INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS / STATISTICS

 Aim to make inferences about the population.

 It makes two common times of predictions. One is prediction between groups, the second is
relationships between variables.
USING AN EXCEL ANALYSIS TOOLPAK
To check if you already have this installed, go to Excel and click for Data in the menu bar. Then, look
for Data Analysis in the Analyze section.

Install the Excel Analysis Toolpak add-in:

1. Click File on the menu bar.
2. On the bottom-left corner of your screen, click Options.
3. Click Add-ins on the left pane of the popup that appeared on your screen.
4. In the Manage drop-down list, select Excel Add-ins and click Go.
5. Look for Analysis Toolpak under the Inactive Application Add-ins, then click OK.
6. If you are prompted that the Analysis Toolpak is not yet installed in your computer, then click Yes
to install it.

Correlation
 Used to determine if a relationship exists between variables. 
There are four common types of relationships between variables:
Positive - Both variables increase or decrease in value
Negative - One variable decreases in value while another increases.
Non-linear - Both variables move together for a time then one decreases while the other continues to
increase
Zero - No relationship
Using Excel Toolpak:

Upon encoding your data in Excel, click Data

Analysis in the Data tab.
Select Correlation in the popup that appeared and
click OK.

Another pop - up will appear. For Input

Range, select all the cells containing your
data. Select Columns for Grouped By. Tick
the box for Labels in First Row and select
New Worksheet Ply under the Output
Options.

A new worksheet
will appear
containing the value
of the correlation
coefficient.

Simple / Multiple Regression

It measures the strength of the relationship between one dependent variable (criterion) and multiple
independent variables (predictor).
It also gives us the following information (Cheusheva, 2020; Stat Trek, n.d.):
a. Regression equation that models the relationship between the dependent variable and
independent variables
b. How the actual data fits the regression equation formed (coefficient of multiple
determination).
c. When an independent variable act as a statistically significant predictor of the dependent
variable (p-value)
The general formula for the regression equation is: 𝑦=𝑏0+𝑏1𝑥1+𝑏2𝑥2+⋯+𝑏𝑛𝑥𝑛
where 𝑦 is the predicted value of the dependent variable
𝑏0 is the regression intercept
𝑏1,𝑏2,… 𝑏𝑛 are the regression coefficients
𝑥1,𝑥2,… 𝑥𝑛 are the values of independent variables
Steps:

Here is how we can make use of this

function in Excel:
1. Upon encoding your data in Excel,
click Data Analysis in the Data tab.
2. Select Regression in the popup that
appeared and click OK.

For Input Y Range under Input, select

all the cells containing the values of
your dependent variable.

Same with Input X Range under Input,

select all the cells containing the
values of your independent variables.

Tick the box for Labels and select New

Worksheet Ply under the Output
Options.

A new worksheet will appear containing the summary output.

A. Regression Equation:
b. Coefficient of multiple determination

C. P-value

The p-value (Significance F) indicates how the independent variables act as statistically significant
predictors of the dependent variable. If the p-value is less than the level of significance (0.05), then
we were able to form a valid model representing the relationship between our variables. Since p-value
= 0.0003 < 0.05, then it confirms that the regression equation fits the data well.

T-Test
It measures the significant difference between the means of two independent groups – each group
consists of a unique set of samples (Frost, n.d.).
This statistical tool can be used when you want to compare Grade 11 and Grade 12 on their time spent
on social media per day. Before performing the test, we formulate two hypotheses:
▪ Null Hypothesis (Ho) - The two-population means are equal.
▪ Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) - The two-population means are not equal.
In Excel, there are two kinds of the two-sample t-test: equal and unequal variances. If the number of
samples of both groups in your study are nearly equal, then it is safe to assume equal variances;
otherwise, other tests for equal variances should be conducted first.
Here is how we can make use of this function in Excel:

1. Upon encoding your data in

Excel, click Data Analysis in the
Data tab.
2. Select t-Test: Two-Sample
Assuming Equal Variances in the
popup that appeared and click OK.

Another popup will appear. For

Variable 1 Range under Input,
select all the cells containing your
data for one group.

Same with Variable 2 Range

under Input, select all the cells
containing your data for the other
group.
Set the Hypothesized Mean Difference to zero. It is the null hypothesis value, in which we assumed
that there is no difference between the means of two groups. Tick the box for Labels and set the Alpha
(significance level) to 0.05. Select New Worksheet Ply under the Output Options.

A new worksheet will

appear containing the p-
value.

Interpretation: Since p-value = 0.0013 < 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. It indicates that the two-
population means are not equal. Thus, there is enough evidence to say that there is a significant
difference between the means of two groups. Grade 12 students spend more time in social media
(8.33) than Grade 11 students (7.07).

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

It is used in comparing the means of three or more independent groups.
This statistical tool can be used when you want to compare four grade levels in Junior High School
(Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9, and Grade 10) on their time spent in the school library per week. Before
performing the test, we formulate two hypotheses:
▪ Null Hypothesis (Ho) - The four-population means are equal.
▪ Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) - The four-population means are not equal.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
One-way single factor – when you want to test two or more groups to see the differences between
them.
Two-way w/o replication - used when you have one group and you’re double-testing that same
group
Two-way w/ replication – two groups doing more than one thing.
Here is how we can make use of this function in Excel:

1. Upon encoding your data in Excel,

click Data Analysis in the Data tab.
2. Select Anova: Single Factor in the
popup that appeared and click OK.

Another popup will

appear. For Input
Range, select all the
cells containing your
data. Select Columns
for Grouped By. Tick
the box for Labels in
First Row and set the
Alpha (significance
level) to 0.05. Select
New Worksheet Ply
under the Output
Options.

A new worksheet will appear

containing the p-value.
Interpretation: Since p-value =
0.0528 > 0.05, we accept the null
hypothesis. It indicates that the
four-population means are equal.
Thus, there is enough evidence to
say that there is no significant
difference between the means of
four groups.

Chi-square
It tests whether a significant relationship exists between two categorical variables.
This statistical tool can be used when you want to compare males and females in terms of their
highest educational attainment (bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, doctorate degree). Before
performing the test, we formulate two hypotheses:
▪ Null Hypothesis (Ho) - The highest educational attainment is not dependent on gender.
▪ Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) - The highest educational attainment is dependent on gender.
Here is how we can make use of this function in Excel:
1. Organize your data in a table and get the sum of all rows and columns.
Calculate for the expected frequencies (EF) of your data. 𝑁 is the total number of samples.

Example for cell B4 (Junior High School teachers who have bachelor’s degree as their highest
educational attainment):

Calculate for the p-value. Select

a blank cell then type the
formula:
=CHITEST(actual_range,expected_range). For the actual_range, select the cells of observed
frequencies; while for the expected_range, select the cells of expected frequencies.
Press Enter to get the p-value.

Interpretation: Since p-value = 0.9673 > 0.05, we accept the null hypothesis. There is enough
evidence to say that the highest educational attainment is not dependent on gender.