(2) Change of State ORevision 1 Three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas 2. A substance can change from one state to another if itis heated or cooled. ee a boling (vopotzaton) \_atmeting pot) (at boing point) 4 soictcation (reezing) condensation > {at eezing pont) (atboling point) ice water Fig 2.1 Change of state of water 3. When a substance is changing its state, its temperature remains unchanged 4 Accooling curve shows the temperature of a substance « 100 °C) + Q latent heat (water at 100 °C Power of heater = © 1M —> steam at 100 °C) 6.2 x 10° 30 x 60 =344W 1A (©) (@) Ifthe assumption is not valid, some water evaporates, before boiling, 1A Less water is heated to 100 °C and so the actual energy absorbed by the water is less than that found in (a). 1A Therefore, the power found in (a) is larger than the actual value. 1A (i) Start measuring the mass of the water and the time spent after the water boils. JA (©) Water vapour condenses and the water droplets formed fall back into the container. 1A (Or other reasonable answers)oe @ Heat and Gases @Exercise Unless otherwise specified, take c (water) = 4200 J kg"! °C", I, (ice) = 3.34 x 10° J kg" and 1, (water) = 2.26 x 10°) kg Basic Level Multiple-choice questions 1. Which of the following physical quantities will 2 Which of the following substances is in liquid change when ice at 0 °C melts to water at state at 25 °C? oc? Melt elting Substance | aint /°c | point /°C A =210 195 B -39 357 Cc 28 71 (1) Internal energy 6 (2) Potential energy of the particles D ua 1382 ¢ 3) Average kinetic energy of the particles 3° Which of the following cannot increase the A (1) only B @)only rate of evaporation of water? (1) and (2) only A. Increase the humidity D (1), 2) and (3) B_ Increase the surface area of the water C_Increase the rate of air flow D Increase the temperature of the water Conventional questions 1A substance is cooled at a constant rate. The figure shows its temperature temperature-time graph. (a) What is the state of the substance in stage BC? (1 mark) (0) What is the physical meaning of temperature T;2 (1 mark) 7, (©) How does the internal energy of the substance change in stage AB? (1 mark) o time 2. An ice cube at 0 °C is heated to water at 50 °C at a constant rate, The mass of the ice cube is 10 9. (a) How much energy is required to melt the ice cube completely? (2 marks) (b) How much eneray is required to heat the water from 0 °C to 50 °C? (2 marks) (©) Sketch a graph showing the variation of the temperature of the ice with time during the process. (2 marks)Moderate Level Multiple-ch: 1 o2 e questions A. 500-g copper block at 600 °C is put into 11 kg of water at 80 °C. How much water will vaporize? Take the specific heat capacity of copper as 370 J kg” °C"! A 3769 B 4.099 Cc 254g D 40.99 A substance is heated at a constant rate. The graph below shows the variation of its temperature with time temperature Which of the following statements is correct? A. The freezing point of the substance is 7, B_ Latent heat is released at stage XY. C_ The specific heat capacity of the substance in the solid state is larger than its specific heat capacity in the liquid state. D_ The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance is larger than its specific latent heat of vaporization Mary has a cup of water at 25 °C. She wants to cool the water to 0 °C by adding some ice cubes at 0 °C to it, The masses of the water and each ice cube are 0.6 kg and 0.05 kg respectively. What is the minimum number of ice cubes that Mary needs? A RUNS B c D Change of state 4 Which of the following phenomena is not caused by evaporation? ‘A. You feel cool when wearing a facial mask. B You feel cool in an air-conditioned room. C Wet clothes become dry when they are hung in a windy place. D_ Seafood becomes dry when it is put in the sun. 5. Solids X and Y are of the same mass. The melting point of X is higher than that of Y. The specific latent heat of fusion of X is lower than that of Y. Which of the following graphs is a possible cooling curves of X and Y? A temperature x \\ ——+ time B temperature y x So + time temperature D temperature y *\\ 2Heat and Gases 6 Which of the following statements about evaporation is/are correct? (1) Evaporation occurs on the surface of a liquid, (2) Evaporation occurs only when the temperature of a liquid is higher than the room temperature. (3) The internal energy of the liquid remains unchanged during evaporation A (only B (2) only C (1)and (3) only D_ (2) and (3) only 7 Hot soup covered by a layer of oil cools down slowly. Which of the following is/are the reason(s) for this phenomenon? (1) The oil layer slows down the evaporation of the soup. (2) The specific heat capacity of the oil is lower than that of the soup. (3) The oil layer provides energy to the soup. A (1) only B (1) and (2) only C (2)and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3) (For Q8-9.) A glass of juice at room temperature Tis placed into a freezer. The cooling curve of the juice is shown below. temperature /*C time/s 8 Which of the following statements about the juice is correct? A. The juice starts solidifying at point R. B The melting point of the juice is 7 C_ Some of the juice still exists in liquid state at point Q. D_ The temperature of the freezer is 7 o9 10 The juice in solid state is then placed at room temperature. Which of the following graphs best represents the variation of the temperature of the juice with time? A. temperature °C nH time/s | 8 time/s temperature °c nh D time/s tr D time/s Which of the following statements about boiling is/are correct? (1) Energy is used to oppose the attractive forces among the particles in the substance. (2) The average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance increases. (3) The energy absorbed during boiling is the same as the energy released during condensation, A (2) only B (1) and (3) only C (2)and (8) only D (1), (2) and (3)Change of State 11 Two solid substances X and Y of the same 12. The set-up below is used to measure the mass are heated at the same rate. The specific latent heat of vaporization of water. graph below shows the variations of their immersion heater. temperatures with time. frmnarman he temperature /*C Lsaatal fF water x 7 balance Which of the following methods cannot ° % mers increase the accuracy of the experiment? Which of the following statements is/are A Wrap the cup with cotton wool. correct? B_ Use a cup with a lower heat capacity. (1) The particles in X gain more PE than the C_ Immerse the heating part of the heater particles in ¥ during melting. totally in the water. (2) In solid state, the specific heat capacity D_ Cover the cup with a lid. of X is higher than that of Y. (3) X and Y absorb the same amount of energy from t=O to t= ty 13 Statements: (For instructions, see inside back cover.) ‘1st statement: When an ice cube is heated, A (1) only B (2) only its internal energy must increase. C (1) and (3) only 2nd statement: When an ice cube is D_ (2)and (3) only heated, its temperature must increase Conventional questions 1 Astudent does an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of water with the set-up shown below. His teacher then asks him to modify the experiment to find the specific latent heat of vaporization of water. Immersion heater polystyrene cup water (2) How can the student modify the set-up to carry out the second experiment? (3 marks) (b) State two precautions in the second experiment. (2 marks) 2Heat and Gases, ee 2. (@) Wayne's glasses become misty when he is exercising in an air- conditioned room. Why? (3 marks) (b) After he stops exercising for a period of time, his glasses become clear again. (i) Explain briefly why this happens. (1 mark) (i) Suggest a method to shorten the time for his glasses to become clear. (1 mark) 3. A liquid of mass 0.5 kg at 80 °C is put in a refrigerator. The cooling curve of the liquid is shown below. The liquid loses energy at a rate of 150 W in the refrigerator. temperature /°C time in (2) Which part of the curve represents the solidification of the liquid? (1 mark) (b) What is the melting point of the liquid? (1 mark) (©) How much energy is lost by the liquid during solidification? (2 marks) (A) Find the specific latent heat of fusion of the liquid (2 marks) 4 Steven adds 0.08 kg of ice cubes at 0 °C to a glass of coke at 12 °C. The mass of the coke is 0.6 kg. Take the specific heat capacity of coke as 4200 J kg! °C (a) Find the final temperature of the mixture. Assume that no energy is lost to the surroundings, (3 marks) (b) Suppose the mixture is immediately left at a room temperature of 25°C after the ice cubes are added. Sketch on the same graph the variations of temperatures of the following substances against time. (i) The ice (2 marks) (i) The coke (2 marks) G5 James performs an experiment to find the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. The set-up is shown below. The ice used is at 0 °C. control apparatus ‘experimental apparatus beaker To power supply The following results are obtained from the experiment, Mass of water collected in experimental beaker = 0.035 kg Mass of water collected in control beaker = 0.018 kg Initial reading of joulemeter = 1850 J Final reading of joulemeter = 7930 J (2) Find the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. (2 marks) (b) Explain why the ice used is crushed. (1 mark) (O) Explain briefly why the ice used in the experiment should be at 0 °C. (1 mark) (d) James thinks that the two funnels must be wrapped with cotton wool. Is he correct? (2 marks) 6 Ivan is exercising and 0.8 kg of sweat evaporates from his body in 1.5 hours. The mass of Ivan is 50 kg. Assume that the specific latent heat of vaporization of sweat equals that of water. (a) At what rate is the energy lost to the surroundings through the evaporation of sweat? (3 marks) (b) The normal body temperature is 37 °C. A person will suffer from heat stroke if the body temperature is higher than 41 °C. (i) If energy were not removed from the body by sweating, by how much would the body temperature of Ivan increase? Would Ivan suffer from heat stroke? The average specific heat capacity of the human body is 3500 J kg"' °C". Assume that the mass of Ivan remains unchanged. (3 marks) (il) Suggest two ways to cool down Ivan if he suffers from heat stroke (2 marks) Change of State 2)= Heat and Gases 7 Substances A and B of the same mass are heated at the same rate from solid to liquid. The graph below shows how the temperatures of A and 8 change with time. temperature °C. time/s (@) Define specific latent heat of fusion. (2 marks) (b) Which substance has () a higher melting point? (1 mark) (i) a higher value of specific heat capacity in liquid state? (1 mark) (ii) a higher value of specific latent heat of fusion? (1 mark) (©) Molly says that the internal energy of A and 8 must be the same at time t,. Comment on her statement. (2 marks) (d) Then A and B are allowed to cool from T; to Ty. Sketch a graph to show the variation of the temperatures of A and 8 with time. ‘Assume A and B cool at the same rate. (2 marks) 8 John designs a coffee machine which uses steam to heat cold coffee within a short period of time. (@) () Calculate the minimum amount of steam at 100 °C required to heat 300 g of coffee from 20 °C to 80 °C. Take the specific heat capacity of the coffee as 4200 J kg” °C" (3 marks) (i) State two assumptions that have been made in (i. (2 marks) (b) How much energy is required to produce the amount of steam needed in (a)i) from water at 20 °C? (2 marks) (©) If the input power of the coffee-making machine is 1 kW and its efficiency in producing steam is 70%, how long does it take to prepare the steam in (a)i) from water at 20 °C? (2 marks) @9 Betty heats 3 kg of water in a pot by an electric heater. The water and the pot are initially at 25 °C. The water is heated for 20 minutes after boiling. Betty finds that only 80% of the water remains in the pot. The heat capacity of the pot is 2000 J °C" (a) How much energy is required in the whole process? (3 marks) © (b) Find the power of the electric heater. (2 marks) (c) Betty says that itis better to use a pot with a low heat capacity in cooking. Comment on her statement. (2 marks) 10 100 g of liquid wax at 100 °C is placed under room temperature. The temperature of the wax is measured every minute. The results are shown in the following table. Change of State Time / min o}1}2/3]/4]5]6]7]8]9] 10 Temperature /°C | 100| 85 | 74 | 65 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 48 | 39 | 32 Time / min 11 | 12] 13 | 14] 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20] 21 Temperature /°C | 28 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 (a) Plot a graph of temperature against time for the wax. (3 marks) (b) What is the melting point of the wax and the room temperature? (2 marks) (©) Tom says that the internal energy of the wax does not change during the 4" minute to the 6" minute, while Mary says that the internal energy of the wax does not change after the 16" minute. Comment on their statements. (4 marks) (@) Then 50 g of liquid wax at 100 °C is placed under room temperature. Sketch the new cooling curve on the graph in (2). (2 marks) 11 Helen carries out an experiment to find the specific latent heat of fusion of ice, She also sets up a control experiment at the same time. (@) With the aid of a diagram, briefly describe the set-up and the procedures of the experiment. (7 marks) (b) Explain what happens to the result if Helen does not set up a control experiment. 3 marks) (©) State two precautions in this experiment. (2 marks)@ Heat and Gases Advanced Level Multiple-choice questions 1. The following figure shows the cooling curve of a substance. temperature /“C R ol time/s Which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) Latent heat is given out at stage PQ. (2) Liquid must exist at stage QR. (3) The average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance at Q is higher than that at R. (1) only (2) only (1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only one> 2 500 g of water at 20 °C is placed in a room at 25 °C. How much energy is absorbed by the water if it evaporates completely? A. Slightly less than 1.13 x 10° J B 113 x 10°) C_ Slightly more than 1.13 x 10°J D_ Cannot be determined since evaporation occurs only when the temperature of water is higher than the room temperature. 3 Anelectric steam iron produces steam at 100 °C from water at 100 °C at a rate of 0.4. s. How long does it take for the iron to produce 10 g of steam from 10 g of water at 60 °C? Assume that the power of the iron remains unchanged. A 17s Cc 25s B 20s D 27s Liquids X and Y are heated at the same rate from the same initial temperature. The figure below shows the variations of their masses with time. Assume that the energy lost to the surroundings is negligible. mass ° i Which of the following statements must be correct? (1) The specific latent heat of vaporization of X's larger than that of Y. (2) The heat capacity of X is lower than that of Y. (3) The energy absorbed by X is smaller than that by Y from t = 0 to. A (1) only @3) only (1) and (2) only (2) and (3) only one Mrs Wong heats up a pot of water with an electric heater. It takes 5 minutes for the temperature to rise from 80 °C to 100 °C How much time is needed to vaporize the water at 100 °C completely? Assume that no energy is lost to the surroundings. A 20min B 27min C135 min D398 min 200 g of ice at 0 °C is mixed with 200 g of water at 20 °C. What is the ratio of the mass of ice to that of water in the final mixture? A 1:5 B14 co3:5 Do3:47 Annabel heats a boiling liquid with a 1000-W heater and measures the time t needed for the liquid to vaporize completely. She repeats the experiment with the same liquid of different masses m. Which of the following best shows the m-t graph obtained in the experiment? The specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid is 1.5 x 10°) kg"! A mikg Conventional questions Change of State tl min Statements: (For instructions, see inside back cover.) 1st statement: A gas will not condense at the boiling point. 2nd statement: Boiling is the vaporization of a liquid a it the boiling point. 1 500 g of ice at -10 °C is added to 25 g of water at 20 °C. The specific heat capacity of ice is 2000 J kg™' °C" (a) Find the amount of ice in the final mixture. (3 marks) (b) If ice at 0 °C is added to water, the water will not freeze no matter how much ice is used. Explain briefly. (2 marks) 2. hy heats a beaker of water with an immersion heater. She plots a graph showing the variation of the mass m of the water with time t. The heater is switched on at t = 0. o + 70 bn rin (a) If 20% of energy is lost to the surroundings, what is the power of the heater? (b) What is the initial temperature of the water? (3 marks) (2 marks) aHeat and Gases 3. (a) Kate mixes some steam at 100 °C with equal amount of ice at 0 °C. ‘Assume that no energy is lost to the surroundings. What is the final temperature of the mixture? (4 marks) (b) Explain briefly why steam can be used to cook food, (2 marks) 4 In summer, air coolers can be used to lower the temperature in a room, The figure below shows the structure of an air cooler. The pad absorbs water when it passes the water tank. (a) Describe how an air cooler works. (4 marks) (0) Explain why the pad in the cooler should be as long as possible. (3 marks) (c) Is it suitable to use this cooler on a humid day? (1 mark) (d) If 20 g of water evaporates each minute in the air cooler, what is the cooling power of the cooler? (2 marks) 5 Substances A, B and C are of mass 1 kg. The thermal properties of the substances are shown below. Specific heat capacity | Specific heat capacity | Specific latent | Melting | Boiling in solid state in liquid state heat of fusion it point A 1000 J kg* °C" 2300 J kg! °C 1.7 x 10°Jkg" | -40°C 80 °C 8 1700 J kg" °C 3500 J kg? °C 39x 10°Jkg' | 35°C 550 °C c 380 J kg! °C" 670 J kg! °c 1.1 10° Jkg' | 400°C | 1500 °C (a) Cis placed at a room temperature of 25 °C. If 2 x 10°J of energy is supplied to it, what is its final temperature? (3 marks) (b) Which substance requires the largest amount of energy when they are heated from -20 °C to 70 °C? Explain briefly. (4 marks) () Sketch a graph showing the variation of the temperature of A with time when it is cooled from 100 °C to ~60 °C at a constant rate. (4 marks)Change of State David sets up the apparatus shown below to find the specific latent heat of vaporization of water (|). He takes the readings of the balance and the kilowatt-hour meter when the water starts boiling. After 20 minutes, he takes the readings again Immersion heater ‘connected to ‘elowatt-hour meter balance The following results are obtained from the experiment, Initial balance reading = 2010 g Final balance reading = 1949 g Kilowatt-hour meter calibration = 600 turns / kW h Number of revolution of disc of kilowatt-hour meter = 24 (a) State two precautions in the experiment. (2 marks) (b) Find the value of /, from the above results. (4 marks) (Q) The standard value of /, is 2.26 x 10°) kg”. () Compare the answer in (b) with the standard value. (1 mark) (i) Suggest two possible sources of error in the experiment. (2 marks) (@) The initial temperature of the water is 20 °C. Describe and explain what happens to the balance reading when the water is heated from 20 °C to 100 °C. (2 marks) (e) Is it necessary to set up a control experiment to improve the accuracy of the experiment? (1 mark)Heat and Gases 2 Change of State Basic Level Multiple-choice questions 14 CA change from solid state to liquid state => PE of particles T (2) is correct. Temperature remains unchanged => average KE of patticles remains unchanged (3) is incorrect. Since internal energy = KE + PE, PE T and KE unchanged = internal energy T (1) is correct. For a substance in liquid state at 25°C, its melting point should be lower than 25 °C and its boiling point should be higher than 25 °C. When the humidity increases, the vapour particles have a greater chance to return to the water. A cannot increase the rate of evaporation. Conventional questions 1 (a) (b) © 2 @ (b) © Liquid Freezing / melting point of the substance Decreases Energy required = ml, = 0.01 x 3.34 x 10° = 3340) Energy required = mcAT = 0.01 x 4200 x 50 = 21005 temperature /°C time (Correct labelled axes with units) (Temperature stays at 0 °C and then rises to 50 °C) 1A 1A 1A 1M 14 1M 1A 1A 1AChange of state Moderate Level The energy lost by the copper block . . | {s enough to boil all the water and Multiple-choice questions ‘cine neat nomic: te 1A Let the mass of water that will vaporize be m. ‘irph Sanpete AOD Energy lost by copper block = energy gained by water 0.5 x 370 x (600 - 100) = 1 x 4200 x (100 - 80) + m x 2.26 x 10° « m 76g 2. C_ The freezing point is T:. A is incorrect. nom Latent heat is absorbed during boiling. + Some students fail to interpret the oon heating curve propery. They may think that latent heat is released By Q = Ptand Q = mcaT, during boiting. atelixt Soom ° me Slope =P = ¢« 1 me slope Slope for solid state < slope for liquid state =G>G C is correct. XY longer than PQ = energy absorbed in XY > energy absorbed in PQ sh>h D is incorrect. 3 D Let the minimum number of ice cubes needed be n. Energy lost by water = energy gained by ice cubes 0.6 x 4200 x 25 =n x 0.05 x 3.34 x 10° n=377 The minimum number of ice cubes needed is 4. 4 8B Inan air-conditioned room, people fee! cool because the temperature of the surroundings is lower than the body temperature. B is incorrect. 5 C_ The melting point of X is higher than that of Y. The flat part of the curve of X is higher than that of Y. The specific latent heat of X is smaller than that of Y. The flat part of the curve of X is shorter than that of Y. 6 A_ Evaporation is the escape of fast-moving particles from the surface of a liquid. (1) is correct,16 ) Heat and Gases 10 Evaporation occurs at any temperature. (2)is incorrect. During evaporation, particles with more KE escape from the liquid surface. Therefore, there are fewer particles left and the remaining particles have a lower average KE (3) is incorrect. The oil layer prevents the soup from contacting the surrounding air. It is difficult for tthe particles in the soup to escape even if they have gained enough KE. The rate of evaporation of the soup decreases => cooling effect is reduced (1) is the reason for the phenomenon. (2)is true but itis not a reason for the phenomenon. The oil layer loses energy to the surroundings. = Its temperature decreases and is lower than that of the soup. = Energy is lost from the soup to the oil layer. + ()is incorrect CET ‘ The juice starts solidifying at P. * “Some students fail to identify the The freezing point of the juice is 0 °C. Sonreck pais pt Sie lacage They have difficulties in digesting the x ae information and interpreting the All the juice has solidified at point Q. graph property. Cis incorrect " The solid will not change its state by further cooling, Its temperature remaining unchanged at Tp means that it reaches thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. Dis correct. The juice in solid state is initially at T. , latent heat absorbed by Y (1) is correct. By Q = Ptand Q = maT, are xt me P 1 Slope =P = ce —1_ me slope Slope of X > slope of ¥ F< cy :. (2)is incorrect. Energy absorbed = Pt (3) is correct. Wrapping the cup with cotton wool can reduce the energy loss to the surroundings *. can increase the accuracy of the experiment. When a cup with a lower heat capacity is used, less energy is transferred to the cup. *. B can increase the accuracy of the experiment. Immersing the heating part of the heater totally in the water can maximize the energy transferred to the water C can increase the accuracy of the experiment. If the cup is covered with a lid, steam will condense on the surface of the lid and drop back to the cup. Then the mass of water boiled away is less than the actual value. D cannot increase the accuracy of the experiment. When an ice cube is heated and melts, its internal energy increases « but its temperature remains unchanged. CTELETTATIND 2nd statement is incorrect. Some students wrongly think that the temperature of an object always increases when it is heated. Conventional questions 1 (a) Remove the lid, the stirer and the thermometer. 1A Put the cup of water on an electronic balance. 1A Use another heater with higher power. 1A (Or other reasonable answers) (0) Add a polystyrene sheet on the top of the electronic balance. 1A Immerse the heating part of the heater totally in water before switching it on. 1A (Or other reasonable answers) 7j Heat and Gases 2 (a) When he is exercising, he sweats and the sweat evaporates. 1A Since his body temperature is higher than the surroundings, the vapour formed from the sweat is hotter than the surroundings. When the vapour meets the cooler glasses, condensation takes place. This makes Wayne's glasses misty. (b) (The water droplets on the glasses evaporate. (id) Place the glasses in the wind. (Or other reasonable answers) @ ac (b) 50°C (©) Energy lost Q = Pt = 150 x (30-5) x 60 =2.25 x 10°) (d) Specific latent heat of fusion 2 _ 2.25 x 10° 05) = 45 x 10° J kg" (a) Let the final temperature of the mixture be T. Energy lost by coke = energy gained by ice 0.6 x 4200 x (12 - T) = 0.08 x 3.34 x 10° + 0.08 x 4200 x T T= 1.23 °C The final temperature is 1.23 °C. (b) temperature /*c time /s () (Rise from 0 °C to about 1.23 °C) (Rise from about 1.23 °C to 25 °C) (il) (Drop from 12 °C to about 1.23 °C) (Rise from about 1.23 °C to 25 °C) 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1M 1A iM 1A 1M+1M 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A5 7 Q (@) Specific latent heat of fusion of ce = 2 1M 7930 ~ 1850 0.035 - 0.018 = 3.58 x 10°) kg” 1A () Ice is crushed to increase the contact area with the heater 1A (Q) This ensures that the energy supplied by the heater is used solely to melt the ice. 14, (@) He is incorrect. 1A The control experiment has already eliminated the effect of the energy gained from the surroundings by the ice. 1A a (@) Rate of energy loss = © 1M oh 1M t 0.8 x 2.26 x 10° 15 x 60 x 60 = 335 W 1A (0) () By Q=mcar, 1M Q _ 08 x 2.26 x 10° AT Te 50 x 3500 0.3 °C 1A The body temperature of wan would increase by 10.3 °C. Body temperature of wan = 37 + 10.3 = 47.3°C > 41°C Ivan would suffer from heat stroke. 1A (il) Any two of the following. 2x 1A Move him to a cool place Sponge him with cool water Fan him vigorously (Or other reasonable answers) (2) Its the energy needed to change 1 kg of a substance 1A from solid to liquid without a change in temperature. 1A OWA 1A OW 1A ii) A 1A (©) Her statement is incorrect. 1A From the beginning to time f,, the gain in energy by A and B are the same. However, this does not mean they have the same internal energy. 1A 19) Heat and Gases (a) temperature °C time/s (Correct graph of A) 1A (Correct graph of 8) 1A 8 (a) (i) Let the mass of steam required be m. Energy lost by the steam m x 2.26 x 10° + m x 4200 x (100 ~ 80) = m nergy gained by the coffee 3 x 4200 x (80-20) = IM+1M 032 25 kg = 0.0323 kg 1A 0.0323 kg of steam at 100 °C is required. (i) No energy is lost to the surroundings. 1A Steam at 100 °C first changes to water at the same temperature and then the water at 100 °C cools to 80 °C. 1A (Or other reasonable answers) (b) Energy required = mcAT + ml, IM = 0.032 25 x 4200 x (100 ~ 20) + 0.032 25 x 2.26 x 10° « = 8.37 x 10°) , 1A Q Some students forget to include the - (© Time required = 2 ceulmah al alee ta eae 1M 8.37 x 10" from 20 °C to 100 °C. They only = 70004 70% consider the latent heat involved. = 120s ~ — 1A 9 (a) Energy required nergy to heat up pot + energy to heat up water + latent heat 2000 x (100 = 25) + 3 x 4200 x (100 ~ 25) + 3 x 20% x 2.26 x 10° © IM+1M 5 x 10°J 1A () By Pr= mi, ee power of the electric heater Some students wrongly include _ ml the energy gained by the pot a and the energy used to heat 3 x 20% x 2.26 x 108 up the water in calculation = 20 x 60 7 = 1130W 1A 20compatsan (©) She is correct. 1A Using a pot with a low heat capacity can reduce the energy loss to the pot. 1A 10 (a) 8 8 6 § 8 8 8 8 o (Correct labelled axes with units) 1A (Correct data) 1A (Correct curve) 1A (b) Melting point: 57 °C 1A Room temperature: 23 °C 1A (Q) Tom is incorrect. 1A During the 4" minute to the 6” minute, the wax solidifies. The PE of the particles in the wax decreases while their average KE remains unchanged. 1A Therefore the internal energy decreases Mary is correct. 1A After the 16" minute, the wax reaches the room temperature. Both its state and the average KE of its particles do not change. 1A Therefore, the internal energy does not change. (d) (Steeper slopes for liquid phase and solid phase, shorter time for solidification) 1A (Unchanged metting point and room temperature) 1A 2Heat and Gases 1 @ contol apparatus ‘experimental apparatus Immersion heater crushed ico Joulemeter beaker ‘to power supply (Correct diagram) 1A Fill both funnels with roughly equal amounts of crushed melting ice 1A Insert an immersion heater into the ice in each funnel. Connect one of the heaters to the power supply through a joulemeter. 1A Place two beakers under the funnels. 1A ‘Switch on the heater and record the initial joulemeter reading 1A Ater a period of time, switch off the heater. Record the joulemeter reading and 1A measure the masses of water in the two beakers 1A (b) The ice absorbs energy from the surroundings and melts at room temperature. 1A. If there is no control set-up, the measured mass of melted ice m will be larger. 1A By =, the specific latent heat of fusion of ice _ found would be smaller than it should be. * 4 mT and Q unchanged => yt 1A (©) Put beakers below the two funnels after the drip rates are steady and about the same. 1A After switching off the heater, do not remove the beakers; wait unt the drip rates have become steady and about the same 1A (Or other reasonable answers) Advanced Level Multiple-choice questions 18 22 Latent heat is given out when a substance changes its state The temperature drops at stage PQ, so the substance is not changing its state. (1) is incorrect.A comeetsoe @ If the substance is a gas initially, it is a mixture of gas and liquid at stage QR; if the substance is a liquid intially, it is a mixture of liquid and solid at stage QR. (2) is correct. At stage QR, temperature remains unchanged = Average KE of particles in the substance remains unchanged. (3) is incorrect. Energy required to vaporize all the water = mi, = 0.5 x 2.26 x 10° = 1.13 x 10°) However, the temperature of the water will Increase gradually to 25 °C. Therefore, besides latent heat, the water also absorbs energy to raise the temperature. Power of the iron = 2 me t = 04x 107 x 2.26 x 10° 1 = 904 W Time required mcAT + ml, P _ 10 x 10 x 4200 x (100 ~ 60) + 10 x 10° x 2.26 x 10° ~ 904 = 269s =27s Let the initial mass of liquid be M and the mass of liquid remains be m,. By Q= ml, =(M- my P y=M-2em-l xt us l h After the liquid boils, slope of graph = 3 h=-—Pe ~~ Constant 9) Slope ~ ~ slope The steeper the slope, the smaller the value of f, (1)is correct. Y absorbs more energy than X before they boil. However, we do not know their temperature changes in the heating process. Therefore, we cannot compare their heat capacities. 2. (2)is not necessarily correct. By Q = Pt, X and Y have absorbed the same amount of energy from the same P. (3) is incorrect. 2324 ) Heat and Gases 5 c Let the mass of the water be m, the power of the heater be P and the time required to vaporize all the water at 100 °C be t, When heating the water from 80 °C to 100 °C, mcaT Px 5 x 60 =m x 4200 x (100 - 80) a) To vaporize the water at 100 °C completely, Pty = ml, =m x 2.26 x 10° @ (2) +), th _ 2.26 x 10° 5x60 4200 x 20 t= 8070s = 135 min Energy lost by the water when it cools to 0 °C = mcsT 2 x 4200 x 20 68 x 10") Mass of ice that melts Q I 1.68 x 10° 334 x 10" = 0.0503 kg In the final mixture, mass of ice : mass of water = (0.2 - 0.0503) : (0.2 + 0.0503) 0.598: 1 =355 By Q= mi, m= 2 Pat Slope of graph =F = 300 = 667 x 10g 5 For A, slope of graph = we = 667 x 10%kg s? Ais correct At the boiling point, a substance can exist in both the liquid state and the gas state. Both vaporization and condensation can occur at this temperature. ‘Ist statement is incorrect.change ot state (2) Conventional questions 1 (a) Let the mass of water which freezes be m. Energy lost by water = energy gained by ice 25 x 4200 x 20 + m x 3.34 x 10° = 500 x 2000 x 10 1M+1M m=2379 s. Mass of ice in final mixture = 500 + 23.7 = 523.7 g 1A The eneray lost by the water when it cools to 0 °C (2100 J) is less than the energy needed to warm the ice to 0 °C (10 000 J). Therefore, heat is transferred from the water at 0 °C to the ice and the water freezes. This process stops when the temperature of the ice is the same as the water, i.e. 0 °C. (b) When the water cools to 0 °C, it is at the same temperature as the ice. 1A There is no more heat exchange between them, 1A Therefore, the water will not freeze. 2. (a) Let the power of the heater be P. Energy provided by heater = latent heat Pt x 80% = mil, 1M+1M P x [(10 ~ 4) x 60] x 80% = (1 ~ 0.9) x 2.26 x 10° P=785W 1A :. The power of the heater is 785 W. (b) Let the initial temperature of the water be T. The temperature of the water rises to 100 °C in 4 minutes. Energy gained by the water = energy provided by heater mcAT = Pt x 80% 1M 1 x 4200 x (100 - T) = 785 x 4 x 60 x 80% T= 64.1°C 1A The initial temperature of the water is 64.1 °C. 3 @) Energy required to heat ice at 0 °C to water at 100 °C = ml; + MCAT = m x 3.34 x 10° + m x 4200 x (100 - 0) = 7.54 x 10°m 1M + 1M Energy released when 1 kg of steam at 100 °C condense to water at 100 °C = ml, = 2.26 x 10'm > 7.54 x 10m iM Only part of the steam condenses. f Some students focus on the internal energy of steam and ond steemnist LOO boiling water without mentioning 1A the change of state which leads yy to the release of latent heat. when it condenses on the surface of the food, JA The final product is a mixture of water (b) Steam releases a large amount of energy #4 2526 ) Heat and Gases 4 (a) (b) © (d) (b) Air at room temperature is drawn into the cooler by the fan The pad absorbs water when it passes the water tank. When the water in it evaporates, it absorbs energy from the incoming air. Therefore, the air blown out from the cooler is cooled. If the pad is longer, the area that carries water is larger. Therefore, the rate of evaporation is higher and the temperature of the air drops faster. CD No sen 4 The rate of evaporation is much lower on a humid day. Power = -|a cle = 0.02 x 2.26 x 10° 60 =753W Energy required to raise the temperature of C from 25 °C to 400°C: = MCAT = 1 x 380 x (400 - 25) = 1.425 x 10°) Latent heat required to melt C= 1.1 x 10°! ee Energy supplied to melt C = 2 x 10° = 1.425 x 10° 75 x 10°) < 11x 10°) Only part of it melts Its final temperature is 400 °C Consider the temperature ranging from -20 °C to 70 °C A remains in liquid state Energy required for A = mc,AT = 1 x 2300 x {70 — (-20)] = 2.07 x 10° J 8 melts during heating Energy required for 8 = mcAT + ml;-+ mcAT x 1700 x [35 ~ (-20)] + 1 x 3.9 x 10° + 1 x 3500 x (70 ~ 35) 6.06 x 10° Cis in solid state. Energy required for C = mcsAT = 1 x 380 x (70 ~ (-20)] = 3.42 x 10°) B requires the largest amount of energy. 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 14 1A 1M 1A 1M 1M 1A 1M 1M 1A(a) (b) oO (d) (e) change of state (2 temperature /°C time/s (Start from 100 °C and drop to 80 °C) 1A (Stay at 80 °C and then drop to -40 °C) 1A (Stay at ~40 °C and then drop to -60 °C) 1A (Slope in solid state steeper than that in liquid state) 1A The heating part of the heater should be immersed completely in water before switching it on. 1A Before recording the balance reading, switch off the heater and wait until the water becomes steady. 1A (Or other reasonable answers) 1 kWh _ 1000 x 3600 H o 1000 x 3600, Energy supplied per revolution of disc = 7 eon 1M Energy supplied by heater = 24 x 6000 = 1.44 x 10°) 1M hak 1M m 1.44 x 10° ~ 2.010 = 1.949 = 2.36 x 10°) kg" 1A (i) The answer in (b) is larger than the standard value. 1A (ii) Steam condensing on the top of the heater drips back into the cup. 1A Energy is lost to the surroundings 1A (Or other reasonable answers) The reading drops slowly when the water is heated 1A because water evaporates during heating 1A No * 1A ¢ : Many students wrongly think that control experiment is needed. They do not understand the function of control experiments. 27