Fig. 1 The microstructure of the as-received Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel.

a) The secondary
electron SEM image, b) the EBSD image exhibiting the grain orientation, and c) the
backscattered electron SEM image and the EDS maps of a typical inclusion in the Ni-
Cr-Mo-V steel.
Fig. 2 Schematic diagrams for the electrochemical measurements. a) The U-bend
specimen used for the working electrode, and b) the autoclave used for providing
hydrostatic pressure to simulate the deep-sea environment.
Fig. 3 Polarization curves of the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel under 0.1 MPa without U-bend, 20
MPa without U-bend deformation, 0.1 MPa with U-bend deformation, and 20 MPa
with U-bend deformation, respectively.
Fig. 4 EIS measurements of the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel. a) Nyquist plots with the inserted
equivalent circuit, and b) Bode plots under 0.1 MPa without U-bend, 20 MPa without
U-bend deformation, 0.1 MPa with U-bend deformation, and 20 MPa with U-bend
deformation, respectively.
Fig. 5 Localized corrosion morphologies of the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel. a1~ d1)
Morphologies under 0.1 MPa without U-bend, 20 MPa without U-bend deformation,
0.1 MPa with U-bend deformation, and 20 MPa with U-bend deformation,
respectively; a2 ~ d2) magnified images of the red box in Figs. a1 ~ d1; a3 ~ b3) EDS
maps of the inclusion observed in the yellow box in Figs. a2 ~ d2; a4 ~d4) sketch

maps of the localized corrosion.

Fig. 6 White light interferometry of the localized corrosion. one localized pit occurs
under a) 0.1 MPa without U-bend, b) 20 MPa without U-bend deformation, c) 0.1
MPa with U-bend deformation, d) 20 MPa with U-bend deformation, e) and f)
statistical analysis of the size of localized corrosion pits resulting from different
conditions.
Fig. 7 Fitting parameters of the EIS measurements under different conditions. a)
Variation of charge transfer resistance and corrosion film resistance, and b) variation
of the effective capacitance of electric double layer.
Fig. 8 The EBSD image for the Ni-Cr-Mo-V alloy before plastic deformation. a) The
GND map, and b) distribution of GND density.
Fig. 9 Differential capacitance measurements of Ni-Cr-Mo-V alloy. a) differential
capacitance and b) the Helmholtz layer capacity under different conditions.
Fig. 10 Comparison of jp,σ/j0.1MPa,0 calculated by ψ1 effect modification, jp,σ/j0.1MPa,0
calculated by Gutman’s theory, and the experimental results under different
conditions.
Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of early corrosion of Ni-Cr-Mo-V alloy under synergistic
effect of deformation and hydrostatic pressure.

Table 1 Fitting parameters of the anodic polarization curves for Ni-Cr-Mo-V alloy
immersing in different conditions.
Table 2 Fitting parameters of the EIS results for Ni-Cr-Mo-V alloy immersing in
different conditions.
Fig. 1 The microstructure of the as-received Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel. a) The secondary
electron SEM image, b) the EBSD image exhibiting the grain orientation, and c) the
backscattered electron SEM image and the EDS maps of a typical inclusion in the Ni-
Cr-Mo-V steel.
Fig. 2 Schematic diagrams for the electrochemical measurements. a) The U-bend
specimen used for the working electrode, and b) the autoclave used for providing
hydrostatic pressure to simulate the deep-sea environment.
Fig. 3 Polarization curves of the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel under 0.1 MPa without U-bend, 20
MPa without U-bend deformation, 0.1 MPa with U-bend deformation, and 20 MPa
with U-bend deformation, respectively.
Fig. 4 EIS measurements of the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel. a) Nyquist plots with the inserted
equivalent circuit, and b) Bode plots under 0.1 MPa without U-bend, 20 MPa without
U-bend deformation, 0.1 MPa with U-bend deformation, and 20 MPa with U-bend
deformation, respectively.
Fig. 5 Localized corrosion morphologies of the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel. a1~ d1)
Morphologies under 0.1 MPa without U-bend, 20 MPa without U-bend deformation,
0.1 MPa with U-bend deformation, and 20 MPa with U-bend deformation,
respectively; a2 ~ d2) magnified images of the red box in Figs. a1 ~ d1; a3 ~ b3) EDS
maps of the inclusion observed in the yellow box in Figs. a2 ~ d2; a4 ~d4) sketch

maps of the localized corrosion.

Fig. 6 White light interferometry of the localized corrosion. one localized pit occurs
under a) 0.1 MPa without U-bend, b) 20 MPa without U-bend deformation, c) 0.1
MPa with U-bend deformation, d) 20 MPa with U-bend deformation, e) and f)
statistical analysis of the size of localized corrosion pits resulting from different
conditions.
Fig. 7 Fitting parameters of the EIS measurements under different conditions. a)
Variation of charge transfer resistance and corrosion film resistance, and b) variation
of the effective capacitance of electric double layer.
Fig. 8 the EBSD image for the Ni-Cr-Mo-V alloy before plastic deformation. a) The
GND map, and b) distribution of GND density.
Fig. 9 Differential capacitance measurements of Ni-Cr-Mo-V alloy. a) differential
capacitance and b) the Helmholtz layer capacity under different conditions.
Fig. 10 Comparison of jp,σ/j0.1MPa,0 calculated by ψ1 effect modification, jp,σ/j0.1MPa,0
calculated by Gutman’s theory, and the experimental results under different
conditions.
Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of early corrosion of Ni-Cr-Mo-V alloy under synergistic
effect of deformation and hydrostatic pressure.
Table1

Ecorr (mV) Icorr (A·cm-2) bA (mV/dec)

Un-0.1MPa -473 3.0×10-6 80

Un-20MPa -484 6.4×10-6 80

De-0.1MPa -512 1.2×10-5 91

De-20MPa -500 1.8×10-5 90

 Table 2

RS R1 C1 Rct Cdl
n1 ndl Σχ2
Ω·cm2 Ω·cm2 mF·cm-2 Ω·cm2 mF·cm-2

Un-0.1MPa 3.589 6.685×102 0.187 0.822 3.722×103 0.561 0.800 8.581×10-4

Un-20MPa 3.362 3.769×102 0.128 0.798 2.600×103 0.805 0.800 9.214×10-4

De-0.1MPa 4.076 8.854×102 0.314 0.808 7.351×102 3.132 0.800 9.256×10-4

De-20MPa 2.667 9.843×102 0.218 0.864 1.837×102 23.399 0.800 5.876×10-4