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TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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Trimax pen Trimax pen
Trimax pen
(*Don’t write whatever highlighted in yellow)
AIM: To identify the functional group(s) in the given organic compound sample(s).

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

TEST FOR ALCOHOLS
1 Pink or red colour is obtained. Presence of Alcoholic
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test (*Don’t use excess of CAN) group.
Take about 1 ml of the given sample in a Blue [SAMPLE - A]
clean dry test tube and add few drops of Trimax pen
ceric ammonium nitrate reagent and
shake it well.

2 Esterification Test
Take about 1 ml of the given sample in a
clean dry test tube; add about 1 ml A fruity smell is produced. Presence of Alcoholic
glacial acetic acid and 2-3 drops of conc. group.
sulphuric acid. Warm the mixture on a [SAMPLE - A]
water bath for about 5-10 minutes.
Pour it into about 20 ml of Sodium
carbonate taken in a beaker and smell.

*Note: Lucas Reagent (ZnCl2+HCl) is used for distinguishing Primary, Secondary and tertiary Alcohols.
TESTS FOR PHENOL
1 Presence of Phenolic group.
Ferric Chloride Test Violet colour is obtained. [SAMPLE - B]
Take about 1 ml of the given sample in a
 clean test tube and add 2-3 drops of
neutral ferric chloride solution.
2 Liebermann’s Test
Take a small quantity of sodium nitrite A deep blue or green Presence of Phenolic group.
in a clean dry test tube and add about 1 colouration appears which [SAMPLE - B]
ml of the given sample. Heat the test becomes red on dilution and
tube very gently for half a minute and deep blue or green colouration
allow it to cool. Then add about 1 ml of appears on adding sodium
conc. sulphuric acid and shake the test hydroxide.
tube to mix the contents.
3 Phthalein dye test
Take 1 ml of the given sample in a clean Pink colour is obtained. Presence of Phenolic group.
dry test tube, add 0.1 g of phthalic [SAMPLE - B]
anhydride and add 1-2 drops of conc.
sulphuric acid. Heat the test tube for
about 1 minute in an oil water bath. Cool
and pour the reaction mixture carefully
into a beaker containing 15 ml of dil.
sodium hydroxide solution.
*Note: Phenol is either as liquid or white solid, toxic and Corrosive. Use dropper for liquid phenol.

TESTS FOR ALDEHYDE

1 Presence of Aldehyde
Tollen’s Test Shining silver mirror is group.
Take about 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent and formed [SAMPLE - C]
add 3-4 drops of the given sample and
warm the test tube on a water bath for
about 5 minutes.
2 Fehling’s Test
Take nearly 1 mL of Fehling’s A Brick red Precipitate was Presence of Aldehyde
solution and 1 mL of Fehling’s obtained. group.
B solution in a clean dry test tube. To [SAMPLE - C]
this add 2-3 drops of the given sample.
Heat the content of the test tube for
about 2 minutes in a water bath.

3 Schiff’s Test
Take 1 ml of the given sample in a clean Appearance of pink colour. Presence of Aldehyde
test tube and add 2-3 drops of Schiff’s group.
reagent and shake it well. [SAMPLE - C]

*Tollen’s Reagent Preparation

Take 1 mL of freshly prepared (~ 2 %) silver nitrate solution in a test tube. Add 1-2 drops of sodium hydroxide
solution to it and shake, a dark brown precipitate of silver oxide appears. Dissolve the precipitate by adding
ammonium hydroxide solution drop-wise.

(*2,4-DNP test is given by both aldehydes and ketones.)

TESTS FOR KETONE

1 Presence of Ketone group.
Sodium Nitroprusside Test Red colouration was obtained. [SAMPLE - D]
Take 1 ml of the given sample in a clean
test tube and add few drops of sodium
nitroprusside. Shake the test tube well
and add sodium hydroxide solution drop
wise.
2 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine test
Take 2-3 drops of the given sample in a
test tube and add a few drops of an
alcoholic solution of
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.
Appearance of yellow, orange Presence of Carbonyl
or orange-red precipitate. group.
(*This test is given by both
aldehydes and ketones.)

(*Liquid organic compound samples are Ethanol, propylene glycol, acetic acid, phenol*, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde,
acetone, aniline).

(*Solid organic compound samples are Phenol*, Resorcinol, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, benzophenone).

(# Needed Apparatus are Test Tubes, Test Tube Stand, 100 ml Beaker, Glass Rod, Test Tube Holder,
Dropper, Bunsen Burner, Water Bath, Tripod stand#)

TESTS FOR CARBOXYLIC ACID

1 Presence of Carboxylic
Sodium bicarbonate Test Brisk effervescence was group.
Take 1 ml of the given sample (add observed. [SAMPLE - E]
water if the given sample is solid) in a
test tube and add a pinch of sodium
bicarbonate to it.
2 Esterification Test
Take about 1 ml of the given sample in a Presence of Carboxylic
clean dry test tube, add about 1 ml A fruity smell is produced. group.
ethanol and 2-3 drops of conc. sulphuric [SAMPLE - E]
acid. Warm the mixture on a water bath
for about 5-10 minutes.
Pour it into about 20 ml of Sodium
carbonate taken in a beaker and smell.

TEST FOR AMINES An obnoxious smell of

1 Carbylamine test carbylamine was observed.
Take a small quantity of solid KOH in a Presence of primary amine.
clean dry test tube and add about 2 ml of (*Do not inhale the vapours) [SAMPLE - F]
ethanol. Warm the test tube until the
pellets dissolve. To this add a few drops
of chloroform and a small amount of the
given sample and warm gently.

2 Azo Dye Test

In test tube A, dissolve a small quantity Scarlet red dye was obtained. Presence of primary amine.
of the given sample in 2 ml of HCl and [SAMPLE - F]
keep it cool. To the above cooled
 solution, add aqueous solution of
sodium nitrite (NaNO2).
In test tube B, dissolve a small quantity
of β-naphthol in dilute sodium
hydroxide. Finally add the contents of
test tube A to test tube B.

RESULT:

(i) Presence of Alcoholic group is confirmed in Sample A.

(ii) Presence of Phenolic group is confirmed in Sample B.
(iii) Presence of Aldehyde group is confirmed in Sample C.
(iv) Presence of Ketone group is confirmed in Sample D.
(v) Presence of Carboxylic acid group is confirmed in Sample E.
(vi) Presence of Amine group is confirmed in Sample F.

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