resistance, obtain the potential drop across each resistor. (a) By formula, R,= Rj +R, +R, =1+2+3=60 Refer Chapter at a Glance (10) (b) By relation, I = E/R = 12/6 = 2A &V=RI =-RI=-1%*2-2V y= RI =2%2=4V V, = Rl =3x2=6V. (@) Threeresistors of 20 ,40 and5Q are combined in parallel. What is the total resistance of the combination? Ifthe combination ts connected toa battery of emf 20 V and negligible internal resistance then determine the current through each resistor, and the total current drawn from the battery. (WWW.JEEBOOKS.INCURRENT ELECTRICITY 57 Sol, (@) Given, R, = 2, R, = 42, R, = © V=20V,1,=23=2,,=%1 1 @) By formula, —=—+—+— By relation, I= 1, + 1, + 1, =10+5+4=19A. Refer Chapter at a Glance (10) 3.5, At room temperature (27°C) the resistance of a heating clement is 100 Q. What is the temperature of the element if the resistance is found to be 11782 given that the temperature coefficient of the material of the resistor is 1.70 x 104 °C-t, Sol. Given, R, = 100.0, R,= 1179, a= 1.7« 104°C, t, = 27°C, =? By formula, R, - R, [1+ a(t, — t))] Ry — Ry = Ratt, — ty) R,-Ry 117-100 - +t, = ———_— 127 2” Re 1 joo x17 x10 _ 17104 = 27= +27=1027°C. jooxty 1000 + 27 = 1027°C. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 3.6. Sol. 3.7. Sol. 3.8. Sol. Resistance is given by R = R, {1 + 6}. A negligibly small current Is passed through a wire of length 15 m and uniform cross-section 6.0 x 10-7 m’, and its resistance is measured to be 5.0 Q. What is the resistivity of the material? Given, /= 15 m, A= 6.0 x10” no, R=5 2, p=? z é By relation, R = ox or, pa RA = 5x6:0%107 P= é = Refer Chapter at a Glance (4) A silver wire has a resistance of 2.19 at 27.5°C, and a resistance of 2.72 at 100°C. Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver, Given, R, - 2.1 Q, t; = 27.5° C, R= 2.79, t= 100°C,a=? By formula, R, = Ry [1 + a(t, — t,)] R,-R, 27-21 o* Ri(ty—t) 2.100—27.5) =2x107 obm-m, =—6 42 3c Fixes 3.941 x 107°C! A heating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply draws an initial current of 3.2 A which settles after a few seconds to a steady value of 2.8 A. Whatis the steady temperature of the heating element if the room temperature is 27.0°C? Temperature coefficient of resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range involved is 1.70 x 10-4 °C, . 230 Given, Ry = 9, 1 32 R= B09 gait, 28 t)=27°C, h=2 By formula, R, = Ry [C1 + att, - t))] (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INCURRENT ELECTRICITY 59 230_230 Sy = a 3.297 sd Gy hx 3.2-2.8 “27 3.2%28x x1.7%104 32 04 © 28x17 104 =867.34°C, 3.9. Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in Figure. So. @) + 27 = 840.34 + 27 In loop ABDA Distributing the current 101, + 51, —5@-1,)=0 2, +-1+l,=0 31, +1,=1 @ In loop BCDB 5, - 1) 100 - I, +L) - 51, = 0 1-1, -21 +2, -2,-1,=0 31, - 41, = 21 Gi) By solving the Eq, (i) and Eq, (ii), we get ,-Zandt, =-3 Ki In loop ABCEFA. 10= 101+ 101, + 5(, -L) 2=21+31,-L iv) (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS Putting the values of I, and I, from Eq, (iii) in Eq. Gv), we get easy) 1 or, = * i 2,10 4 Current in branch AB, ern and ST 4 Current in branch AB is =A ‘ z 4 (2) 6 Current in branch BC is 1-1, ~£{-2)$ Current in branch AD is 1-1,-10-4_ 64 17:17:17 Current in branch DC is a-ayet,-S+(-2)- fa 17 \ 17) 17 Currents in different branches can be calculated from these values. Use Kirchoff’s voltage law and find the current distribution, 3.10. @ ” © Ina metre bridge, the balance point is found to be at 39.5 cm from the end A, When the resistor Y is of 12.52 determine the resistance of X. Why are the connections between resistors in a Wheatstone or meter bridge made of thick copper strips? Determine the balance point of the bridge above if X and Y are interchanged. What happens if the galvanometer and cell are interchanged at the balance point of the bridge? Would the galvanometer show any current? 120 D D = “ tye vs xEY CELL = Fig. (@) Fig. @) (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INCURRENT ELECTRICITY o1 3.11. Sol. 3.12, Sol. Given that ¥ = 12.50,7, =39.Sem, fn = RSE Sem XK x B 4-2 y formula, zy z and x= yA 125%395 _ sg ig 4 605 Thick copper strips are used for connections to minimise resistance of connection which are not accounted for in bridge formula. (b) When X and Y are interchanged, values of £; and £, also become interchanged, Then ¢, = 60.5 cm. Hencebalance point will be at 60.5 cm. (c) When galvanometer and cell are interchanged, condition for balance of ‘bridge remains satisfied. Hence galvanomoter will not show any current. A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 is being charged by a 120 V D.C. supply using a series resistor of 15,50. What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit? The total circuit resistance becomes 15.5 +0.5 = 16Q. The total e.m-f. of circuit will be 120 — 8 = 112 V (Battery emf opposing supply emf) 112 Charging current becomes fee =7.0A. For battery being charged, terminal voltage, V=E+i=8047% 05=115V. A series resistor is used to reduce the charging current to a proper value. CZ Now | While charging a batery the terminal potential differeace across it is E+ Ir. whence r iy internal resistance. Ina potentiometer arrangement, a celll of emf 1.25 V gives abalance point at 35.0 cm length of the wire. Ifthe cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63.0 cm. what is the emf of the second cell? Given, 4, = 35 om, £,= 63 cm, E, =125V,E, =? By relation, Ez. — £2 ER 4 ot Ey = ne = 125% S -225v. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INNCERT SOLUTIONS 3.13, 3.14. ‘The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor estimated in Example 3.1 is 8.5 x 1075 m-°_ How long does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0 m long to its other end? The area of cross- section of the wire is 2.0 x 10-6 m? and it is carrying a current of 3.0 A. Given, n = 8.5 x 1078 m5, A= 2.0 x 10 m?, ¢= 1.6 x 10°? C,1=3.0 Ay =? I formula, I = nA\ 2 By formula, Wye Of Vy Ae = 9 es LT _ ince 8.5x10% x20x10%x16x10 9 85%x2x16x10 Time taken to travel 3m, £ _3x85x2x16x10 = 27200sec. Va 3 t= © Refer Chapter at a Glance (20) * Current through an area of cross section is given by 1=1.A8 ADDITIONAL NCEAT EXERCISES The earth’s surface has a negative surface charge density of 10 nr, The potential difference of 400 kV between the top of the atmosphere and the surface results (duc to the low conductivity to the lower atmosphere} in a current of only 1800 A over the entire globe. If there were no mechanism of sustaining atmospheric electric field, how much time (roughly) would be required to neutralise the earth’s surface? (This never happens in practice because there is a mechanism to replenish electric charges, namely the continual thunderstorms and lightning in different Parts of the globe). (Radius of earth = 6.37 = 105 m.) Given, charge per unit area of surface of earth =10° Co, Current = 1800 A, radius of earth = 6400 km =6.4x 106m Charge on entire surface of the earth = 4n (6.4 x 105? x 109C. As rate of flow of charge is 1800 C per sec, time taken for flow of entire charge, (WWW.JEEBOOKS.INCURRENT ELECTRICITY 63 ae 4x3.14 x (6.4x10°) x10 1800 _ 4x314 x 64x64 ~ 18 107 =285 8sec. 3.15. (@) Sixlead-acid type of secondary cells cach of cmf2,0 V and internal Sol. resistance 0.015 © are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 ©. What are the current drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage? (bp) A secondary cell after long use has an emf of 1.9 V and a large internal resistance 380 ©, What maximum current can be drawn from the cell? Could the cell drive the starting motor of a car? (@) Given, number of secondary cells, N= 6, Em.f ofeach cell, E=2.0V Internal resistance of each cell, 1=0.0159, Extemal resistance, R = 8.52 By formula, current, t= NE_____ 6x2 R+Nr 8.5+6x0.015 12 ~g5+009° 137% Terminal voltage V = IR= es = 11874 Vv. Refer Chapter ara Glance (12) () Given, E = 1.9 V,r = 380 9, 1. =? Maximum current can be drawn by short circuit, E19 mano - 0.005 A. Which cannot start a car, because a starter motor requires a large current (% 100 A) for few seconds. j. Twowires of equal length, one of alumininm and the other of copper have the same resistance. Which of the two wires is lighter? Hence explain why aluminium wires are preferred for overhead power cables. (pa = 2.63 X 10°2 m, Pou = 1.72 1022 m, Relative density of Al = 2.7 of Cu = 8.9) (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN64 NCERT SOLUTIONS 2 242 £_¢ £ _ pl'd Sol. form R= p-—=p—=p—=—— By formula, PrP Ov om where V = af = volume of wire, ma = mass of wire, d = density of wire material. Foraluminium wire, R4, = PAL aida Mal Pcye-cad For copper wire, R,, = cu—Ca" cu Meu For equal length and resistance, Pardat _ Poodey _, Mou _ Pouloy mM Mou ma Partas gy _ 1.7210 x89 _ 17289 ma 2.63%10%%2,7 263% 27 = 2.16. Aluminium wires are preferred for overhead cables because the ratio shows that aluminium wire is lighter than copper wire. 3.17. What conclusion can you draw from the following observations on a resistor made of alloy manganin? Current | Voltage A v 3 59.2 4 738 3 98.6 6 118.5 7 138.2 8 158 Sol. Obhm’s law is valid to a high accuracy; the resistivity of the alloy manganin is nearly independent of temperature. Find the resistance to see if the voltage varries linearly with the resistance 3.18. Answer the following questions: @) Asteady current flows in a metallic conductor of nonuniform cross- section. Which of these quantities is constant along the conductor: current, current density, electric field, drift speed? (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INCURRENT ELECTRICITY 65 {b) IsOhm’s law universally applicable for all conducting elements? If not, give examples of clements which do not obcy Ohm’s law. (©) Allow voltage supply from which one needs high currents must have very low internal resistance. Why? @ = A-bhigh tension (HT) supply of say, 6 kV must have a very large internal resistance. Why? Sol. (a) Only current (because it is given to be steady!). The rest depends on the area of cross section inversely. {b) No, examples of non-ohmic elements vacuum diode, semiconductor diode otc. (o} Because the maximum current drown from source is equal to ¢/r. (d) Because, if the circuit is shorted (accidentally), the current drawn will exceed safety limits, if internal resistance is not large. 3.19. Choose the correct altermative: (@) Alloys of metals usually have (greater/less) resistivity than that of their constituent metals, >) Alloysusually have much (lower/higher) temperature coefficients of resistance than pure metals, (©) The resistivity of the alloy manganin Is nearly independent off increases rapidly with increase of temperature. @ The resistivity ofa typical insulator (e.g., amber) is greater than that of a metal by a factor of the order of (1077/10%), Sol. (a) greater (b) lower (c) nearly independent of, @ 10? Some materials suck as Nichrome, Manganin ete show a weak dependence of resistivity with temperature. 3.20. (@} Givenn resistors each of resistance R, how will you combine them to get the (i) maximum (li) minimum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance? ©) Given the resistances of 10,20, 3.0 , how will be combine them to get an equivalent resistance of () (11/3)Q Gi) (11/5) , G62 Gy) (6/11)? (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN66 © Sol. @ ) @ NCERT SOLUTIONS Determine the equivalent resistance of networks shown in Fig (i) and (ii). R R R R R ii For maximum aftectin el nce, resistors must be combined in. series, Maximum effective resistance = oR For minimum effective resistance, resistors must be combined in parallel. R Minimum effective resistance = 2 Ratio, ~2AT of effective resistance minimum (i) 10 and 20 in parallel with 30 in their series. Equivalents resistance _ 1x2 ” 142 2Q and 3Q in parallel with 10 in their series. Equivalents resistance 2, u 3-243-Up Pegs (WWW. JEEBOOKS.INCURRENT ELECTRICITY 67 3.21, Sol. Gil) All in series, equivalent resistance =142+3-69. (iv) All resistance in parallel, 1 11,1 11 aes StStSto=S Eqtesistance 1 2 3 6 F F 6 or equivalent resistance = nn (c) (i) It is equivalent to four 2 Q - 4 Q parallel combination in series. innit 8 Each combination = 24°63 Since such four combination are in series. » Ton rainanee= Axo Gi} It is equivalent to 5 resistors, each of resistance R in series. Total resistance = 5R. Determine the current drawn from a 12 V supply with internal resistance 0.59 by the infinite network shown in fig. Each resistor has 12 resistance. 10 19 1a 10 12 iN $1a Z1a (12¥,0.5N) 12 122 1a 1a 12 Let the network have resistance R. Adding one more set to it on battery end the network now becomes as shown in figure. “Wa rR 312 10 AN This bas resistance = 1+2%!,1-24—-R_ R+1 R+1 The network has infinite such sets. So, this resistance must still be R. (WWW.JEEBOOKS.IN3.22. NCERT SOLUTIONS R 24+ =R Hence, Ral or, 2R+2+R=R2+R R?-2R-2=0 = Re 28 _ 2805 Taking only positive value, R=1+ 93 =2.7520. Now total circuit resistance = 2.732 + 0.5 = 3.2320 12 :, Current = 3032" 3.71292 A. CE] Note (Observe carefully that pattern is repeated and chain is infinite. Draw the equivalent circuit to find the equivalent resistance, Figure shows a potentiometer with a cell of 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.402 maintaining a potential drop across the resistor wire AB. A standard cell which maintains a constant emf of 1.02 V (for very moderate currents upto a few mA) gives a balance point at 67.3 cm length of the wire, To ensure very low currents drawn from the standard cell, a very high resistance of 600 k © is put in series with it, which is shorted close to the balance point. The standard cell is then replaced by a cell of unknown emf E and the balance point found similarly, turns out to be at 82.3 cm length of the wire. 24° 04n —1 4 600 kQ (@) ~What is the value of E? ®) What purpose does the high resistance of 600 KO have? (WWW.JEEBOOKS.INCURRENT ELECTRICITY 69 Sol. 3.23, © @ © ® @) (0) ©) @ 6 Is the balance point affected by this high resistance ? Is the balance point affected by the internal resistance of the driver cell? ‘Would the method work in the above situation if the driver cell of the potentiometer had an emf of 1.0 V instead of 2.0 V? ‘Would the circuit work well for determining an extremely small emf, say of theerder of a few mV (such as the typical emf of the thermo- couple)? If not, how will you modify the circuit? By formula, —= _-__/ Eystanderd Aytandard pa PE tenders _ 823X102 1 ogra yy, Liana 673 To reduce current through the galvanometer when the movable contact is far from the balance point. No. No. No. IfE is greater than the emf of the drive cell of the potentiometer, there will be no balance point on the wire AB. The circuit, as it is, would be unsuitable because the balance point (for & of the order a few mY) will be very close to the end A and the percentage error in measurement will be very large. The circuit is modified by putting a suitable resistor R in series with the wire AB so that potential drop across AB is only slightly greater than the emf to be measured. Then the balance point will be at larger length of the wire and the percentage error will be much smaller. Figure shows a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two resistances. The balance point with a standard resistor R= 10,02 is found tobe 58.3 cm, while that with the unknown resistance X is 68.5 cm, Determine the value of X. What might you do if you failed to find a balance point with the given cell of emf E? Fig. (WWW. JEEBOOKS.IN