Cell Divison

Topic 6:
Genetics and DNA

Technology-(3)
1
Overview of Cell Division
 The ability of organisms to reproduce best

distinguishes living things from non-living matter
 The continuity of life is based upon the
reproduction of cells, or cell division
 Cell division is integral part of cell cycle
2
Types of cell division
Prokaryotic cell
 Binary fission
 one bacterium divides into two
 one circular chromosome replicates
beforehand
 two identical daughter cells form
3
 E.coli can reproduce by two processes:
Binary fission or conjugation.
 Binary fission is when a single DNA molecule
replicates and divides into two identical cells.
- a single DNA molecule replicates.
- Both copies are separated by the formation
of the septum.
- When the septum is complete, the 2 copies
are divided into identical daughter cells.
4
 Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material
between two cells.
 2 different cells line up beside each other.
 A bridge like structure forms between them
called a pilus, which allows DNA from one cell
to be transferred to another.
 The cell receiving the DNA becomes non-
identical from the cell it originally formed from.
 After conjugation is finished, the cell with new
DNA will reproduce through binary fission.
5
6
7
Types of cell division
Eukaryotic cell
 DNA is replicated before cell division
 somatic cells- mitosis
 two identical daughter cells
 germ cells- meiosis
 gametes (sperm and eggs) which fuse to
form a zygote
8
Types of cell division (cont.)
 Eukaryotes
 Mitosis:
 Growth, development & repair
 Asexual reproduction (yields genetically
identical cells)
 Occurs in somatic (body) cells
9
Types of cell division (cont.)
 Eukaryotes
 Meiosis:
 Sexual reproduction (yields genetically
different cells with half the of chromosomes)
 Occurs in specific reproductive cells
 Yields gametes (e.g., eggs & sperm) or
spores
10
Cell Division
 Cell division allows a single-celled fertilized egg
to grow into an organism with trillions of cells.
 Somatic cells are the body cells that continue

to undergo cell division even as an adult.
 Thousands of new blood cells, skin cells and

cells that line the digestive and respiratory tracts
are produced every day.
11
Cell Cycle
 The cell cycle is the orderly sequence of
stages that occurs between the time a
cell divides and the time the resulting
daughter cells divide.
 Cell go through a cycle that consists of 4
stages; G1, S, G2 and M
 G1, G2 and M checkpoints regulate the
speed at which a cell moves through the
cell cycle
12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Interphase
G1 checkpoint
Cell cycle checkpoint.
If DNA is damaged,
apoptosis will occur. S
Otherwise, the cell is growth and DNA
committed to divide if G1
replication
growth signals are
present and nutrients G2
are available. G1 growth and final
growth preparations for
M division
G2 checkpoint
G2 Cell cycle checkpoint.
If DNA is damaged,
apoptosis will occur.
Otherwise, the cell is
committed to divide if
growth signals are
present and nutrients
are available.
M checkpoint
Spindle assembly
checkpoint. Mitosis
will not continue if
chromosomes are
not properly aligned.
13
Stages of Cell Cycle
The sequence of stages that take place between
the time a cell division & the time the resulting
cells also divide includes:
 Interphase stage - divided into 3 stages:
 G1 – stage before DNA synthesis
 S – DNA synthesis
 G2 – stage after DNA synthesis
 Mitotic stage
 Mitosis – division of the nucleus
 Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm
14
Stages of Interphase
 G1 stage: a cell double its organelles (mitochondria &
ribosome) and accumulates the material for DNA
synthesis
 G0 stage: occurs in some cells, such as nerve and
muscle which do not complete the cell cycle. Cell
continue to perform their normal functions, but no
longer prepare for cell division
 S stage: DNA replication occur. Each chromosome
consists of one DNA molecule, called the chromatid.
After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of
two sister chromatids
 G2 stage: the cell synthesizes the proteins needed for
cell division (protein that makeup micotubules. 15
Mitotic Stage
 Following interphase, the cell enters the M (mitotic)
Mitosis
 This stage includes mitosis & cytokinesis (if it occurs)
 Mitosis: the division of the nucleus & genetic
material).
- the sister chromatids separate into daughter
chromosomes.
- Distributed to two daughter nuclei
 Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm
- Two daughter cells that are identical to the mother
cell are the result. 16
Mitosis: Maintaining the Chromosome
Number
 Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of
chromatin (formed from combination of
both DNA +protein (histones))
 DNA is packed into a nucleus
 Chromatin is dispersed when a cell is not
under going division
 At the time cell division, chromatin
condensed into compact form
17
Chromosome
Condenced scaffold
fibers connected to
chromosome scaffold
chromatin fibers
chromatin
DNA
18
19
20
Mitosis: Maintaining the Chromosome
Number (cont.)
 Each species has a characteristic chromosome
number.
 Diploid (2n): Cells have two (a pair) of each type

of chromosome.
 Human body cells = 46 in 23 pairs
 Haploid (1n): Cells have half the diploid number
of chromosomes.
 Human eggs or sperm = 23 or 1 member of
each pair
21
Overview of Mitosis
Mitosis is nuclear division in which chromosome
number stays constant
One diploid (2n) nucleus divide to produce /

becomes two 2n daughter nuclei.
DNA replication produces duplicated chromosomes.

Each duplicated chromosome is composed of two
sister chromatids held together by a centromere.
 Sister chromatids are genetically identical.
 During mitosis, the centromere divides and each
chromatid becomes a daughter chromosome.
22
sister chromatids
replication
centromere
chromosome division duplicated

consisting of
chromosome
one chromatid
23
 Before nuclear division takes place, DNA
replication occurs, duplicating the chromosomes.
 During mitosis, the centromere divide, the sister
chromatids separate becoming daughter
chromosomes
 A duplicated chromosome is composed of 2 sister
chromatids held together in the centromere
 Sister chromatids are genetically identical
(contain same DNA sequences)
 Completion of mitosis, each chromosome
consists a single chromatid.
24
centriole
chromosome 2n = 4
25
centriole
chromosome 2n = 4
DNA REPLICATION DURING INTERPHASE
duplicated
chromosome
consisting of
two sister
centromere chromatids
2n = 4
26
centriole
chromosome 2n = 4
DNA REPLICATION DURING INTERPHASE
duplicated
chromosome
consisting of
two sister
chromatids
centromere
2n = 4
MITOSIS
Figure 5.4 2n = 4 2n = 4
27
Mitosis in Detail
 Mitosis is nuclear division that forms two
daughter nuclei , each with:
 the same number of chromosomes
 the same kind of chromosomes
 Daughter cell is same as parental cell.
 A spindle brings an orderly distribution of
chromosomes to the daughter cell nuclei.
28
Mitosis in Animal Cells
 Prophase
i) Early prophase
 Nuclear membrane disappears / nuclear
envelope begins to fragment
 Nucleolus begins to disappear
 Centrosomes migrate (moving away from each
other toward opposite ends of the nucleus,
 Spindle fibers appear at the separating
centrosomes
29
Mitosis in Animal Cells
ii) Prophase
 Chromatin condenses and chromosomes
become visible
 Each composed of 2 sister chromatids held
together at a centromere
 Centromeres attach to spindle fibers, called
kinetochore (centromeric) fibers
 Chromosomes have no particular orientation
 Late prophase : spindle begins forming

30
MITOSIS
aster 20 µm duplicated 20 µm spindle 9 µm

chromosome pole
nuclear centromere
envelope centromere
fragments
chromatin
condenses
nucleolus
disappears centromeric
spindle spindle fiber
fibers forming
polar spindle fiber
Early Prophase Prophase Late Prophase
Centrosomes have duplicated. Nucleolus has disappeared, and The centromere of each chromatid is
Chromatin is condensing into duplicated chromosomes are visible. attached to a centromeric spindle fiber.
chromosomes, and the nuclear Centrosomes begin moving apart, Polar spindle fibers stretch from each
envelope is fragmenting. and spindle is in process of forming. spindle pole and overlap.
(early prophase, prophase): © Ed Reschke; (late prophase): © Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc.
31
Mitosis in Animal Cells (cont.)
 Metaphase
 Spindle fully forms and consists of poles,
asters and fibers.
 Kinetochore of each chromatid is attached to
kinetochore spindle fiber.
 Polar spindle fibers stretch from each
spindle pole and overlap
 Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate.
 Metaphase plate – center of fully formed
spindle
32
 Anaphase
 Centromeres divide & the sister chromatid
separate
 Sister chromatids are moved to opposite poles by
fibers.
 Sister chromatids becoming daughter
chromosomes.
 Daughter chromosomes have a centromere & a
single chromatid
 Movement of the daughter chromosomes:
 Kinetochore spindle fibers shorten, pulling
daughters.
 Polar spindle fibers push the poles apart. 33
 Telophase
 Nuclear membrane / nuclear envelope reforms
around the daughter chromosomes
 Spindle disappears
 Chromosomes become more diffuse once
again (become indistinct chromatin)
 Nucleolus reappears in each daughter nucleus
 Cytokinesis occurs
 There will be 2 individual daughter
 The chromosome number is diploid (2n)
34
chromosomes at 20 µm daughter chromosome 20 µm cleavage furrow 16 µm

metaphase plate
nucleolus
centromeric
spindle fiber
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes Sister chromatids part and become daughter Daughter cells are forming
are aligned at the metaphase plate (center chromosomes that move toward the spindle as nuclear envelopes and
of fully formed spindle). Centromeric spindle poles. In this way, each pole receives the same nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes will
fibers attached to the sister chromatids number and kinds of chromosomes as the parental become indistinct chromatin.
come from opposite spindle poles. cell.
(metaphase, anaphase, telophase)): © Ed Reschke
35
MITOSIS
aster 20 µm duplicated 20 µm spindle 9 µm

chromosome pole
nuclear centromere
envelope centromere
fragments
chromatin
condenses
nucleolus
disappears centromeric
spindle spindle fiber
fibers forming
polar spindle fiber
Early Prophase Prophase Late Prophase
Centrosomes have duplicated. Nucleolus has disappeared, and The centromere of each chromatid is
Chromatin is condensing into duplicated chromosomes are visible. attached to a centromeric spindle fiber .
chromosomes, and the nuclear Centrosomes begin moving apart, Polar spindle fibers stretch from each
envelope is fragmenting. and spindle is in process of forming . spindle pole and overlap .
chromosomes at 20 µm daughter chromosome 20 µm cleavage furrow 16 µm

metaphase plate
nucleolus
centromeric
spindle fiber
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes Sister chromatids part and become daughter Daughter cells are forming
are aligned at the metaphase plate (center chromosomes that move toward the spindle as nuclear envelopes and
of fully formed spindle). Centromeric spindle poles. In this way, each pole receives the same nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes will
fibers attached to the sister chromatids number and kinds of chromosomes as the become indistinct chromatin.
come from opposite spindle poles. parental cell.
Top: (early prophase, prophase): © Ed Reschke; (late prophase): © Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Bottom: (metaphase, anaphase, telophase)): © Ed Reschke
36
Mitosis in Plant Cells
 Permits growth and repair as in animal cells
 Occurs in meristematic tissues (found at the root tip &
shoot tip of stems) which divide throughout life of
plant
 Goes through same phases as animal cells / Exactly

the same phases occur in plant & animal cells
 In plants, during cell division, cells have a

centrosome & spindle. There are no centrioles or
asters.
 Spindle brings the distribution of the chromosomes to

each daughter cell 37
Prophase
6.2 µm
cell wall Chromosomes
© R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited
38
Metaphase
spindle fibers 6.2 µm

39
Anaphase
6.2 µm
40
Telophase
25 µm
cell plate
© Jack M. Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited
41
MITOSIS
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
6.2 µm 6.2 µm 6.2 µm 25 µm

cell wall Chromosomes spindle fibers cell plate
(prophase, metaphase, anaphase): © R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited; (telophase): © Jack M. Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited
42
Cytokinesis in Animal and Plant Cells
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells

 Cleavage furrow forms between daughter
nuclei.
 Contractile ring, composed of actin filaments
contracts deepening the furrow (contract
gradually gets smaller.
 Process continues until the cleavage furrow
pinches separation is complete into 2 cells.
 A single cell becomes 2 cells by a furrowing
process.
43
4,000x
cleavage furrow
contractile ring
4,000x
(top): © Thomas Deerinck/Visuals Unlimited; (bottom): © Steve Gschmeissner/SPL/Getty RF

44
Cytokinesis in Animal and Plant Cells (cont.)
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

 Rigid cell wall that surrounding plant cell does not
permit cytokinesis by furrowing
 Requires creation of new cell wall between daughter
cells
 A flattened small disk appears between the 2
daughter plant cells.
 A cell plate forms.
 Vesicles release molecules to build new cell walls.
 Vesicle membranes complete plasma membranes.
45
cytoplasm
cell plate
cell membrane
© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
46
Meiosis: Reducing the Chromosome
Number
 Meiosis
 Occurs in the life cycle of sexually
reproducing organisms
 Reduces the chromosome number in half
 Provides offspring with a different
combination of traits from that of either
parent
47
Overview of Meiosis
 Begins with one diploid parental cell
 Requires two cell divisions
 Ends with four haploid daughter cells
 Involves pairs of chromosomes called
homologues that are inherited from each
parent
48
Meiosis I
 Homologues line up side by side at the
equator (synapsis).
 When homologous pairs separate, each
daughter cell receives one member of the
pair.
 The cells are now haploid.
49
Meiosis II and Fertilization
 No replication of DNA occurs between meiosis I
and meiosis II.
 Centromeres divide and sister chromatids

migrate to opposite poles to become individual
chromosomes.
 Each of the four daughter cells produced has the

haploid chromosome number.
 Each chromosome is composed of one
chromatid
50
centromere homologous
nucleolus chromosome
pair
centrioles
2n = 4
homologous
chromosome
pair
Figure 5.8 51
pair
centrioles
2n = 4
homologous
chromosome
pair
DNA REPLICATION
synapsis
2n = 4
sister
chromatids
Figure 5.8 52
pair
centrioles
2n = 4
homologous
chromosome
pair
DNA REPLICATION
synapsis
2n = 4
sister
chromatids
MEIOSIS I
Homologues
synapse and
then separate.
Figure 5.8 53
pair
centrioles
2n = 4
homologous
chromosome
pair
DNA REPLICATION
synapsis
2n = 4
sister
chromatids
MEIOSIS I
Homologues
synapse and
then separate.
MEIOSIS II
Sister chromatids
separate, becoming
daughter chromosomes.
Figure 5.8 n=2 n=2
54
Meiosis II and Fertilization (cont.)
Fertilization
 Daughter cells of meiosis mature into
gametes.
 Sperm and eggs fuse in fertilization
 Fertilization restores the diploid number.
 (n) + (n) = (2n)
 Creates a cell that will develop into a new
individual
55
Meiosis in Detail
 Meiosis requires two nuclear divisions.
 Meiosis results in four daughter nuclei.
 Each daughter nucleus has half of the
chromosomes as the parent cell.
56
First Division
 Meiosis I is divided into:
 Prophase I
 Anaphase I
 Metaphase I
 Telophase I
 Meiosis helps ensure genetic variation
 Genetic variation occurs in two ways
 Crossing Over
 Independent Assortment
57
Prophase I
 Synapsis occurs, nuclear membrane breaks
down
 Spindle appears, nuclear envelope
fragments, and nucleolus disappears
 Homologues line up side by side and
crossing over occurs
 After crossing over, chromatids held
together are no longer identical
 One has the original genetic material
 One has recombined genetic material
58
sister chromatids
synapsis
of homologues
59
sister chromatids
crossing-over
synapsis between nonsister
of homologues chromatids
60
sister chromatids
crossing- over chromatids

synapsis between nonsister after
of homologues chromatids exchange
61
Crossing Over During Prophase I
sister chromatids
crossing- over chromatids recombinant

synapsis between nonsister after daughter
of homologues chromatids exchange chromosomes
62
Metaphase I and Anaphase I
 Metaphase I
 Homologous pairs line up at metaphase
plate such that maternal or paternal
member may be oriented toward either
pole.
63
64
Independent Assortment
During Metaphase I
65
DNA REPLICATION
2n = 4
MEIOSIS I
Prophase I
Homologous
chromosomes
pair during
synapsis.
Metaphase I
Homologous
chromosome
pairs align at the
metaphase plate.
66
First Division
 Metaphase and Anaphase I
 Homologous chromosomes (each still
consisting of 2 chromatids) align at the
metaphase plate.
 Depending on how they align, the maternal
and paternal member of each pair may be
oriented toward either pole.
 Independent assortment occurs when
these homologues separate from each
other during Anaphase I.
67
First Division (cont.)
 Telophase I
 May or may not occur at end of meiosis I
 Nuclear envelopes re-form
 Nucleoli reappear
 Cytokinesis may occur, producing two
daughter cells which are haploid
68
Anaphase I
Homologous
chromosomes
separate, pulled
to opposite poles
by centromeric
spindle fibers.
Telophase I
Daughter cells
have one
chromosome
from each
homologous pair.
n=2
69
First Division (cont.)
 Interkinesis
 Period of time between Meiosis I and
Meiosis II
 No replication of DNA
n=2
Interkinesis
Chromosomes
still consist of
two chromatids.
70
Second Division
Phases of Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Cells have one chromosome from each
homologous pair.
 A spindle appears and the nuclear
envelope disassembles.
 Each duplicated chromatid attaches to
the spindle.
 The nucleolus disappears.
71
Second Division (cont.)
 Metaphase II
 Sister chromatids line up at the

metaphase plate.
72
Second Division (cont.)
 Anaphase II
 Sister chromatids separate and become
daughter chromosomes that migrate
toward the poles.
 Telophase II
 The spindle disappears.
 The nuclear envelope re-forms.
 Cytokinesis occurs.
73
MEIOSIS II
n=2 n=2
Prophase II
Cells have one chromosome
from each homologous pair.
74
n=2 MEIOSIS II n=2

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align
at the metaphase plate.
75
MEIOSIS II
n=2 n=2
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align
Anaphase II
Daughter chromosomes
Move toward the poles.
76
n=2 MEIOSIS II n=2

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Spindle disappears,
nucleiform, and
Cytokinesis
takes place.
77
MEIOSIS II
n=2 n=2
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Spindle disappears,
nuciel form, and
cytokinesis takes place.
n=2 n=2
Daughter Cells
Meiosis results
in four haploid
daughter cells.
78
Anaphase I
Homologous
chromosomes
separate, pulled
to opposite poles
by centromeric
spindle fibers.
DNA REPLICATION
2n = 4
MEIOSIS I
Prophase I
Homologous Telophase I
chromosomes Daughter cells
pair during have one
synapsis. chromosome
from each
homologous pair.
n=2
Metaphase I
Homologous Interkinesis
chromosome Chromosomes
pairs align at the still consist of
metaphase plate. two chromatids.
79
The Importance of Meiosis
 Meiosis produces haploid cells from diploid
cells.
 Genetic variation produces cells no longer
identical to parental cell.
 Genetic variation occurs in two ways:
 First, crossing between nonsister
chromatids
 Second, the independent assortment of
chromosomes during anaphase I
80
The Importance of Meiosis (cont.)
 Upon fertilization, combining of chromosomes
from genetically different gametes help ensure
offspring are not identical to parents.
 This genetic variability is the main advantage of

sexual reproduction.
 Long-term, genetic variation increases the

survival of a species.
81
Comparison of Meiosis With Mitosis
• DNA replication occurs only once prior to

either meiosis or mitosis.
• Meiosis requires two divisions, mitosis one.

• Meiosis produces four daughter cells,
mitosis produces two.
82
Comparison of Meiosis With Mitosis
(cont.)
• Four daughter cells from meiosis are

haploid, two from mitosis are diploid.
• Daughter cells from meiosis are genetically

variable, while those from mitosis are
genetically identical.
83
Occurrence
 Meiosis occurs only at certain times of the
life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms.
 After the reproductive organs mature to
produce gametes
 Mitosis takes place almost continuously in
all tissues as part of growth and repair.
84
MEIOSIS MITOSIS
Prophase I Prophase
Synapsis and No synapsis.
crossing- over occur.
Metaphase I Metaphase
Homologues align Chromosomes align
independently. at the metaphase
plate.
Meiosis I
Anaphase I Anaphase
Homologues Sister chromatids
separate. separate.
85
Telophase I
Daughter cells form.
Telophase
Daughter
cells form.
Sister
chromatids
Meiosis II
separate.
Daughter nuclei are not genetically identical to parental cell. Daughter nuclei are genetically identical to parental cell.
86
MEIOSIS MITOSIS
Prophase I Prophase
Synapsis and No synapsis.
crossing- overoccur.
Metaphase I Metaphase
Homologues align Chromosomes align
independently. at the metaphase
plate.
Meiosis I
Anaphase I Anaphase
Homologues Sister chromatids
separate. separate.
Telophase I
Daughter cells form.
Telophase
Daughter
cells form.
Sister
chromatids
Meiosis II
separate.
Daughter nuclei are not genetically identical to parental cell. Daughter nuclei are genetically identical to parental cell.
87
Comparison of Meiosis I and Mitosis
 Homologous chromosomes pair and cross over
during prophase I of meiosis I, but not during
mitosis.
 Paired homologous chromosomes align at the

metaphase plate during metaphase I; sister
chromatids align at metaphase plate in mitosis.
 Homologous chromosomes separate and move to

opposite poles during anaphase I; centromeres
split, and sister chromatids move to opposite poles
in anaphase of mitosis.
88
89
90
The Human Life Cycle
 Both mitosis and meiosis are required.
 At fertilization, a haploid (n) sperm and a haploid
(n) egg fuse.
 The resulting zygote has a diploid (2n) number of
chromosomes.
 The fetus divides by mitosis for growth and
development.
 After birth, mitosis allows continued growth and
tissue repair.
91
Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis in
Humans
 Meiosis in the testes of males is called

spermatogenesis.
 Produces sperm
 Meiosis in the ovaries of females is called
oogenesis.
 Produces eggs
92
MITOSIS
2n
2n
2n
MITOSIS
2n
male ♂ and
female ♀
zygote
2n = 46
diploid (2n)
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
haploid (n)
n = 23
egg
sperm
93
Spermatogenesis
 Spermatogenesis occurs in testes of human males.
 Process begins at puberty and continues
throughout life.
 Primary spermatocytes (2n) divide in meiosis I to

form two secondary spermatocytes (1n).
 Secondary spermatocytes divide in meiosis II to

produce four spermatids.
 Spermatids then mature to sperm (spermatozoa).
94
SPERMATOGENESIS
primary
spermatocyte
2n
Meiosis I
secondary
spermatocytes
n
Meiosis II
spermatids
n
Metamorphosis
and maturation
sperm
n
95
Oogenesis
 Begins in the fetus
 Primary oocytes are arrested in prophase I
 Resumes at pubertyone primary oocyte
continues the process of meiosis during each
menstrual cycle.
 Primary oocyte (2n) divides in meiosis I to
produce one secondary oocyte (1n) and one
polar body (1n)
 Division is unequal as secondary oocyte
receives most of the cell contents and half
the chromosomes
96
Oogenesis
 If the secondary oocyte is fertilized, meiosis II will
proceed.
 Another unequal division will occur, with the egg
receiving most of the cytoplasm.
 A second polar body is also formed.
 If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it
disintegrates.
97
OOGENESIS
primary
oocyte
2n
Meiosis I
98
OOGENESIS
primary
oocyte
2n
Meiosis I
first
polar body
n
Fertilization secondary
oocyte
n
Meiosis II
Meiosis II is completed
after entry of sperm
99
OOGENESIS
primary
oocyte
2n
Meiosis I
first
polar body
n
oocyte
n
Meiosis II
second after entry of sperm
polar body
n
egg
n
sperm nucleus
100
OOGENESIS
primary
oocyte
2n
Meiosis I
first
polar body
n
oocyte
n
Meiosis II
polar body
n
egg
n
sperm nucleus
n
zygote
2n
101
SPERMATOGENESIS
primary
spermatocyte
2n
Meiosis I
secondary
spermatocytes
n
Meiosis II
spermatids
n
Metamorphosis
and maturation
sperm
n
OOGENESIS
primary
oocyte
2n
Meiosis I
first
polar body
n
oocyte
n
Meiosis II
polar body
n
egg
n
sperm nucleus
n
zygote
2n
Figure 5.15
102

Cell Divison

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Cell Divison

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Topic 6:

Genetics and DNA

 The ability of organisms to reproduce best

 Somatic cells are the body cells that continue

 Thousands of new blood cells, skin cells and

 Diploid (2n): Cells have two (a pair) of each type

One diploid (2n) nucleus divide to produce /

DNA replication produces duplicated chromosomes.

chromosome division duplicated

DNA REPLICATION DURING INTERPHASE

DNA REPLICATION DURING INTERPHASE

 Late prophase : spindle begins forming

aster 20 µm duplicated 20 µm spindle 9 µm

chromosomes at 20 µm daughter chromosome 20 µm cleavage furrow 16 µm

Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

(metaphase, anaphase, telophase)): © Ed Reschke

aster 20 µm duplicated 20 µm spindle 9 µm

chromosomes at 20 µm daughter chromosome 20 µm cleavage furrow 16 µm

Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

 Goes through same phases as animal cells / Exactly

 In plants, during cell division, cells have a

 Spindle brings the distribution of the chromosomes to

spindle fibers 6.2 µm

6.2 µm 6.2 µm 6.2 µm 25 µm

(prophase, metaphase, anaphase): © R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited; (telophase): © Jack M. Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited

Cytokinesis in Animal Cells

(top): © Thomas Deerinck/Visuals Unlimited; (bottom): © Steve Gschmeissner/SPL/Getty RF

Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

 Centromeres divide and sister chromatids

 Each of the four daughter cells produced has the

Figure 5.8 n=2 n=2

crossing- over chromatids

crossing- over chromatids recombinant

 Sister chromatids line up at the

n=2 MEIOSIS II n=2

n=2 MEIOSIS II n=2

 This genetic variability is the main advantage of

 Long-term, genetic variation increases the

• DNA replication occurs only once prior to

• Meiosis requires two divisions, mitosis one.

• Four daughter cells from meiosis are

• Daughter cells from meiosis are genetically

 Paired homologous chromosomes align at the

 Homologous chromosomes separate and move to

 Meiosis in the testes of males is called

 Primary spermatocytes (2n) divide in meiosis I to

 Secondary spermatocytes divide in meiosis II to

 Spermatids then mature to sperm (spermatozoa).

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