S.N.M, POLYTECHNIC MOODBIDRI us ioe one Semester / year Course / Course Code Max Marks 'Test/19.01.2021/ II SEM DEC ANALOG COMMUNICATION 11.30 AM TO 12.30 = 20 aM Year: 2020-21 15EC33T Name of Course coordinator: HARSHA Units: 1,2 CO's: 1,2 Question Question marks | cL | co| Po | . = al | 12,3 | 1 _| State superposition theorem. Ry || 12,3 | 2 | Explain Thevenin’s theorem with an example. u}al iy Apply superposition theorem to find the current in 100 resistor. | e 5a 52 | 2 [223 ) : : 0 | tov== 102) = 20 V | | I g__ | Ust the types of resonance circuits. Also draw the circuit and el ieee resonance curve. 10 Aseries resonant circuit consists of a coil of 10 mH. With an 1 internal resistance of 20 0 connected in series with a capacitor aaa 5 of 0.1 pF. Find 1) The resonant frequency 2) Maximum current Al2 a | at resonance 3) Q at resonance. The RMS value of applied a || voltage is V= 100V. j e S.N.M.POLYTECHNIC MOODUBIDIRE a 1 Ws te 7 Semester / year Course / Course Code | Max Marks Ill Test/26.02.2021/ III SEM DEC ANALOG COMMUNICATION — i 12.30 11.30 ae Year: 2020-21 15EC33T . ‘Name of Course coordinator: HARSHA Units: 5,6 _____C0's:5,6 "ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS son T ueston ‘Question marks | cL | co | Po 1 | Define Modulation. 2 |r| 5 | 12310 2 | Explain the need for modulation. 3a ful s [a2as0 3 _| Explain the block diagram of electronic communication system. s [als | 12320 4 | Define Frequency Modulation. 2 |r| 6 | 223,10 5 Explain the types of frequency modulation, 3 u|eé | 123,10 | 6 Explain the varactor diode frequency modulator. 5 a | 6 | 12,30 |S.N.M.POLYTECHNIC MOODUBIDIRE a = a Semester / year Course / Course Code Max Marks WTest/18.02.20217 | __ ise DEC ANALOG COMMUNICATION 11.30 AM To 12.30 20 aM Year: 2020-21, 15EC33T Name of Course coordinator: HARSHA Units: 3,4 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS . J Guestion Question marks | cL | co | Po i 2 |r| a {ras 2 _| Explain the types of transmission line. 3 |u| 3 |szs0 3 __| Explain the electrical model of transmission line. | 8 [A] 3 [ume 4 | Define antenna. 2 [ria |r 5 __| Explain Polarization, Isotropic radiators and Radiation pattern. | 3 | u | 4 | zs 6 _| Explain broadside array with diagram. 5 [a] 4 [use® @ MODEL ANSWER - CIE-1 COURSE: ANALOG COMMUNICATION YEAR: 2020-21 1. State superposition theorem, Statement Ina linear bilateral electrical network consisting of several sources, the current through or | CYoliage-cerosschnvelément is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced ‘ependenfly-byreach source. 2. Explain Thevenin’s theorem with an example. THEVENIN’S THEOREM ‘Statement Any two-terminal linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source E,, and a series resistor R,, as shown in Fig. 1.6. Fig. 1.6: Thevenin equivalent circuit Steps to Solve a Network The following sequence of steps will lead to the proper value of E,, and Ry 1, Remove the load resistor temporarily from the network for which the Thevenin equivalent circuit is to be found. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network. Calculate £,, by finding the open-circuit voltage between the marked terminals. - Replace voltage sources by short circuits and current sources by open circuits, . Find the resultant resistance R,, between the two marked terminals. . Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit with the load resistor connected. SOLVED PROBLEMS Problem 1 : Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the network of Fig 1.7 (a). Then find the current through R, for values of, 2,10 and 1002. Solution : 72 Removerthd:load resistor R, temporarily from the network. Mark the terminals of the remaining. tyo.terminal network as shown in Fig 1.7 (b). ween Page 1 of 432 l a Short R362 R, + i (©) Step 3: Set all sources to zero as shown in Fig 1.7 (©). Step 4 : Calculate R,, = RjRy= eR = 3X6 18 _ R= Ril R+R, 346 9 Step 5 : ‘Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit as shown in Fig 1.7 @). Step 6 : Calculate Current through R, for values of 2, 10 and 100 © using the formula Scand 1.5 A,0.5 A and 0,059 A 3. Apply superposition theorem to find the current in 100 resistor. 5a 52 wv 102 | = 20V Answer: Current through 100 resistor is = 4 A+08A=12A Page 2 of 44. Define filter, A filter is a frequency selective circuit that is designed to pass frequencies within a specific range, while ‘ejecting all frequencies that fall outside the range. 5. Explain the realization of band pass filer (BPF) using LPF and HPF. BAND-PASS FILTER ‘The function of a band-pass filter is to pass a band of signal frequencies between two cutoff frequencies/, and{,, Multistage band-pass filter can be formed by simply cascading low-pass and high-pass sections as shown in Fig. _, provided high cutoff frequency, /f,,0f LPF is more than low cutoff frequency f, of HPF. The low-pass circuit will pass all frequencies upto f,, While the high- Pass circuit will block all frequencies below f,. So, the combination gives a filter with a passband from f, to f, as shown in Fig. Low-Pass Filter PD High-Pass Filter Input i Block diagram of band-pass filter BAND-STOP FILTER The function of a band-stop filter, also known as a band-reject filter, is to block a band of signal frequencies two cutoff frequencies f, and, This is the inverse of the band-pass filter function. Band-teject filter with a very narrow stopband is known as a notch filter. A band-reject filter can be constructed by connecting a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter in parallel with the help of a summing circuit as shown in Fig. _ provided high cutoff frequency fy of LPF is less than low cutoff frequency, of HPF. The low-pass circuit will pass all fequencies upto, while the high-pass circuit will block all frequencies below f,. So, the combination gives a flee, witha stopband from f, tof, shown in Fig, Low-Pass Filter sf) Input — Summer }——> Output High-Pass Filter 4, Page 3 of 4MODEL ANSWER: CIE-2 Course: ANALOG COMMUNICATION YEAR: 2020-21 1. Define Modulation. Modulation is a process of altering some characteristics of a high frequency carrier in accordance with the instantaneous values of a baseband voice, video or digital signal. 2, Explain the need for modulation. Need for Modulation ‘Modulation has the following objectives: 1. Modulation for Long Distance Communication: There are many instances when the baseband signals are incompatible with the media. For example, voice signals cannot be transmitted directly by radio, To transmit baseband signals by radio, modulation techniques must be used. Long distance communications can be achieved by radio. 2. Modulation for Ease of Radiation: Antennas are needed to radiate and receive signals in wireless communication systems. Efficient electromagnetic radiation requires antennas whose dimensions are multiples of 1/2 where is the wavelength of the signal being radiated. Many baseband signals have frequency components down to 100 Hz or lower. For these signals, antennas of 300 km length will be necessary if the signal is radiated directly. If modulation is used on a high frequency carrier, say at 300 MHZ, then antennas need not be more than half a meter long. 3. Modulation for Multiplexing: Ifa number of signals utilize a single channel, modulation may beused to translate different signals to different frequency bands. Multiplexing is the process of transmitting a number of signals simultaneously using a single communications channel without interference, Applications of multiplexing include data telemetry, FM stereophonic broadcasting, computer communications, cable television, long distance telephone etc, 4. Modulation for Frequency Assignment: Modulation allows several radio or television stations to broadcast simultaneously.at different carrier frequencies and allows different receivers to be “tuned” to select different stations. Different communication services have been allocated. different segments of frequency spectrum. For example, mobile communications take place at frequencies that are different from that of radio or TV broadcast. FM radio is allocated a frequency band that does not interfere with AM radio. = 5. Modulation to Reduce Noise and Interference: The effect of noise and interference cannot be completely eliminated in a direct communication system. However, itis possible to minimise their effects by using certain types of modulation schemes. For example, frequeicy modulation is immune to noise and interference. 6. Modulation to Overcome Equipment Limitations: The performance and complexity of signal processing devices such as filters and amplifiers depend on the signal frequency. ‘Modulation can be used for translating the signal to a frequency where design requirements are easily met, Modulation can also be used to convert a "wideband signal” (a signal for which the ratio of highest to lowest signal frequencies is large) to a "narrow band” signal. In signal processing applications the frequency range of the signal and the processing equipment may not match. In such cases, processing equipment is made to operate in fixed frequency range and the frequency range of the signal is translated accordingly. Modulation can be used to accomplish this frequency translation. .3. Explain the block diagram of electronic communication system. F ZTE 7 ‘Transmitter ‘Cominication Reveiver (IX) channel or medium @X) Message for human application Human message input (voice, code, pictures, data, ete.) Fig, .1: Block diagram of elecronte communication system 1. Transmitter 2. Communication channel (medium) 3. Receiver Transmitter informs atsinlte isa collection of electronic componenis and ciruits designed to convert the {information into a signal suitable for transmission. ‘overagiven communication medium. The transmitter Couples the input message signal to the channel, The transmitter performs signal processing ‘operations such as amplification, filtering and modulation, The most. ‘important of these operations is modulation, Communication Channel ‘The channel provides the electrical connection between the information source and the Gestination, There are three primary communication media: a) Wires b) Free space ©) Fibre optic cable Radio is a medium which refers to any forin of wireless communication from one point to another. It makes use of clectromagnetic'spectrum where signals are communicated from one point to another by converting them into electié aiid, magnetic fields that propagate over long distances. Regardless of its type, the channel distorts the transmitted signal in a number of ways. The signal distortion is due'to imperfect response of the channel, noise and interference. Information bearing signal suffers.amplitude and Phase distortion as it travels over the.channel. The signal Power decreases due to the attenuation ofthe channel: Due to physical constraints, communication channels have limited bandwidth. Bandwidth is the ‘frequency range over which an information signal is transmitted, More specifically, bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequency limits of the signal, The signal is corrupted by unwanted and unpredictable electrical signals referred to as: noise, Noise enters the communication system via the communication medium and interferes with the transmitted message. Some noise is also produced in the receiver, Potential sources of noise are: as follows: & Atmosphere (c.g., lightning which produces static) Outerspace where the sun and other stars emit various kinds of radiation that can intrfoe ‘with communications & Electrical interference created by manufactured equipment @ Ignition systems of cars ‘® Blectric motors, fluorescent lights, etc., . ‘ Blecironi components which generate nose ntemally due to thermal agitation of atomsReceiver aoe ‘The receivers a collection of electronic components and circuits that accept the transmitted ee fom the channel and convert it back into form understandable by humans. The receiver messed this Function trough the process of demodulation. In addition to demodulation, the receiver er Usually provides filtering and amplification. 4. Define Frequency Modulation. Frequency Modulation is a process in which the frequency of the carrier signal is made to vary in accordance with the instantaneous values of modulating signal while the amplitude of the carrier is held constant. 5. Explain the types of frequency modulation. Types of FM Depending on the bandwidth, there are two types of FM: 1, Narrowband FM 2. Wideband FM Narrowband FM By limiting the maximum frequency deviation, itis possible to produce FM having the same ‘bandwidth as that of AM. This is called narrowband FM. This process causes some distortion of the intelligence. It allows the use of carrier frequencies lower than those used for wideband FM. Wideband FM ‘Wideband system occupies upto 15 times the bandwidth of the narrowband system. It requires the use of carrier frequencies much higher than those used for AM. These high carrier frequencies are necessary in order to accommodate more FM channels without interfering with each other. ‘Wide band systems are used in entertainment broadcasting. 6. Explain the varactor diode frequency modulator. 4 Modiaing ‘ToTack ) Choe valge Rector aor pote VARACTOR DIODE FREQUENCY MODULATOR __A simple FM circuit using varactor diode is shown in Fig, 6.3. The varactor diode is a semiconductor diode whose junction capacitance c, varies with the applied reverse bias voltage. The modulating voltage v, is applied to the diode in series with the reverse bias voltage V,, The junction capacitance offered by this diode varies with the reverse bias voltage. But the changes in the reverse bias voltage depend on the instantaneous values of modulating voltage. Ifthe output terminals 4 and B are connected across the tank circuit of an oscillator, changes in reactance of the tank circuit will produce corresponding changes in the frequency of the oscillator. Thus the frequency variations in the oscillator depend on the instantaneous values of the modulating input signal and frequency modulation is achieved,MODEL ANSWER: CIE-3 Course: ANALOG COMMUNICATION YEAR: 2020-21, 1. Define transmission line. Atransmission line is a two-wire cable that connects the transmitter to the antenna or the antenna to the receiver. 2. Explain the types of transmission lines, Classification 1. Power Lines Power lines are used for transmission of large quantity of power over a fixed frequency (say 50 Hz). 2. Communication Lines Communication lines are used for transmission of small quantity of power over a band of frequencies. Communication lines may be ofthe following types: e a) Parallel (Open) Wire Transmission Line Parallel wire transmission line is as shown in Fig. 3.1 (0). This is the most common form of transmission line. Ieconssts oftwo wires of sufficient cross sectional are, They ae rgily supported by eross arms mounted at certain height from ground by means of poles and towers. Aiis med as,” the dielectric, Telephone lines are ofthis variety Ce ie or plastic spacers. + 9 purblasic - “@ Balanced line Teflonor plastic Solid édpper i centre conductor Fine-wite braid shield (b) Unbalanced line b) Coaxial Cable ; Fig. 3.1 (b) showsa coaxial cable, Itconsists ofa copper conductor surrounded by insulation, \hich is in tur surrounded by a tube- shaped conductor of solid copper, solid alunsiniuns, ot metal biaid, The outermost tube and the centre conductor share the same axis of curvature, hetce the termcoax©) Paired Cable It consists of large number of paits of wires. Each pair consists of two wires which are ingulated by from each other by insulating material 4) Waveguide ‘Waveguide is a specially constructed hollow metallic pipe used for carrying electromagnetic used at microwave frequencies, Waveguides are preferred to transmission lines because they are much less lossy atthe highest frequencies. 3. Explain the electrical model of transmission line. ELECTRICAL MODEL OF A TRANSMISSION LINE R L Fig. 3.2: Electrical model ofa transmission line ‘The circuit representation of a transmission line section is shown in Fig, 3.2. The four line parameters 2 (loop resistance), L (loop inductance), G (leakage conductance) and C (shunt capacitance) are termed as primary constants ofthe transmission line. When the circuit elements (equivalent) are assumed to be lumped as single parameters like a single resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance, this equivalent representation is ealled ntped parameter concept and is generally represented interns of Tor network for simplicity of analysis, The parameters are assumed to be distributed throughout the enie line. This is known as distributed parameter concept, Primary constants may be represented by lower ease letters like J, g and ¢ where loop resistance / nit length (ohm/km) 1=1oop inductance / unt length (henry) _g= shunt conductance / unit length (mho/kim) ¢= shunt capacitance / unit length (farad/lam) ‘The total series impedance / unit length can be represented as 221+ fol ohnvkm ‘The total shunt admittance / unit length can be represented as Y= 8+ jee mhofkm Q) Capital letters indicate the total value ofthe corresponding parameter over the : rrespondin t! le (of the line. That i, eer eee A) Rereohm sevsesenl3) L=behenry 4) G= gxmho 8) Caer farad O Total series impedance for the entie length of the line is Z=2=(R+ jol)obm +) Total shunt admittance for the entire length of the line is, Y=yx=(G+ jaC)mho (8)4. Define antenna, An Antenna is a piece of wire or hollow conducting rod that is capable of radiating electromagnetic ‘waves or receiving them. 5. Explain Polarization, Isotropic radiators and Radiation pattern. Polarization Iti the orientation ofthe electric field with respect tothe earth If the electric field is parallel to the earth as in Fig. 4.2 (a), the electromagnetic wave is said to be horizontally polarized. If the clecric field is perpendicular tothe earth as in Fig, 4.2 (b), then the wave is vertically polarized. Antennas that are horizontal to the earth produce horizontal polarization and antenyee that ve Wetical tothe earth produce vertical polarization, Both the trnsmiting and receiving antennas Invst bef the same polarization for optimum transmission and reception, Theoretically, vertically Polarized wave will develop 0 V in a horizontal anteana and a horizontally polarized wave wig Isotropic Radiators An isotropicradiatorsa fictitious (imaginary) radiator which radiates uniformly inal directions fo that its radiation pattem is spherical. It i also called as.isotropie source or omnidirectional radiator or simple unipole,Itis a hypothetical lossless radiator orreference antenna with whieh the Practical radiators are compared, Radiation Pattern Radiation pattem of an antenna is nothing but a graph that shows the variation in actual field Strength of electromagnetic waves at all points which ae equidistant from the antenna. The radiation patterns are different for different antennas and are affected by the location of antenna with Tespect to ground, 6. Explain broadside array with diagram. BROADSIDE ARRAY Additional sections Fig. 4.5: Broadside array ‘An array in which the radiation is always from the bronder side (Le, perpendicular tothe line of array axis) ofthe array is called “Broad side aay”, It also called as tesovant array because it onsets of numberof dential ronan dipoles placed along. ine drawn perpen te ve srr neat shown in Fig 4. Allelements are of eqn size nd ar equally spaced sores straight axis Inthe direction of plan of the ara differnt phase relations ead tcaneslatn oc , So there will be lite radiation. Typical antenna lengths inthe broad side array are from 2 to 10 wavelengths, Typical spacings ae 2 ord. Dozensot elementsmay be sed in neo array. The broadside array has narrow band width, Hence itis suitable for single frequency transmission but not useful for reception.PROGRAMME: Electronics and communication Engg RUBRICS FOR ASSESSING STUDENT ACTIVITY COURSE: ANALOG COMMUNICATION SEMESTER: Ill YEAR: 2020-21 COURSE COORDINATOR: Harsha Seale Dimension , 1, Unsatisfactory | 2.Developing | 3.Satisfactory | 4,Good 5.Exemplary Collects ve Collects @ great A Y | collects basic | Collects more e 4 | Daesnot collect limited DL deals of i | information, . sonal 2nd | information relate | information, | Pm eter wo { information, al ‘ most refer information to topic some relateto | MOE ae refer to the ic i gathering topic ia : topic : : 5 B No information is fe ee Most allthe c neat and very | informationis | information's | information is_| information is content sate ion i difficultto | Meatandvery | neatand Not | neat and easy to | neat and easy orgenlation | understand, bee oe understand. | to understand. + | understand. | _understand. c Demonstrates no | Demonstrates | Demonstrates | Demonstrates | Demonstrates Understanding | Demonstrates limited some | considerable | thorough of the topic ‘8 | understanding. | understanding. | understanding. | understanding, D Information is | Information is | Information is Presentation or Demonstration Informatio presented with no confidence and without creativity. presented with less confidence and without creativity. presented with confidence and without creativity. presented with confidence and with tittle creativity. 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