Mathematics in the

Modern World
Speaking
Mathematically
ARLON G. CALMA, ECE, CLSSYB
Course Objectives

➢Variables
➢The Language of Sets
➢The Language of Relations and Functions
Mathematics Language and Symbols

Mathematics is written in a
symbolic Language that is
designed to express
Mathematical thoughts.
 Language
Language is defined as a systematic means
of communicating ideas or feelings by the
use of conventionalized signs, sounds,
gestures, or marks having understood
meanings.
 THE NUMBER SYSTEM
Number System is a way to represent numbers.
We are used to using the base-10 number
system, which is also called decimal. Other
common number systems include base-16
(hexadecimal), base-8 (octal), and base-2 (binary).
 Algebraic Expression
Algebraic Expression can be a number, a single
variable or a combination of numbers, letters and
operation symbols.
In algebra, we begin to see variables, or letters
that are used to represent numbers.
 VARIABLE
Variable is any letter or symbol that
represents certain value.

Examples: Letters of the different alphabets a,

b, c, x, y, z, M, ⍬, ꞵ
 Constant & Co-efficient
A number on its own is called a Constant.
2x + 10
A Coefficient is a number used to multiply
a variable.
2x + 10
x + 15
 Example
Phrase/s Variable Expression
A number increased by 5 x x+5
A number decreased by 3 y y–3
12 more than a number z z + 12
6 less than a number a a–6
The sum of 7 and a number b 7+x
The product of 5 and a number c 5c or 5C
The quotient of 8 and a number d 8÷d
GEMDAS
GEMDAS
G- for Grouping symbols such
as parenthesis, brackets,
and braces;
E- for Exponents;
M- for Multiplication;
D- for Division;
A- for Addition; and
S- for Subtraction
 Important notes
a. In a particular simplification, if you have both multiplication and
division, do the
➢ operations one by one in the order from left to right.
b. Multiplication does not always come before division. We have to do
one by one in
➢ the order from left to right.
c. In a particular simplification, If you have both addition and
subtraction, do the
➢ operation one by one in the order from left to right.
 Example
1.) 16 ÷ 4 x 3 2.) 18 – 3 + 6

Solution: 16 ÷ 4 x 3 18 – 3 + 6
4x3 15 + 6

Answer: = 12 = 21
 Example
3.) 4.)

3 + 6 x (5 + 4) ÷ 3 – 7 36 – 2 (20 + 12 ÷ 4 x 3 – 2 x 2) + 10
3+6x9÷3–7 36 – 2 (20 + 3 x 3 – 4) + 10
3 + 54 ÷ 3 – 7 36 – 2(20 + 9 – 4) + 10
3 + 18 – 7 36 – 2(29 – 4) + 10
21 – 7 36 – 2(25) + 10
= 14 36 – 50 + 10
–14 + 10
= –4
 Evaluation of algebraic expressions

Evaluation of Algebraic Expressions:

To evaluate algebraic expressions
means to substitute the variable in
the expression with the given values.
Example
Language of Sets
 Sets
Sets are collections of well-defined
distinct objects, ideas, or numbers.
The groups are called sets for as long as
the objects in the group share a
characteristic and are thus, well defined.
 Elements
Elements are Examples:
• The collection of all the
objects intelligent students in a
class.
contained in a
set.
• Note:
✓ The pair of curly braces { } denotes a set.
✓ The set is always represented by a capital
letter such as; A, B, C, … SET
✓ If the elements of the sets are alphabets then
these elements are written in small letters. NOTATIONS
✓ The elements of a set may be written in any
order.
✓ The elements of a set must not be repeated.
and
✓ The Greek letter Epsilon ‘∈’ will be read as ‘an
element of’, ‘belongs to’, etc.
SYMBOLS
✓ Therefore, x ∈ A will be read as “x is an
element of the set A”.
✓ The symbol ‘∉’ stands for “is not an element
of”.
✓ Therefore, x ∉ A will read as “x is not an
element of the set A”.
 Set Notations and Symbols
In representation of sets, the following three methods are
commonly used:
a. Descriptive form – verbal description of its elements
b. Rule or Set builder form – describing a set by indicating
the properties that its
members must satisfy.
c. Roster or Tabular form – listing the elements of a set
inside a pair of braces { }.
Descriptive form Rule or set builder form Roster or tabular form
The set of all vowels in English alphabet { x : x is a vowel in the English alphabet } { a, e, i, o, u }
The set of all odd positive integers less than { x : x is an odd number and o < x ≤ 15 } { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 }
or equal to 15

The set of all positive cube numbers less than { x : x is a cube number and o < x < 100 } { 1, 8, 27, 64 }
100
 Finite Set
Finite set are elements
are countable
A = {b}
B= {1,2,3,4,5}
F = {thumb, index, middle, ring, pinky}
G = {a, b, c, d, x, y, z}
 Null Set or Empty Set
Null Set or Empty Set is a set with no
elements ∅ , { }
 Subset
Subset ( ⊆ ) - B is a subset of A if and
only if every element of B is in A.
 Example
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3} 𝐵⊆𝐴
C = {3,4} 𝐶⊆𝐴
D = {1} 𝐷⊆𝐴

A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5}
F = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 𝐹⊆𝐴 a set is a subset of itself
G = {2, 3, 1, 5, 4} 𝐺⊆𝐴 order does not matter
H = {1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5} 𝐻⊆𝐴 repetition does not matter
I={} 𝐼⊆𝐴 the empty set is a subset of
every set, including the empty itself
 Operations on Sets
Operation Notation Meaning
All elements which are
Union AՍB in both A and B
All elements which are
Intersection AՈB in either A or B (or
both)
All elements which are
Difference A–B in A but not in B
All elements in the
Complement A’ universal set which
are not in A.
 Example
1) Let: A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} B = {3, 6, 9, 12} A ∩ B = {3, 9}

2) Let: A= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} B= {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

A ᴜ B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8} A ᴜ B ᴜ C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

3) Let: A= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} B= {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

A ∩ B ∩ C = { } or ø

4) Let: A= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} B= {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

A ∩ (B ᴜ C) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

5) Let: U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

A’ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} B’ = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
 Venn Diagram
A Venn diagram is a diagram that
shows all possible logical relations
between a finite collection of different
sets.

Union Intersection Complement

 Venn Diagram
A Venn diagram is an illustration that
uses circles to show the relationships
among things or finite groups of things.
Circles that overlap have a commonality
while circles that do not overlap do not
share those traits. Venn diagrams help to
visually represent the similarities and
differences between two concepts.
 Venn Diagram
To solve problems using Venn diagram, we must consider coordinating
conjunctions “or” and “and”. We use “or” for union of sets while we use
“and” for intersection of sets.

Basic formulas for Venn diagrams of two and three sets

a. n (A ᴜ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A Ո B)

 Venn Diagram
b. n (A u B u C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A Ո B)– n(B Ո C) – n(A Ո C)+
n(A Ո B Ո C)

Tip: Always start filling values in the Venn diagram from the innermost value .
 Venn Diagram
Example:

In a class, 15 like English, 20 like Mathematics, and

10 like both English and Mathematics. How many
students are there in all?
 Venn Diagram
Solution:

Let n(E) = no. of students who like English

n(M) = no. of students who like
Mathematics
n(E ∩ M ) = no. of students who like both
English and Mathematics
 Venn Diagram
Solution:
n (A ᴜ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A Ո B)
n (E ᴜ M) = n(E) + n(M) – n(E Ո M)
n(E) n (E ᴜ M) = 15 + 20 – 10
15 n (E ᴜ M) = 25 Total number of
n(E ∩ M ) students
10
How many student who like
n(M) English only: 15-10=5
20 How many student who like
Mathematics only: 20-10=10
 Venn Diagram
➢Exercise
▪For the purposes of a marketing research, a survey of
1000 women is conducted in a town. The results show
that 52 % liked watching comedies, 45% liked watching
fantasy movies and 60% liked watching romantic movies.
In addition, 25% liked watching comedy and fantasy
both, 28% liked watching romantic and fantasy both and
30% liked watching comedy and romantic movies both.
6% liked watching none of these movie genres.
 Venn Diagram
➢Exercise
▪How many women like watching all the three
movie genres?
▪Find the number of women who like watching
only one of the three genres.
▪Find the number of women who like watching at
least two of the given genres.
 Venn Diagram
Solution:
Let’s represent the data above in a more digestible
way using the Venn diagram formula elements:
 Venn Diagram
Solution:
• n(C) = percentage of women who like watching
comedy = 52%
• n(F) = percentage of women who like watching
fantasy = 45%
• n(R)= percentage of women who like watching
romantic movies= 60%
• n(C∩F) = 25%; n(F∩R) = 28%; n(C∩R) = 30%
• Since 6% like watching none of the given genres so,
n (C ∪ F ∪ R) = 94%.
 Venn Diagram
n (C ᴜ F ᴜ R)
Solution: 94% n(C)
n(F)
52% n(C∩F) 45%
25%

(C∩F∩R)

n(C∩R) n(F∩R)
30% 28%

n(R)
60%
 Venn Diagram
Solution:
• Now, we are going to apply the Venn diagram formula
for 3 circles.

• n (C∪F∪R) = n(C) +n(F) +n(R) –n(C∩F)- n(F∩R)-n(C∩R)

+ n (C∩F∩R)

• 94% = 52% + 45% + 60% – 25% – 28% – 30% +

n (C∩F∩R)

• n (C∩F∩R) = 20%
 Venn Diagram
n (C ᴜ F ᴜ R)
Solution: 94% n(C)
n(F)
52% n(C∩F) 45%
25%

(C∩F∩R)
20%
n(C∩R) n(F∩R)
30% 28%

n(R)
60%
 Venn Diagram
n (C ᴜ F ᴜ R)
Solution: 94%
n(C) n(C∩F) n(F)
25-20=5% 45-(5+20+8)=12%
52-(5+20+10)=17%

(C∩F∩R)
20%
n(C∩R) n(F∩R)
30-20=10% 28-20=8%

n(R)
60-(10+20+8)=22%
 Venn Diagram
Solution:
• The number of women who like watching all the
three genres = 20% of 1000 = 200.
• Number of women who like watching only one of
the three genres = (17% + 12% + 22%) of 1000
= 510
• The number of women who like watching at least
two of the given genres = (number of women who
like watching only two of the genres) +(number of
women who like watching all the three genres) =
(10 + 5 + 8 + 20)% i.e. 43% of 1000 = 430
The Language of
Functions and
Relations
 Relation
It involves the association of an individual
or object with another individual or object.
A relation is any set of one or more
ordered pairs.
There is one value of y that corresponds to
every value of x.
 Domain Range
Domain is the set Range is a the
of first set of second
coordinates or coordinates or
the abscissas the ordinates
 Relations can be displayed in
different ways (Representations x y
0 2
of Relations)
1 4
1 6
Table of values 3 7
The x-values and y-values
x 1 2 3 4 5
are listed in separate
columns and each row y 2 4 6 8 10
represents an ordered pair.
 Relations can be displayed in
different ways (Representations
of Relations)

Ordered pairs
Examples:
a. (1, 2) , ( 2, 4) , ( 3, 6) , (4, 8)
b. (1.5, 2) , ( 2,– 5) , ( 3.2, 7) , (5, 9)
1 3
c. ( , 1) , ( 4, ) , ( 5, –6) , (7, 8)
2 4

d. (0, 2) , ( 0,3) , ( 2, 7) , (8, 20)

 Relations can be displayed in
different ways (Representations
of Relations)

Mapping

It’s shows the domain and

range as separate clusters
of values.
 Relations can be displayed in
different ways (Representations
of Relations)

Graph Function is a relation in which each element of the

domain corresponds to exactly one element of the
range. In simple term, it is a special type of relation

Each ordered pair is plotted wherein no two ordered pairs have the same abscissa.
In other words, “x is faithful to exactly one y”.

as a point and can be used to Examples:

a. (1, 2) , ( 2, 4) , ( 3, 6) , (4, 8)

show the relationships between b. (1.5, 2) , ( 2, 3 ) , ( 3, 4) , (4, 6.)

values.
1 3
c. ( , 1) , ( 4, ) , ( 5, –6) , (7, 8)
2 4

d. (0, 2) , ( 2,1) , ( 3, 7) , (5, 10)

 ➢ Not a Function
Relations can be displayed in
different ways (Representations
of Relations)

Vertical Line Test ➢ Function

It’s a graph represents a

function if and only if no vertical
line intersects the graph in more
➢ Not a function
than one point.
 Relations can be displayed in
different ways (Representations
of Relations)

Evaluation of Functions
To evaluate a function is to substitute
(replace) its variable with a given number
or expression.
1.) f(x) = 3x – 5 ;
Example
2.) f(x) = 2x³ –4x² + 5 ;
find: a. f(0) b. f(–2) c. f(3)
find: a. f (2)
b. f (–3) Solutions:
c. f (4)
a. f(x) = 2x³ –4x² + 5
Solutions: b. b. f(x) = 2x³ –4x² + 5
a. f(x) = 3x – 5 c. c. f(x) = 2x³ –4x² + 5
b. f(x) = 3x – 5 f(0) = 2(0)³ –4(0)² + 5
c. f(x) = 3x – 5 f(–2) = 2(–2)³ –4(–2)² + 5
f(2) =3(2) – 5 f(3) = 2(3)³ –4(3)² + 5
f(–3) = 3(–3) – 5 f(0) = 5
f(4) = 3(4) – 5 f(–2) = –16–16+5
f(2) = 1 f(3) =54–36+5
f(–3) = –14 f(–2) = –27
f(4) = 7 f(3) = 23
 Operation Function
a. The Sum Function
(f + g) ( x ) = f (x ) + g (x)
b. The Difference Function
(f – g) ( x ) = f (x ) – g (x)
c. The Product Function
(f • g) ( x ) = f (x ) • g (x)
 1. 2. (f – g) ( x ) = (x² + 5) – (x –
Relations can be displayed in (f + g) ( x ) = (x² + 5) + (x – 2)
2)

different ways (Representations = x² + 5 + x – 2 = x² + 5 –x + 2

of Relations) = x² +x +3 = x² –x + 7

Examples 3. (f • g) ( x ) = (x² + 5) (x – 2)

Given:
= x³– 2x² + 5x – 10
f (x) = x² + 5 and g (x) = x – 2

Find:
5. (f ○ g)( x ) = f (g( x ) ) f 6. (g ○ f) ( x )=g(f( x ) )
(x) = x²+5 = f(x – 2) f(x)=x²+5
g(x) = x – 2
= g (x² + 5)
1. (f + g) (x) 2. (f – g) (x) =(x–2)² + 5
g(x)=x –2
𝑓 = x²–4x+4 + 5
3. (f • g) (x) 4. ( ) (x) = x² + 5 –2
𝑔 = x²– 4x+9
= x² + 3
5. (f ○ g) (x) 6. (g ○ f) (x)