DB HSE INTERNATIONAL

(An International Professional Body for Safety Professionals)

ISO 9001:2015 Certified organization, Accreditation Body, USA

An Accredited Centre of IOSH, UK

MSME (Indian-Government) Registered Organization

An Accredited Centre of AOSH, UK

Website – www.dbhseinternational.com, Mobile number - +917439667717, Mail id – info@dbhseinternational.com

HSE Questions and Answers

Question 1. What Is Safety?
Answer :
It is a condition which gives you freedom from hazard, risk, accident which may cause injury, damage and
loss to material or property damage and even death.
Safety is defined as freedom from those condition that can cause injury to persons including death or
damage to property or environment.

Question 2. What Is Accident?

Answer :
It is an unexpected or unplanned event which may or may not result in injury or damage or property loss or
death.

Question 3. What Is Injury?

Answer :
It is defined as a harmful condition sustained by the body as a result of an accident.

Question 4. What Is Hazard?

Answer :
Inherent property of a substance or an occurrence which has potential to cause loss or damage property,
person or environment.
Any condition, Source, or act which have the potential to damage and harm the human injury and health or
both.

Question 5. What Is Risk?

Answer :
In probability of the realization of potential for loss or damage or injury.

Question 6. What Is Incident?

Answer :
An incident is an event that could lead to loss of, or disruption to, an organization's operations, services or
functions.
An instance of something happening, an unexpected event or occurrence that does not result in serious
injury or illness but may result in property damage.
Question 7. What Is Safety Policy?
Answer :
Any company has a social and legal obligation to provide a safe and health working environment to all his
improvement and safety of the employees.

Question 8. What Is Safety Audit?

Answer :
The safety audit is the process that identifies un-safe conditions and unsafe acts the plant and recommended
safety improvement. Walk through It evaluates the unsafe condition notice able to naked eye during work
through the plant. (Stores, civil work, erection work) Inter mediate-more details study and review of plant
design and plant operation. It evaluates the safety factors in the plant on the base engineering, analysis, testing,
and measurement.

Question 9. What Is Safety Tag?

Answer :
Safety tag can be defined a surface made of card board or paper board on which English local languages letters
written for warning safety instructions to employees.

Question 10. What Is Safety Programme?

Answer :
Safety programme can be defined as five methods by which accident can be prevent easily they are
engineering, education, enforcement, enthusiasm and example safety programmes are plain spoken and carry
out certain legal steps.

Question 11. What Is Attitude?

Answer :
Attitude may be described as continuous behaviour. If man’s behaviour is good, then his action will be either
correct or safe.

Question 12. What Is Emergency Planning?

Answer :
Emergency planning is the course of action a company takes in order to minimise the effects of an incident or
crisis. The main objective of emergency planning is to reduce injuries, protect the community and maintain
business continuity.
An emergency plan usually includes necessary procedures during a crisis, a clear set of roles and responsibilities
and established instructions for local emergency response and recovery bodies. These is a crucial part
of keeping staff safe.

Question 13. What Is Work Permit System?

Answer :
Work permit system is a “written documents” for permission to undertake a job by area in charge or it is written
document issued by the area in charge to the performer to undertake the specific job.

Question 14. What Is Work At Height?

Answer :
Any work above 2 meters from ground is called work at height.

Question 15. What Is Confined Space?

Answer :
An area which is small and enclosed or an area where one entry and exits or where a man cannot work
comfortable in any location is caused confined space.
Question 16. What Is Excavation?
Answer :
Marking a hole or tunnel by digging the ground by man or machine is called excavation.

Question 17. What Is Scaffolding?

Answer :
It is a temporary platform constructed for supporting both men and materials and working safety at a
construction site.

Question 18. What Is Welding?

Answer :
The process of joining of metals either by electrical or by gas is called welding.

Question 19. What Is Gas Cutting?

Answer :
The process of joining of cutting metals by using oxygen and combustible gas is called gas cutting.

Question 20. What is Current, Voltage, and Resistance?

Answer:
Electrical Charge
Electricity is the movement of electrons. Electrons create charge, which we can harness to do work. Light
bulb, stereo, phone, etc., are all harnessing the movement of the electrons in order to do work. They all
operate using the same basic power source: the movement of electrons.
The three basic principles for this tutorial can be explained using electrons, or more specifically, the charge
they create:

Voltage is the difference in charge between two points.

Current is the rate at which charge is flowing.
Resistance is a material's tendency to resist the flow of charge (current).
So, when we talk about these values, we're really describing the movement of charge, and thus, the
behaviour of electrons. A circuit is a closed loop that allows charge to move from one place to another.
Components in the circuit allow us to control this charge and use it to do work.
V = Voltage in volts
I = Current in amps
R = Resistance in ohms

(OHM’s Law)

Question 21. What is Electricity?

Answer:
Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is a secondary energy source which means that we
get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other
natural sources, which are called primary sources.

Question 22. What is DC and AC current?

Answer:
Direct current (DC) is the flow of electric charge in only one direction. It is the steady state of a constant-
voltage circuit. Most well-known applications
Alternating current (AC) is the flow of electric charge that periodically reverses direction. If the source
varies periodically, particularly the circuit is known as an alternating current circuit. Examples include the
commercial and residential power that serves so many of our needs.
Question 23. What Is Sand Blasting?
Answer :
The process of removing rust dust, dirt, scales and old prints from the old surface using compressed air is called
sand blasting.

Question 24. What Is Painting?

Answer:
The process after sand blasting is called painting.

Question 25. What Is Lel? (Lower Exposure Limit)

Answer: The minimum concentration of vapour, gasses and dust in air below which propagation of flame does not
occur on contact with a source of ignition is called LEL.
Example: LEL of Acetylene is 2.5

Question 26. What Is Uel? (Upper Exposure Limit)

Answer :
The maximum proportion of vapour, gasses and dust in air above which proposal the flame does not occur on
contact with a source of ignition is called UEL.
Example: UEL of Methane is 17

Question 27. What Is Manual Handing?

Answer :
The process of lifting, carrying and stacking materials by human is called manual handing.

Question 28. What Is House Keeping?

Answer :
Housekeeping means not only cleanness but also orderly arrangement of operations, tools, equipment storage
facilities and suppliers.

Question 29. What Is Personal Protective Equipment?

Answer :
It is an equipment used to project the person from hazards such dust, dirt, fumes and sparks etc. It is the barrier
between hazard and person.

Question 30. What Is Grinding?

Answer :
Grinder is a portable machine with a wheel guard in position to reduce the danger.

Question 31. What Is Crane?

Answer :
A tall machine used for moving heavy objects by suspending them from a projecting arm with hook.

Question 32. What Are The Duties Of A Safety Officer?

Answer :
• Prepare toolbox talk
• Prepare monthly statistics
• Prepare the checklist
• Accident reports
• Management meetings
• Arrange the safety classes/training
• Arrange monthly safety bulletin
• Inspection of fire extinguisher
• Arrange first aid training classes
*
• Arrange safety competitions like quiz, slogan, poster competitions exhibition etc.
• Conduct safety toolbox talk and Induction for new employees at workplace.
• Provide information to workers about SOP, Hazards, and risk and work methods.
• Monitor site work and guide workers, engineers and supervisors to work safely.
• Maintain discipline and safety awareness at the workplace
• Provide required PPE’s with good quality at the workplace.
• Inspect all PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and provide feedback to purchase team for further
improvement.
• Conduct daily meetings with workers, supervisor and engineer at the workplace.
• Conduct safety inspection/audit at the workplace and submit the report to the concern person.
• Regular inspection of fire fighting equipment’s and hydrant system.
• Investigate the near miss, incident, and accident and first aid cases.
• Participate in monthly safety meetings.
• Accident reporting.
• Attend management meeting.
• Prepare monthly safety statistics report.
• Conduct safety competitions like slogan, quiz, poster exhibition, etc.
• Arrange first aid and fire fighting training.

Question 33. What Are The Duties Of A Supervisor?

Answer :
He has to instruct this workers about the work methods and procedures.
He has to maintain discipline among the workers
He has to supply necessary materials
He has to control quality and cost of the job
He has to guide has workers in doing a job in the correct and safe way
He has to supply suitable personal protective equipment to his workers
He should conduct periodical safety meetings.
He should conduct safety inspection of his working area
He should know about the fire fight equipment
He should know investigate the accident and find out the cause of accident

Question 34. What Are The Precaution For Welding?

Answer :
Remove all combustion material from the place of welding
Clear the work area and cover wooden floor with fire proof mats. (Welding mechanic should be
kept within the visibility of the welders)
Erect fire resistance screen around the work
All welding cables should be fully insulted
All welding mics shall be double earthed
Welding area should be dry and free from water
Keep the fire extinguisher / sand really.
Wear Personal Protective Equipment (e.g. Fire resistance clothing, Welding helmets with side
shields, Safety boots and gloves, Safety Helmet, Respirators, Ear protection)

Question 35. What Are The Precaution For Gas Cutting?

Answer :
Keep fire extinguisher nearby
Keep fire watch near by
Remove all combustible from work area
Use all necessary PPE
Never put welding gas cylinder inside a confined space
Hoses shall not be laid in path ways
Gas cutting torch should have flash back arrestors
Gas test to be done to check for presence of flammable gas in site.
Good housekeeping and ventilation necessary in working area. Hose connections should be
made properly
Question 36. What Are The Hazards In Welding?
Answer :
Eye injury
Burn injury Arc realization
Electrical shock Light arc radiation
Heat, light and radiation effect Heat fume
Poisonous gases Chipped price of weld metal
Fire
Explosion Scattering
Noise Sparking
Sparking
Flying sand

Question 37. What Precautions are needed to be taken while doing Manual handling?
Answer :
Stand at safe distance from the load
Sharp edge and burns are removed before lifting a material.
PPE such as safety gloves and safety shoes are to be used.
If the weight is too heavy for one person to lift, then he has to seek the assistance.
The pathway is not blocked by obstacles while carrying the load.
The different actions, movements and forces necessary while carrying the load.
Modify the task by using hooks and crow bars.
Mechanical equipment like cranes shall be used.
Modify the objects, Change the way things are used.

Question 38. What are the General Safety Precautions in Construction?

Answer :
Adequate first aid equipment should be kept ready
Adequate fire fighting equipment should be available
All general electrical rules should be followed
suitable lighting arrangements should be necessary at night work
Work men at height should be wear safety belts
Work men handling cement should be provided with goggles, rubber gloves and safety boots and
nose mask.
The moving parts of grinding machines used construction site should be covered with guards
The moving parts of grinding machines used construction site should be covered with guards
Excavated material should not kept near the excavated area.
Very short duration of work red flags must be hoisted and more duration red banners must be
stretched
Defective tools should not be used
The worker should not carry tools in his hands when climbing a ladder
Excavation should be guarded by suitable fencing.

Question 39. What is Hot Work?

Answer :
Hot work is any work that involves burning, welding, cutting, brazing, soldering, grinding, using fire- or
spark-producing tools, or other work that produces a source of ignition. Welding and cutting operations
are common to drilling and servicing operations.
Require hot work permits in areas where hazardous materials are stored and cannot be removed, or in
areas where flammable atmospheres could exist. It is important for the employer to have a hot work
program that covers hot work requirements, including permits.

*
Question 40. Explain How Often Should I Change The Battery In My Smoke Detector?
Answer :
It is recommended that the battery be changed at least once a year or whenever the detector makes a
chirping sound, indicating low battery power.

Question 41. Explain the need of A Carbon Monoxide Detector?

Answer :
If your home has any gas-fired or wood burning appliances (cook stove, water heater, furnace, fireplace,
etc.) or has an attached garage, a carbon monoxide detector is required. Generally, the carbon monoxide
detector should be installed in a central location so the occupants can hear it. Carbon monoxide detectors
should not be installed inside a furnace room.

Question 42. Name Three Steps That May Be Taken To Restrict The Spread And Effects Of An Explosion
Where Such A Liability To Explosion Exists?
Answer :
The plant must be so constructed so as to withstand the pressure produced.
Provision of chokes, baffles, vents.
Explosion suppression.
Flame arresters.
Provision of other equally effective means to restrict the spread and
Effects of the explosion.

Question 43. Name Five Areas Of Consideration In Designing Explosion Control Into Plant Systems?
Answer :
Segregation of plant.
Explosion relief by means of vents.
Flame arresters.
High speed isolation valves.
Explosion suppression.

Question 44. What Do Dry Sprinkler Systems Contain?

Answer :
Compressed Air or Nitrogen.

Question 45. Explain Why Are Un-vented Gas Appliances Not Allowed?
Answer :
Un-vented gas appliances are not allowed due to potential carbon monoxide risks. Nationally recognized fire
codes do not allow these appliances to be located in a childcare setting. It should be noted that
manufacturers' guidelines instruct the owner to keep a window open during the use of these appliances.

Question 46. Why Should Mirrors Not Be Placed Over Fireplaces?

Answer :
People especially children may be attracted to come too close to the fire where clothing may catch fire.

Question 47. Why Are Chimney Fires Dangerous?

Answer :
They can structurally weaken the flue liner and chimney block causing cracks to form which may allow sparks
enter the house causing a fire elsewhere. Soot may also fall down causing carpet fires.

Question 48. Name Two Types Of Fire Alarm Systems?

Answer :
Manual.
Automatic.
Question 49. Explain Are All Climbing Walls Required To Be Inspected?
Answer :
All climbing walls over 10 feet in height are required to pass and annual safety inspection and have a state
operating permit. Climbing walls less than 10 feet in height are exempt from the inspection and permitting
process.

Question 50. What Two Essential Pieces Of Knowledge Are Necessary As Regards Escape In Case Of Fire?
Answer :
The sound of the alarm.
The means of escape and route to follow.

Question 51. What Two Colours Are Generally Accepted For Danger And Non-danger?
Answer :
Red for danger and Green for non-danger.

Question 52. What Type Of Extinguisher Would You Use On A Petrol Fire?
Answer :
Dry Powder or Foam.

Question 53. If You Discover A Fire What Action Should You Take?
Answer :
Raise the alarm,
Get everyone out,
Extinguish the fire.

Question 54. Name Four Types Of Fire Extinguishing Agent?

Answer :
Water, Foam, CO2, Dry Powder.

Question 55. Explain What Is The Cost Of An Elevator Inspection?

Answer :
Competitive pricing drives the cost of an inspection. Costs may vary between different state licensed
inspectors, so it is recommended that a customer obtain more than one bid for conducting the inspection.
Usually if a re-inspection is required, a cost is associated with the re-inspection.

Question 56. What Substances Should The Valves Of Gas Cylinders Be Kept Free from And Why?
Answer :
Oil and Grease, as they can react chemically causing an explosion.

Question 57. How Would You Dispose Of Flammable Waste In A Workroom?

Answer :
Put it in a closed metal bin and empty regularly.

Question 58. What Action Do You Take If A Persons Clothes Catch Fire?
Answer :
Roll them in a blanket or use a non-asphyxiate extinguisher.

Question 59. Why Are Oily Or Paint Covered Rags Dangerous?

Answer :
They may be liable to spontaneous combustion.
Question 61. How Do Water Type Extinguishers Extinguish Fires?
Answer :
By cooling the burning material to a point where it will not burn.

Question 62. How Do Dry Powder Extinguishers Extinguish Fires?

Answer :
By stopping chain flame reaction and smothering.

Question 63. What are the Classifications of Hazards?

Answer:
Biological – bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans, etc.,
Chemical – depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical,
Ergonomic – repetitive movements, improper set up of workstation, poor design of equipment, workstation
design, (postural) or workflow, manual handling, repetitive movement. Etc.
Physical – Slippery floors, objects in walkways, unsafe or misused machinery, excessive noise, poor lighting,
fire. radiation, magnetic fields, pressure extremes (high pressure or vacuum), noise, etc.,
Psychological – Shift work, workload, dealing with the public, harassment, discrimination, threat of danger,
constant low-level noise, stress, violence, etc.,
Safety – slipping/tripping hazards, inappropriate machine guarding, equipment malfunctions or breakdowns.

Question 64. What Type Of Extinguisher Is Best Suited To Free Flowing Liquid Fires?
Answer :
Dry Powder.

Question 65. Name Two Means By Which Heat May Be Transmitted And Result In A Spread Of Fire?
Answer :
Radiation, Conduction, and Convection.

Question 66. Name The Elements That Comprise The Triangle Of Fire?
Answer :
Fuel, Heat, and Oxygen.

Question 67. Give Two Sources Of Fire?

Answer :
Sparks
Flames.
Hot Surfaces.
Radiant Heat.

Question 68. Name Three Of The Relevant Characteristics Of Flammable Substances That Are Considered In
Designating An Explosive Atmosphere?
Answer :
The density relevant to air.
The flash point.
The ignition temperature.
The boiling point.
The upper and lower explosive limits.

Question 69. What is Flash Point?

Answer :
The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which its vapours ignite if given an ignition
source.
The flash point is the lowest temperature at which hazardous materials will generate vapours and ignite if
exposed to an ignition source.
Question 70. What is Boiling point?
Answer :
temperature at which the pressure exerted by the surroundings upon a liquid is equalled by the pressure
exerted by the vapour of the liquid; under this condition, addition of heat results in the transformation of
the liquid into its vapour without raising the temperature

Question 71. What is Fire Sprinkler system?

Answer:
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing
adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are
connected.

Classifications of Fire and Fire Extinguisher

Types of portable fire extinguisher

There are four principal types of portable extinguisher usually found on board ship. These are the soda-
acid, foam, dry powder and carbon dioxide extinguishers.
Soda acid portable fire extinguisher
The container of this extinguisher holds a sodium bicarbonate solution. The screw-on cap contains a
plunger mechanism covered by a safety guard.
Foam type portable fire extinguisher
The main container is filled with sodium bicarbonate solution and a long inner polythene container is
filled with aluminium sulphate
Dry powder fire extinguishers
The outer container contains sodium bicarbonate powder. A capsule of carbon dioxide gas is located
beneath a plunger mechanism in the central cap
CO2 portable fire extinguisher
A very strong container is used to store liquid carbon dioxide under pressure

*
Classifications of Fire

What are the 4 steps in using a fire extinguisher?

Answer:
The acronym PASS is used to describe these four basic steps.
Pull (Pin)
Pull pin at the top of the extinguisher, breaking the seal. When in place, the pin keeps the handle from
being pressed and accidentally operating the extinguisher. Immediately test the extinguisher. (Aiming
away from the operator) This is to ensure the extinguisher works and also shows the operator how far
the stream travels
Aim
Approach the fire standing at a safe distance. Aim the nozzle or outlet towards the base of the fire.
Squeeze
Squeeze the handles together to discharge the extinguishing agent inside. To stop discharge, release
the handles.
Sweep
Sweep the nozzle from side to side as you approach the fire, directing the extinguishing agent at the
base of the flames. After an A Class fire is extinguished, probe for smouldering hot spots that could
reignite the fuel.
Question 72. Types of Fire Detectors
Answer:

Question 73. What is a Fire Hose Pipe?

Answer:
A fire hose (or fire hose) is a high-pressure hose that carries water or other fire retardant (such as
foam) to a fire to extinguish it. Outdoors, it attaches either to a fire engine or a fire hydrant. Indoors, it
can permanently attach to a building's standpipe or plumbing system

Fire Hose Pipe

Question 74. What is Fire Hydrant and what it is used for?

Answer:
A fire hydrant is a connection point by which fire-fighters can tap into a water supply. It is a component of
active fire protection. This is used by fire-fighters during a fire to put out the flames, fire
hydrants operate by allowing your local fire-fighters to quickly tap into your water utility's pressurized
water system
The fire-fighters remove a nozzle or two, fasten hoses to the nozzles and turn the valve to get the water
flowing.

Question 75. Safety Precautions for Confined Space

Answer:

Safe systems of work

Make sure you have all the relevant information, knowledge and experience to carry out the work.
There needs to be a site specific method statement in place for all employees to adhere to before the
work is carried out.
You may need to have a permit to work system in place.
Ventilation
You will need to ensure there is suitable ventilation within the workplace. You may have to introduce
temporary ventilation before you start.
If the area has restricted or no natural air supply you may have to use breathing apparatus to provide an
air supply to the user.
Isolation
You may need to isolate local utilities to allow your employees to work safely such as
gas
water
Electricity.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Ensure all your employees have suitable PPEto undertake the work.
Care should be taken to ensure that the PPE used does not introduce other hazards. These can include
overheating or restricting communication or movement.
Ensure your employees have proper
head, hand and foot protection
eye and hearing protection
waterproof and thermal clothing
respirators and breathing apparatus
Appropriate safety harnesses.
Emergency procedures
Put emergency arrangements in place before any work starts. You must put suitable and sufficient
measures in place to make sure employees can be rescued safely if required. You should also consider
first aid procedures
the safety of rescuers
Liaison with emergency services.
They must be appropriate to the hazard presented by the activity.
There must be an effective means of communication for raising the alarm both from the confined space and
by someone outside.
Work in confined spaces is often carried out at night, weekends and times when the premises are closed, for
example holidays. Consider how the alarm can be raised.
Provide rescue and resuscitation equipment. This will depend on the likely emergencies identified.
It may be necessary to shut down any adjacent plant before attempting emergency rescue. Ensure access
and a means to safely shut down is available.
Consider how the local emergency services would be made aware of an incident. Plan what their route of
access is. Also consider what information about the dangers need to be given to them on their arrival.
Rescuers
Those who are identified as rescuers need to be
ready at hand
properly trained
fit to carry out their task
protected against the cause of the emergency
Capable of using any equipment provided for rescue, for example breathing apparatus, lifelines and fire-
fighting equipment.
Training
Training is critical in all work with confined spaces. Ensure that all employees are given suitable and
appropriate training to carry out the workplace task. This will include emergency procedures and if required
training in the use of breathing apparatus.

Question 76. What is a Deluge Suppression System?

Answer:
A deluge system is a water mist system using open spray heads attached to a piping system that is connected
to a water supply through a valve that is opened by means of a detection system installed in the same area
as the spray heads. When the valve opens, water flows into the piping system and discharges through all
spray heads attached to the system. Deluge systems are typically used for the protection of machinery with
flammable liquid fire hazard
Applications:
• Flammable Liquid Handling
• Storage Areas for Valuable Artifacts (Artifacts- an object that is made by a person)
• Aircraft Hangars
• High-Hazard Installations Using Water as Extinguishing Agent
• Computer Rooms
• Libraries
• Archives
• Refrigerated Areas

Deluge Suppression System

Question 77. What is Risk Assessment?
Answer:
Risk assessment – the overall process of hazard identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation and Risk
control is defined as Risk Assessment.
Hazard identification – the process of finding, listing, and characterizing hazards.
Risk analysis – a process for comprehending the nature of hazards and determining the level of risk.
Notes:
(1) Risk analysis provides a basis for risk evaluation and decisions about risk control.
(2) Information can include current and historical data, theoretical analysis, informed opinions, and the
concerns of stakeholders.
(3) Risk analysis includes risk estimation.
Risk evaluation – the process of comparing an estimated risk against given risk criteria to determine the
significance of the risk.
Risk control – actions implementing risk evaluation decisions.
Note: Risk control can involve monitoring, re-evaluation, and compliance with decisions.

Question 78. What is HAZOP?

Answer:
HAZOP, or a Hazard and Operability Study, is a systematic way to identify possible hazards in a work process.
In this approach, the process is broken down into steps, and every variation in work parameters is
considered for each step, to see what could go wrong.

Question 79. What is Fault Tree Analysis?

Answer:
Fault Tree Analysis was introduced in 1962 by Bell Laboratories to examine system failures and understand
the root causes. A typical fault tree analysis starts with a potential fault, and works backward to identify
possible contributing factors, using a visual presentation called a fault tree diagram. The fault tree follows a
top-down approach, starting with the final outcome (a potential fault condition), and evaluating the factors
that could contribute to that fault.

Question 80. What is FMEA?

Answer:
"Failure modes" means the ways, or modes, in which something might fail. Failures are any errors or
defects, especially ones that affect the customer, and can be potential or actual.
"Effects analysis" refers to studying the consequences of those failures.
Failures are prioritized according to how serious their consequences are, how frequently they occur, and
how easily they can be detected. The purpose of the FMEA is to take actions to eliminate or reduce failures,
starting with the highest-priority ones.

Question 81. What is Fuse?

Answer:
Fuses are safety devices that are to be built into our electrical system. If there were no fuses and we
operated too many appliances on a single circuit, the cable carrying the power for that circuit would get
extremely hot, short circuit, and possibly start a fire. To prevent electrical overloads, fuses are designed to
trip or blow, stopping the flow of current to the overloaded cable.
Fuse is a piece of wire of a material with a very low melting point. When a high current flows through the
circuit due to overloading or short circuit, the wires gets heated and melts. As a result, the circuit is broken
and current stops flowing.
Question 82. What is circuit? What are the types of circuit?
Answer:
An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors,
capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces through which electric current can
flow.
There are main 5 types of circuit,
Close Circuit (When load works on its own in a circuit then it is called Close Circuit or Closed Circuit. Under
this situation, the value of current flow depends on load),

Open Circuit (When there is a faulty electrical wire or electronic component in a circuit or the switch is OFF,
then it is called Open Circuit. In the below diagram you can see that the Bulb is Not glowing because either
the switch is OFF or there is fault is the electrical wire),

Short Circuit (When both points (+ & –) of voltage source in a circuit gets joint with each other for some
reason then it is called Short Circuit. Maximum current starts to flow under this situation. Short circuit
generally happens when the conducting electrical wires get joint of even because of shorting in the load)

Series Circuit (When 2 or more loads (Bulb, CFL, LED, Fan etc) are connected to each other in a series, then it
is called a Series Circuit. In a series circuit, if one load or bulb gets fuse, then rest of the bulbs will not get
power supply and will not glow)

Parallel Circuit (When 2 or more loads (Bulb, CFL, LED, Fan etc) are connected to each other in parallel, then
it is called Parallel Circuit. In this type of circuit, the voltage capacity of all loads must be equal to input
supply. Power of “load” can be different. In a parallel circuit, if one load or bulb gets fuse, then rest of the
bulbs will still get power supply and will glow).
Resistor: A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

Transistor: A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals

and electrical power. Transistors are one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is
composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.

Capacitor: A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic
component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance.
Inductor: An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component
that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. An inductor typically consists of
an insulated wire wound into a coil.

Diodes: A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction;
it has low resistance in one direction, and high resistance in the other.

Question 83. What is Fire Pump?

Answer:
A fire pump is a part of a fire sprinkler system's water supply and powered by electric, diesel or steam. The
pump intake is either connected to the public underground water supply piping, or a static water source.
The pump provides water flow at a higher pressure to the sprinkler system risers and hose standpipes.
 Fire Pump

Question 84. What is First Aid?

Answer:
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a minor or
serious illness or injury,[1] with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to
promote recovery. It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help
being available, such as performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while waiting for an ambulance, as
well as the complete treatment of minor conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut.

Question 85. What is the Aim or Priorities of First Aid?

Answer:
1. Preserve life
2. Alleviate suffering
3. Prevent the condition from worsening
4. Promote recovery

Question 86. What are the items to be kept in a First-Aid Box?

Answer:
Plasters, Gloves, Triangular Bandages, Eyes patch, Scissors, Different shaped bandages, Eye bandages,
Adhesive tape for dressing purpose.
Question 87. Primary Survey of First Aid
Answer:
DRABC
D- Danger (Check for danger and remove danger from the casualty)
R- Response (Ask for help, check responsiveness of the casualty)
A - Airways (Head tilt chain ways to open the airways)
B- Breathing (Check whether the casualty is breathing or not)
C- CPR (Place them into recovery position and give cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
*Give 30 compression at the rate of 2 per second, Total 100-120 compressions per minute. Depth of 5 to 6
cm, in case of child and infant the depth should be 3-4 cm*

Question 89. What is safe assembly point?

Answer:
A fire assembly point is a location where workmen/staff/people and visitors can gather in the event of
fire/leak/explosion and other emergency to ensure everyone is in a designated safe area. It help you make
sure that people will know where to gather following an emergency evacuation.

Question 90. How far away should a fire assembly point be from Building?
Answer:
50 feet according to NBC Part 4

Question 91. What is MSDS? (Material Safety Data Sheet)

Answer:
A safety data sheet, material safety data sheet, or product safety data sheet are documents that list
information relating to occupational safety and health for the use of various substances and products. SDSs
are a widely used system for cataloguing information on chemicals, chemical compounds, and chemical
mixtures.

Question 92. What SSOW or JSA? (Safe System of work/Job Safety Analysis)
Answer:
A safe system of work (SSOW) or Job safety analysis is a formal procedure based on a systematic
examination of work in order to identify the hazards. It defines safe methods of working which eliminate
those hazards or minimise the risks associated with them. Put simply, a safe system of work is a defined
method of doing a job in a safe way.

Question 93. What is auto ignition?

Answer:
The auto ignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature in which it
spontaneously ignites in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or
spark. This temperature is required to supply the activation energy needed for combustion.

Question 94. Difference between flammable and combustible materials?

Answer:
Flammable and combustible materials differ based on the temperatures they must be exposed to in order to
catch fire. Specifically, flammables will ignite at lower temperatures than combustibles when exposed to an
ignition source. This specific temperature, also known as a flash point, is what separates flammables and
combustibles.
The flash point is the lowest temperature at which hazardous materials will generate vapours and ignite if
exposed to an ignition source.
Question 95. Difference between deflagration and explosion/detonation?
Answer:
The definition of deflagration, according to the "Collins English Dictionary" is "a fire in which a flame travels
rapidly, but at subsonic speed, through a gas. Deflagration is an explosion in which the speed of burning is
lower than the speed of sound in the surroundings."
Everyday fire and most controlled explosions are examples of deflagration. The flame propagation velocity is
less than 100 meters per second (usually much lower), and the overpressure is less than 0.5 bar. Because it
is controllable, deflagration can be harnessed to do work. Examples of deflagrations include:
internal combustion engine (used in any vehicle that uses fossil fuels such as gasoline, oil, or diesel fuel)
gas stove (fuelled with natural gas)
fireworks and other pyrotechnics
gunpowder in a firearm
Deflagration burns outward radially and requires fuel to spread. Thus, for example, a wildfire starts with a
single spark and then expands in a circular pattern if there is fuel available. If there is no fuel, the fire simply
burns out. The speed at which deflagration moves depends upon the quality of the available fuel.

Detonation/Explosion
The word "detonation" means "to thunder down," or explode. When a decomposition reaction or
combination reaction releases a lot of energy in a very short span of time, an explosion may occur. A
detonation is a dramatic, often destructive, form of an explosion. It is characterized by a supersonic
exothermic front (in excess of 100 m/s up to 2000 m/s) and significant overpressure (up to 20 bars). The
front drives a shockwave ahead of it.
Although technically a form of oxidation reaction, a detonation doesn't require combination with oxygen.
Unstable molecules release considerable energy when they split and recombine into new forms. Examples
of chemicals that produce detonations include any high explosives, such as:
TNT (trinitrotoluene)
nitro-glycerine
dynamite
picric acid
C4
Detonations, of course, can be used in explosive weapons such as nuclear bombs. They are also (in a much
more controlled manner) used in mining, road construction, and the destruction of buildings or structures.

Question 96. What do you mean by emergency escape route and escape planning?
Answer:
The important factors highlighted by Approved Document B include the following.
Each escape route should be protected and enclosed by fire and smoke-resistant materials.
The route should be lit by suitable emergency lighting.
The entrances and exits should have suitable signs.
There must be suitable measures to restrict the spread of smoke in the escape route.
There should be ventilators to remove smoke from the stairwells.
No escape route should run close to a hazardous area, eg a chemicals store.
Any changes in the location or use of escape routes must be notified to the fire authority.
The fire authority must be notified of any new or proposed escape routes before they are put into effect.
Ideally there will always be at least two separate escape routes from each room, compartment or storey in a
building — if possible these should be diagonally opposite to each other.
The maximum distance that people have to travel, from any point in the building to the place of safety, is
usually termed the “travel distance”. The place of safety may either be:
the final exit itself
a relative place of safety, such as a protected fire escape stairway leading to a final exit
A fire protected compartment which leads to a final exit and then to a place of total safety.
Escape routes must be wide enough to accommodate the expected numbers of people that will use them to
allow them to escape in sufficient time. The width of an escape route is described by the narrowest part on
any point of the route, which is often a doorway.
The minimum width of an escape route should be not less than 750mm. Where there are likely to be
wheelchair users, the minimum width is 900mm.
Stairways on escape routes should be at least 1050mm wide but not less than the width of the escape route
that leads to them. Wider stairways (over 2100mm) need a separating handrail.
Escape routes should be free of obstacles, protrusions and any other feature that might obstruct, hinder or
otherwise delay people from being able to move down them freely.

Question 97. What are the common causes of Fire in industry?

Answer:
Hot work (Hot work encompasses tasks like welding, sawing and drilling — anything that involves
sparks or is a potential source for ignition. Fires and explosions can start from hot work when the
sparks disperse and ignite any flammable items or substances nearby)

Electrical (Electrical hazards occur with exposed wiring, overloaded outlets or circuits and extension
cords. These instances make for easy ignition. From 2011 to 2015, electrical issues accounted for
24% of structural fires — the highest percentage of all causes. Throughout these years, there were
37,910 fires annually)

Machinery (Any machinery that operates frequently or extensively can potentially be a fire and
explosion hazard. Due to the friction of moving parts in machines and operations, these items can
cause fires. The elements can also jam and cause an explosion.

Gasses and liquids (Some gasses and liquids are inherently flammable. Things like crude oil, rocket
fuel and other toxic fluids can easily ignite in a warehouse. Gasses, too, become significantly more
dangerous when in contact with a source of fire)

Vehicles (Vehicles can run into similar fire and explosion risks as machinery. Some industrial and
manufacturing vehicles break down due to poor maintenance or accidents. Overall, vehicle fires
contributed to 9% of manufacturing and industrial fires every year from 2011 to 2015.

Combustible dust (Often overlooked, and highly deadly, combustible dust is a major cause of fire
in food manufacturing, woodworking, chemical manufacturing, metalworking, pharmaceuticals, and
just about every other industry you can name. The reason is that just about everything, including
food, dyes, chemicals, and metals — even materials that aren’t fire risks in larger pieces — has the
potential to be combustible in dust form.)

Question 98. Basic requirement to operate Hydrant Operation

Answer:
Suitable water reservoir
Adequate Pumping System
Adequate piping network

Question 99. What do you mean by active and passive fire protection?
Answer:

Active Fire Protection System- Active Fire Protection consists of the components of fire protection that
require some kind of action to work. This action may be manual, like using a fire extinguisher, or automatic
like the sprinkler system dousing flames. The action that results from active fire protection is triggered by
some sort of alert or signal. The action itself will help contain, suppress, or extinguish a fire that has already
started. Although fire suppression systems are the most obvious examples of AFP, fire detection or fire
alarm systems are equally as important and are also considered AFP. After picking up a signal, these
systems will trigger a response such as alerting the fire department, activating sprinklers, or closing fire
doors. Working fire alarm system and fire suppression systems can greatly increase your chances of
suppressing a fire or even extinguishing it before it causes harm.
Passive Fire Protection System- Passive Fire protection is frequently overlooked but is a fundamental
component of your fire protection. Despite its name, it is always working. PFP are a set of components used
to compartmentalize a building in order to keep a fire from spreading and require no action to
work. Passive fire protection is usually structural and built into the building. By using fire-resistant walls and
floors, PFP gives people time to escape from a building that has a fire.
Other examples of PFP include dampers which prevent the spread of fire and smoke through a building’s
ductwork, and fire doors which compartmentalize fires. Fire-proofing successfully compartmentalizes fires
and keeps damage to a minimum by eliminating possible fuel a fire could use to spread or ignite with in the
first place. A small fire or a fire restricted to a small area gives you a greater chance of putting it out,
avoiding costs, and avoiding injury.

Question 100. Discuss in break up on Fire Alarm Setup, components of Fire Alarm system.
Answer:

Image 1
Question 101. What is the series of events or decisions that should be considered for an emergency
planning?
Answers:
Having identified the hazards, the possible major impacts of each should be itemized, such as:
Sequential events (for example, a fire after an explosion).
Evacuation.
Casualties.
Damage to plant infrastructure.
Loss of vital records/documents.
Damage to equipment.
Disruption of work.

Based on these events, the required actions are determined. For example:
Declare emergency.
Sound the alert.
Evacuate danger zone.
Close main shutoffs.
Call for external aid.
Initiate rescue operations.
Attend to casualties.
Fight fire.
Also consider what resources are required and their location, such as:
Medical supplies.
Auxiliary communication equipment.
Power generators.
Respirators.
Chemical and radiation detection equipment.
Mobile equipment.
Emergency protective clothing.
Fire fighting equipment.
Ambulance.
Rescue equipment.
Trained personnel.
External organizations that may be available to assist (with varying response times) include:
Fire departments.
Mobile rescue squads.
Ambulance services.
Police departments.
Telephone companies.
Hospitals.
Utility companies.
Industrial neighbours.
Government agencies.
Many factors determine what procedures are needed in an emergency, such as:
Nature of emergency.
Degree of emergency.
Size of organization.
Capabilities of the organization in an emergency situation.
Immediacy of outside aid.
Physical layout of the premises.
Question 102. What to do in case of fire?
Answer:
Immediately pull the nearest fire alarm pull station as you exit the building.
When evacuating the building, be sure to feel doors for heat before opening them to be sure there is no fire
danger on the other side.
If there is smoke in the air, stay low to the ground, especially your head, to reduce inhalation exposure.
Keep on hand on the wall to prevent disorientation and crawl to the nearest exit.
Once away and clear from danger, call your report contact and inform them of the fire.
Go to your refuge area and await further instructions from emergency personnel.
Call the emergency number
DON’T assume that a fire alarm is a test or burned microwave popcorn. Any alarm could be the result of a
dangerous fire. DON’T waste time collecting personnel items. Take your keys and yourself to safety as soon
as possible. DON’T use the elevators during a fire emergency; always use the stairs.

If your clothes catch on fire:

Stop what you’re doing.
Drop to the ground and cover your face if you can.
Roll over and over or back and forth until the flames go out. Running will only make the fire burn faster.
THEN:
Once the flames are out, cool the burned skin with water for three to five minutes. Call for medical
attention.

Question 103. What are the components of Scaffolding?

Answer:
Question 104. What is the HSE Policy?
Health, safety and Environment policy have to deliver clear ‘direction’ to employees, top management sets
objectives and targets related to HSE and what is the management commitment towards HSE.

Question 105. Give a brief note about safety policy?

The safety and health of all employees is one of the prime concerns of the company.
Every company will be requiring the policy both in letter and in spirit.
The company shall comply with act, laws, rules and regulations
The company shall impart training in health safety and occupational health to all employees.
The company will adopt its own safety and health standards where laws may not be available.

Question 106. What is the Tool Box Talk (TBT)?

Tool box talk is important safety training that covered specific topics during the planning/starting any work
at the workplace.
Question 107. What needs to be covered in the toolbox talk?
Job related safety aspects
Job-related hazards/risk
Control / preventive measure
Adequacy of PPE’s / condition
Following safety rules / procedures
Safe work procedures/methods
Question 108. What is the HSE Induction?
HSE induction covered all new joining to give him details information about HSE policy, site plan, procedure,
rule & regulation of HSE, medical (First Aid), emergency facility details for the particular site. Induction is
part of HSE management.
Question 109. What is safety management?
The company established the safety management to implement the company safety objective and safety
policy at the workplace.
Question 110. What is the responsibility of workers for safety?
Report unsafe condition to supervisor
Only authorized and compete persons operate the machine.
Check the machine/equipment conditions before starting the work.
Attend safety training.
Use correct tools, wear P.P.E.
Follow the safety rules
Do not horseplay, do not involve in substance abuse
Do not lift overload
Do not cheat on and with others

Question 111. What is Near Miss?

Near Miss is an unexpected occurrence that did not end with illness, injury or any kind of damage, but
probable to convert in injury or it is an avoided accident.
Question 112. What is accident an investigation?
The accident investigation is the procedure to identify the root cause of the accident and submit the report
to management with the suggestion.
Question 113. What is accident statistics?
It means to the maintenance of accident details
Question 114. How to investigate an accident?
Injured person’s name, address, designation age
The exact place and types of hazards
Date, shift, time
To find out the causes/ reasons
To take correction action
Fact – finding not fault finding
Question 115. What are the human factors causing accidents?
Carelessness
Fooling bout it
Hurrying or rushing to increase production
Laziness in housekeeping
Hurrying or rushing in Lunch time
Lack of attention due to worry
Alcohol and drugs
Lack of skill and experience
Not using PPE

Question 116. Content and segments of an accident report?

Date and time
Activity
What happened
Person involved
What went wrong
Root causes
Corrective action suggested
Signature of
Safety officer
Safety in charge
Project manager
Question 117. Write the causes of accidents?
Direct cause
Unsafe act
Unsafe condition.
Indirect Cause
Lack of knowledge or skill
Improper attitude
Physical or mental deficiency

Question 118. Give some examples of the unsafe act?

Operating any equipment without properly authority
Failure to warning
Operating at an unsafe speed
Failure to use PPE
Using hands instead of tools and equipment
Unsafe loading or placing or stacking
Unsafe position/ posture
Working on moving equipment’s
Wearing loose clothing while working on running machine
Working at height without a safety belt
Question 119. Give some examples of unsafe conditions?
Unguarded machine/ equipment
Poor lighting
Narrow road
Improper stacking
Oil on floor
Unsafe ventilation
Unsafe defective construction
Defective condition of tools and equipment
Unsafe method or procedure
Bad housekeeping
Question 120. What are the health effects of Vibration?
Answer:
HAND ARM VIBRATION SYNDROME (HAVS) Vibration can cause changes in tendons, muscles, bones and
joints, and can affect the nervous system. Collectively, these effects are known as Hand-Arm Vibration
Syndrome (HAVS).
VIBRATION INDUCED WHITE FINGER (VWF) Vibration-induced white finger (VWF) is the most common
condition among the operators of hand-held vibrating tools. The symptoms of VWF are aggravated when
the hands are exposed to cold.

Question 121. Source of information/what are the information that could be consulted when developing
Safe System of Work (SSOW)?
Answer:
Internal Source
Accident Records
Medical Records
Risk Assessments
Maintenance Reports
Absenteeism Records
Inspection Records
Audit Reports
Safety Committee Minutes
External Source
Material Safety Data Sheet
National Legislation
Codes of Practice/guidance notes
Health and safety magazines
Workplace exposure limits
Trade association reports
Internet sources

Question 122. What are the health effects of Radiation?

Answer:
Exposure to very high levels of radiation, such as being close to an atomic blast, can cause acute health
effects such as skin burn and acute radiation syndrome (radiation sickness). It can also result in long term
health effects such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Exposure to low levels of radiation encountered in
the environment does not cause immediate health effects, but is a minor contributor to our overall cancer
risk.
(20mSv per year is the guideline for any radiation worker and this is considered as a safe level) {mSv= In the
SI system, a millisievert (mSv) is defined as ‘the average accumulated background radiation dose to an
individual for 1 year, 1mSv is the dose produced by exposure to 1 milligray (mG) of radiation}

Question 123. What are the health effects of Prolonged Noise?

Answer:
Exposure to prolonged or excessive noise has been shown to cause a range of health problems ranging from
stress, poor concentration, productivity losses in the workplace and communication difficulties and fatigue
from lack of sleep, to more serious issues such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment
(cognitive impairment: It generally presents as a state of confusion, loss of memory or attentiveness,
trouble understanding or making sense, difficulties in recognising people, changes to mood) and tinnitus. (A
normal conversation is 60-70dB, 80-90dB can cause hearing damage)
Question 124. Explain the Hierarchy of Hazard Control system?
Answer:
Elimination: A commonly used example of eliminating a hazard is a situation in which employees
are working at a height above the ground level, moving the worker to ground level eliminates the
fall hazard. Hazards may be eliminated by changing how or where the work is done or removing the
hazard permanently.
Substitution: Replacing oil based paint (hazardous) with water based paint (less hazardous).
Engineering Controls: Installing Local exhaust ventilation to capture and remove airborne emission,
provide machine guards to protect the workers from moving parts.
Administrative Controls: Providing Job rotation, training, breaks etc.
Personal Protective Equipment: Providing Safety helmet, safety shoes, safety goggles, safety jacket,
ear muff, safety gloves etc.

Question 125. Scaffold Load capacity

Question 126. Why an employer should manager Health and Safety?

Ans- There are three fundamental reasons for organizations to manage health and safety risk:
Moral – as human beings we should feel obliged to look after each other’s safety.
Legal – there are strict legal obligations imposed on employers and employees relating to the
safety of employees and others affected by the business.
Economic – businesses that address health and safety risk are invariably more successful than
those that do not. Loss events such as accidents or ill-health lead to significant direct and indirect
costs.
1.Moral
It is widely accepted that moral reasons should be the prime motivator for managing risk, although whether
this is actually the case is open to debate in some cases.
There is a need to maintain a moral code within our society. Without it, employers may be tempted to treat
the health and safety of the workforce as being of less importance than financial profit.
Moral reasons are based on the concept of an employer owing a duty of reasonable care to his employees.
A person does not expect to risk life and limb, or physical health, as a condition of employment.
Society expects every employer to demonstrate a correct attitude to health and safety to his workforce. It is
unacceptable to place employees in situations where their health and safety is at risk. Statistics relating to
accidents/incidents and ill-health help to reinforce the message that health and safety should be effectively
managed. These statistics also demonstrate that proportionately those who work for small businesses are at
significantly greater risk than those who work for large organizations. This is clearly morally wrong.
In addition to the obvious duties owed by an employer to his workers, he also has a moral obligation to
protect other people whose health and safety may be affected by his undertaking, e.g. contractors or
members of the public.
2.Legal
In an ideal world, organizations would all “self-regulate” or “self-police”, so that organizations identified and
enforced the most appropriate health and safety standards for their activities. This has several advantages,
two of which are that each business is in the best position to regulate its own activities and it would also
avoid the need to have a separate (and costly) regulator. Unfortunately, not all organizations are sufficiently
motivated or enlightened.
Over the years many moral obligations have been turned into health and safety law. For example, the
International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) Occupational Safety and Health Convention 1981, C155, identifies
some basic general legal duties of employers towards their employees in Article 16:
1. Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the workplaces, machinery,
equipment and processes under their control are safe and without risk to health.
2. Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the chemical, physical and
biological substances and agents under their control are without risk to health when the appropriate
measures of protection are taken.
3. Employers shall be required to provide, where necessary, adequate protective clothing and protective
equipment to prevent, so far is reasonably practicable, risk of accidents or of adverse effects on health.
There are strong legal reasons for employers to manage risk:
Preventive – enforcement notices (improvement or prohibition) can be issued by enforcement inspectors.
Punitive – where the criminal courts impose fines and imprisonment for breaches of legal These
punishments can be given to the company or to individuals within the company.
Compensatory – where employees are able to sue in the civil courts for compensation.
3. Economic
Accidents and ill-health are costly. These costs may be calculably arising directly from the accident, such as
sick pay, repairs to damaged equipment, fines, and legal fees, or more difficult to assign a monetary value to
such as lost orders and business interruption. In practice, the costs that are more difficult to calculate are
often substantially more than those that are easier to assess.
All employers are required to have certain types of insurance against accidents, ill-health or other problems,
such as:
Employers’ liability; Public liability; Motor vehicle;

These insurances will cover some of the costs of accidents and ill-health, e.g. compensation claims from
employees and damage to motor vehicles. However, many of the costs cannot be insured against, such as:
Product and material; Lost production; Legal costs in defending civil claims, prosecutions or enforcement;
Overtime and other temporary labour costs to replace the injured; Time spent investigating the accident
and other administration costs (including supervisor’s time); Fines from criminal; Loss of highly trained
and/or experienced; Effects on employee morale and the resulting reduction in Bad publicity leading to loss
of contracts and/or