and misinformation. Professors often think valid methods? Are they applicable to the about teaching the specific subject of their population in question?”18 Readers are further discipline, and often teaching students ten- encouraged to examine whether the research ants around information-seeking and literacy question is important, analysis is appropriate, is left out of traditional science courses.6 and conflicts of interest are transparent. This Information literacy, though a term used question-based evaluation approach aligns widely in the library context, has failed to closely with information evaluation models effectively resonate within the academic used in information literacy instruction, discourse in the STEM fields.7,8 Within STEM, such as RADAR19 or CRAAP.20,21 The process there is an abundance of terms used for the asks individuals to probe evidence using a concept ranging from science communica- questioning approach, including the need to tion and data information literacy9 to sci- establish the relevance of any information ence media education10 and STEM literacy consulted to the task at hand, an issue that for learning.11 This indicates that while the Michael J. Carlozzi22 establishes as lacking in ideals of information literacy are important to student information synthesis. the STEM fields, the lack of consensus around Critical appraisal is taught to students in terminology limits effective discussion and healthcare professions through curriculums educational intervention. This absence of that incorporate evidence-based practice.23 consensus is compounded by the concern As an example, first-year pharmacy students that information literacy rarely resonates at the University of Waterloo complete a with STEM faculty, a gap STEM librarians required drug information fundamentals face with communicating and supporting course, cotaught by the librarian and pro- science faculties due to less than 30% of fessor, dedicated to finding, interpreting, STEM librarians having a subject-specific evaluating, and applying health research. degree, and the implicit connection of the This course was developed through librarian term literacy exclusively with books.12 Sci- and faculty collaboration, and favors the use ence faculty members and students often of the term critical appraisal versus the term come from academic cultures that rely heavily information literacy, as the course places on in-lab or personal networks and profes- emphasis on the importance of acquiring sional associations for much of their own the skills necessary to assess the validity of information seeking.13,14,15 Finding the right information found on the Internet and in the terminology to connect with faculty helps published research. In addition to critiquing open the conversation to the library’s value the published research, students are tasked in supporting STEM research by placing our with critically evaluating the credibility of a skills within the scientific scope. website related to opioid prescribing, draw- In the health disciplines, the use of in- ing from the RADAR24 approach. formation for clinical decision-making is Using the pharmacy course as a guide- core to professional practice and research. line, in 2017, engineering librarians at the Called critical appraisal, health fields use University of Waterloo adapted key elements a systematic process to delineate strengths from this course into a single lesson for a and weaknesses of research while ascer- required first-year engineering communica- taining the applicability and validity of the tions course, followed in 2018 with a similar content to the research or clinical task.16 course for first-year science students led by Critical appraisal at its core is the process of the science librarians. Likewise, the focus systematically assessing scientific evidence of these two lessons was on giving students to judge its trustworthiness, value, and rel- tools to acquire the skills they need to assess evance.17 Traditional critical appraisal tools the validity of information they find, regard- evaluate information by asking “Does the less of the source. Through field-specific study address a clear question? Does it use examples, we have successfully approached
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contextualizing research within the context of the librarian and the value of active assess- of being a professional engineer, aligning it ment of resources used by students. Because with expectations of engineering professional critical appraisal at its core is a process, it is practice to find, use, and share ethically sound readily adaptable for nonacademic literature information. For the science students, the librar- that must be evaluated for use in the design ians focus on the students becoming effective process for engineering fields and technical scientists—you need to be able to understand documentation prevalent in science and tech- not only the lab-based experiments, but also to nology. Furthermore, because the method of understand the process through which scientific evaluation aligns with existing approaches discovery has happened. used in the library field, there is a significant In the engineering courses, we introduce body of resources that can help librarians students to critical appraisal, through the RA- make the shift to critical appraisal without DAR framework and use this approach to eval- radically redesigning classroom activities and uate both an online source and an academic approaches. article that they find, around an engineering For education to be effective, it must meet topic of their choosing. In the science courses, individuals where they are and build from framing the topic as critical appraisal gives their existing knowledge base. Using the students a framework for finding and contex- terminology critical appraisal allows librar- tualizing information as part of building their ians, particularly those who support STEM understanding of science. With this in mind, disciplines, to more effectively open discus- we introduce these skills through interactive sions around information literacy. Though lecture and discussion and then reinforce them seemingly insignificant, changing our rhetoric through a RADAR activity, where students must from information literacy to critical appraisal appraise a librarian-provided peer-reviewed has had a huge impact on our ability to con- article. Both of the activities focus on critiqu- nect with STEM faculty and students. Using an ing the information students are using to established process that is validated in health demonstrate that ease of availability does not research (and therefore aligns with the scien- equate accuracy or credibility, while offering tific method) moves STEM students away from opportunity for the approach to be scaffolded literacy and its connotation with their ability throughout the curriculum. For example, in to read books, and towards a critical mindset one of the engineering programs, the librarian around information. As librarians seek to ef- works with professors through each year on fectively communicate value in the modern increasing levels of critical appraisal through academic landscape, we must align our efforts design projects in the curriculum. with established processes and perceptions of As interventions are further developed, science faculty and learners to foster innova- within one program we see significant po- tion and drive scientific discovery. tential to implement broadly across other programs, and is currently being adapted for Notes mathematics students. By using the term criti- 1. L. E. Briggs and Skidmore, “Beyond cal appraisal and having students draw their the blended librarians: Creating full partner- own conclusions when working through the ships with faculty to embed information RADAR framework, we have seen some suc- literacy in online learning systems” in Using cess in navigating students away from online Technology to Teach Information Literacy, search engines and towards scholarly materials edited by T. P. Mackey and T. E. Jacobson with a more open mind. (New York, NY: Neal-Schuman, 2008), Moreover, this strategy has been extremely 87–109. effective in working with STEM faculty to 2. S. F. McEuen, “How Fluent with In- integrate into the curriculum. It has opened formation Technology Are Our Students?” conversations around the role and importance Educause Quarterly 24, no.4 (2001): 8–17.
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3. Leah Thompson and Lisa Ann Blankin- jove.com/blog/librarian-blog/librarians ship, “Teaching Information Literacy Skills to -career-advancement/stem-librarians-face Sophomore-Level Biology Majors,” Journal -gap-with-audiences-survey-indicates/. of Microbology and Biology Education 16, 13. Gloria J. Leckie and Anne Fuller- no. 1 (2015): 29–33, accessed December 12, ton, “Information Literacy in Science and 2019, http://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v16i1.818. Engineering Undergraduate Education: 4. Kathryn Mercer, Ariel Stables-Kennedy, Faculty Attitudes and Pedagogical Prac- and Kari D. Weaver, “Understanding Under- tices,” College & Research Libraries 60, no. graduate Engineering Student Information 1 (1999): 9–29. Access and Needs: Results from a Scoping 14. J. Edmund Maynard, “A Case Study Review,” paper presented at ASEE Annual of Faculty Attitudes Toward Library Instruc- Conference, Tampa, Florida, June 2019. tion: The Citadel Experience,” Reference 5. Heather Brodie Perry, “Information Services Review 18, no. 2 (1990): 67–76. Literacy in the Sciences: Faculty Perception 15. L e s l i e Wa r d a n d M i s e o n of Undergraduate Student Skill,” College & Kim,“Faculty Perception of Information Research Libraries 78, no. 7 (2017): 964–977, Literacy at Queensborough Community Col- accessed December 16, 2019, https://doi. lege,” Community & Junior College Libraries org/10.5860/crl.78.7.964. 23.1-2 (2017): 13–27. 6. K. Bain, What the Best College Teach- 16. Jane M. Young and Michael J. Solo- ers Do (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University mon, “How to Critically Appraise an Article,” Press), 2004. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatol- 7. Thomas P. Mackey and Trudi E. Ja- ogy 6, no. 2 (2009): 82. cobson, “Reframing Information Literacy as 17. Ibid. a Metaliteracy,” College & Research Libraries 18. Ibid. 72, no. 1 (2011): 62–78. 19. andalois, “RADAR: An Approach 8. Loanne Snavely and Natasha Cooper, for Helping Student Evaluate Internet Sourc- “The Information Literacy Debate,” The es,” Journal of Information Science 39, no. Journal of Academic Librarianship 23, no. 4 (2013): 470–478. 1 (1997): 9–14. 20. Sarah Blakeslee, “The CRAAP test,” 9. Jacob Carlson, Michael Fosmire, C. C. LOEX Quarterly 31, no. 3 (2004): 4. Miller, and Megan Sapp Nelson, “Determin- 21. Dawn Emsellem Wichowski and ing Data Information Literacy Needs: A Study Laura E. Kohl, “Establishing Credibility in of Students and Research Faculty,” portal: the Information Jungle: Blogs, Microblogs, Libraries and the Academy 11, no. 2 (2011): and the CRAAP Test,” in Online Credibility 629–657. and Digital Ethos: Evaluating Computer- 10. Hans C. Schmidt, “Media Literacy Mediated Communication, pp. 229-251. IGI Education from Kindergarten to College: Global, 2013. A Comparison of How Media Literacy is 22. Michael J. Carlozzi, “They Found Addressed across the Educational System,” It—Now Do They Bother? An Analysis of Journal of Media Literacy Education 5, no. First-Year Synthesis,” College & Research 1 (2013): 3. Libraries 79, no. 5 (2018): 659. 11. Alan Zollman, “Learning for STEM 23. Paul Glasziou, Amanda Burls, and Literacy: STEM literacy for learning,” School Ruth Gilbert, “Evidence Based Medicine and Science and Mathematics 112, no. 1 (2012): the Medical Curriculum,” BMJ 337:a1253 12–19. (2008), accessed December 9, 2019, https:// 12. Marc Songini, “STEM Librarians doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1253. Face Gap With Science Audiences, Survey 24. Songini, “STEM Librarians Face Indicates,” Jove (Blog), August 10, 2018, Gap With Science Audiences, Survey Indi- accessed December 11, 2019, https://www. cates.”