Orissa Review (Census Special)
Census in Different Countries of the World
A census is the procedure of systematically
acquiring and recording information about the
members of a given population. It is a regularly
occurring and official count of a particular
population. The term is used mostly in connection
with national population and housing censuses;
other common censuses include agriculture,
business, and traffic. In the latter cases the
elements of the ‘population’ are farms/businesses/
etc rather than people. The United Nations defines
the essential features of population and housing
censuses as “individual enumeration, universality
within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined
periodicity”, and recommends that population
censuses are taken at least every 10 years. The
term itself comes from Latin: during the Roman
Republic the census was a list that kept track of
all adult males fit for military service.The census
can be contrasted with sampling in which
information is obtained only from a subset of a
population.
The UN recommendations also relate to
methodological issues such as data collection
methods, census geography, use of samples at
various stages of population censuses, and data
processing methods.
Today, population censuses are
conducted in every country in the developed world
and also in many developing countries. Censuses
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are very important, because they are a unique
source of information on the size, composition,
and characteristics of the population, even in the
smallest geographical units such as statistical
areas.
ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CENSUSES
Egypt
Censuses in Egypt are said to have been
taken during the early Pharaonic period in 3340
BC and in 3050 BC.
Israel
Census is mentioned in the Bible: the
book of Numbers is named after the counting of
the Israelite population during the exodus from
Egypt. Later, it is reported that King David
performed a census.
China
The world’s oldest surviving census data
comes from China. According to The Canadian
Encyclopedia, a census was recorded in there
over 4,000 years ago and counted some 16
million people.Another census comes from the
Han Dynasty, in what is perhaps China’s most
well-known ancient census. Taken in the fall of 2
AD, it is considered by scholars to be quite
accurate. By that time, there were 57.67 million
people registered in 12.36 million households
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Orissa Review (Census Special)
living in China. A third recorded census dates back
to 144 AD, when only 49.73 million people living
in 9.94 million households were counted. Mass
migrations into what is today southern China are
believed to be behind this massive demographic
decline. Numerous other census data survives
from Imperial China.
Rome
The word ‘census’ originates in ancient
Rome from the Latin word ‘censere’ (meaning
‘estimate’). The census played a crucial role in
the administration of the Roman Empire, as it was
used to determine taxes (see Censor (ancient
Rome)). With few interruptions, it was usually
carried out every five years. It provided a register
of citizens and their property from which their
duties and privileges could be listed.
Umayyad Caliphate
In the Middle Ages, the Caliphate began
conducting regular censuses soon after its
formation, beginning with the one ordered by the
second Rashidun Caliph, Umar.
Medieval Europe
The most famous census in medieval
Europe is the Domesday Book, undertaken in
1086 by William I of England so that he could
properly tax the land he had recently conquered.
In 1183, a census was taken of the crusader
Kingdom of Jerusalem, to ascertain the number
of men and amount of money that could possibly
be raised against an invasion by Saladin, Sultan
of Egypt and Syria.
Inca Empire
In the 15th century, the Inca Empire had
a unique way to record census information. The
Incas did not have any written language but
recorded information collected during censuses
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and other numeric information as well as non-
numeric data on quipus, strings from llama or
alpaca hair or cotton cords with numeric and other
values encoded by knots in a base-10 positional
system.
MODERN CENSUSES
Afghanistan
A partial and incomplete population
census was taken in Afghanistan in 1980. A census
was planned for 2007.
Albania
The latest population census was
conducted in Albania in April 2001. Prior to that,
a census was conducted in 1989 at the end of the
communist regime.
Algeria
Population and housing censuses have
been carried out in Algeria in 1967, 1977, 1987,
1998, and 2008. The next census is in 2016.
Antigua and Barbuda
A Population and Housing Census was
carried out in 2001.
Argentina
National population census is carried out
in Argentina roughly every ten years, the last one
being in 2001.
Australia
The Australian census is operated by the
Australian Bureau of Statistics. It is currently
conducted every five years, the last occurrence
being on August 8, 2006. Past Australian censuses
were conducted in 1911, 1921, 1933, 1947,
1954, and 1961 - 2006 every five years. In 2006,
for the first time, Australians were able to complete
their census online.
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Austria
The Austrian census is run by the Statistik
Austria. It is carried out every ten years, the last
one being in 2001.
Azerbaijan
Population censuses have been taken in
Azerbaijan under Russian/Soviet rule in 1897,
1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989.
Beginning in 1991, two more censuses have been
carried out in Azerbaijan: one in 1999 and one in
2009.
Bangladesh
Population censuses were conducted by
the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) in
1974, 1981, 1991 and 2001.
Barbados
Census on population size in Barbados
are conducted by the Barbados Statistical Service
(BSS), the last major census conducted was
2000, and one is scheduled for 2010.
Benin
Population censuses have been taken in
Benin in 1978, 1992 and 2002.
Bolivia
Population and housing censuses have
been carried out in Bolivia in 1992 and 2001.
Brazil
The Brazilian census is carried out by the
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
every 10 years. The last one was in 2000. Earlier
censuses were taken in 1872 (the first), 1900,
1920, 1941, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1991.
Brazil’s Demographic Census is one of the most
hierarchical collection of Census data in the world.
Its hierarchies include: Brazil (Country), Major
Regions, States, macro-regions, micro-regions,
municipalities, districts, sub-districts,
Neighbourhoods and census tracts.
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Orissa Review (Census Special)
Bulgaria
Bulgarian governors organized a national
census soon after the liberation of the Bulgarian
lands. In 1881 a census took place in the
Principality, while in 1884 a census was organized
in Eastern Rumelia. The first census covering the
unified state took place in 1888.
Since these first accounts, Bulgarian
authorities had organized several population
censuses: 1892, 1900, 1905, 1910, 1920, 1926,
1934, 1946, 1956, 1965, 1975, 1985, 1992 and
2001.
Canada
The Canadian census is run by Statistics
Canada. The 1666 census of New France was
conducted by French intendant Jean Talon, when
he took a census to ascertain the number of people
living in New France. The method and data was
later used when Canada was founded 280 years
later. In 1871, Canada’s first formal census was
conducted, which counted the population of Nova
Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, and
Quebec.Censuses in Canada are conducted in
five-year intervals. The last two censuses were
conducted in 2001 and 2006. Censuses taken in
mid-decade (1976, 1986, 1996, etc.) are referred
to as quinquennial censuses. Others are referred
to as decennial censuses. The first quinquennial
census was conducted in 1956. For the 2006
Census of Canada, respondents were able, for
the first time, to choose to complete their census
questionnaire online. Other options for answering
the questionnaire include postal mail (using a pre-
paid envelope) and telephone (using 800 number).
Chile
National population censuses are carried
out in Chile every ten years by the INE (Instituto
Nacional de Estadísticas, or National Statistics
Institute), the last one being in 2002.
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Orissa Review (Census Special)
China
Population censuses have been taken in
the Republic of China and the People’s Republic
of China in 1913, 1944, 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990
and 2000. These were the world’s biggest
censuses as they attempted to count every man,
woman and child in the most populous nation in
the world. Some 6 million enumerators were
engaged in the 2000 census. The next national
population census started on August 15, 2010.
Between National Population Censuses, 1%
National Population Sample Surveys were taken
in 1987, 1995, 2005 and 0.1% National
Population Sample Surveys have been taken
annually since 2000.
Costa Rica
Costa Rica carried out its 9th population
census in 2000. INEC, National Institute of
Statistics and Census is in charge of conduct
these censuses. Past Costa Rican censuses were
conducted in 1864, 1883, 1892, 1927, 1950,
1963, 1973 and 1984.
Czech Republic
Census in the Czech Republic is carried
out every 10 years by the Czech Statistical Office.
The last census was taken in 2001. Earlier
censuses were taken in 1869, 1880, 1890, 1900,
1910, 1921, 1930, 1950, 1961, 1970, 1980 and
1991.
Denmark
The first Danish census was in 1700-
1701, and contained statistical information about
adult men. A census of school children was taken
during the 1730s.Following these early
undertakings, the first census to attempt
completely covering all citizens (including women
and children who had previously been listed only
as numbers) of Denmark-Norway was taken in
1769. After that, censuses followed somewhat
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regularly in 1787, 1801, and 1834, and between
1840 and 1860, the censuses were taken every
five years, and then every ten years until 1890. In
the 20th century, censuses were taken every five
years from 1901 to 1921, and then every ten years
from 1930. The last traditional census was taken
in 1970.
A limited population census based on
registers was taken in 1976. From 1981 and each
year onwards information that corresponds to a
population and housing census is retrieved from
registers. Denmark was the first country in the
world to conduct these censuses from
administrative registers. The most important
registers are the Population Register (Det Centrale
Personregister), the Building and Dwelling
Register and the Enterprise Register. The central
statistical office, Statistics Denmark is responsible
for compiling these data. This information is
available online.
Egypt
The Statistical Department of the Ministry
of Finance conducted the first census in 1882,
considered as a preparatory step; the first true
population census was conducted in 1897.
Thereafter, censuses were conducted at ten-year
intervals in 1907, 1917, 1927 and so on.
Estonia
Population censuses have been taken in
Estonia in 1881, 1897, 1922, 1934, 1959, 1970,
1979, 1989 and 2000. The responsible institution
is the Statistics Estonia.
Ethiopia
Three censuses have been taken in
Ethiopia: 1984, 1994 and in 2007. The
responsible institution is the Central Statistical
Agency.
Most of the census in 2007 was taken in
August, while the Somali Region and the Afar
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Region were not covered. The northern Afar
region is a remote, hot and arid area. The eastern
Somali region (Ogaden) hosts a large nomadic
Somali population and is a conflict area where
Ethiopian regular forces are fighting against
Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF).
Finland
The first population census was taken in
1749 when Finland was a part of Sweden. The
most recent census took place on December 31,
2000.
France
The census in France is carried out by
INSEE. Since 2004, a partial census is carried
out every year, and the results published as
averages over 5 years.
Germany
The first systematic population on the
European continent was taken in 1719 in Prussia
(roughly corresponding to today’s northern
Germany and western Poland).
The first large-scale census in the German
Empire took place in 1895. Attempts at
introducing a census in West Germany sparked
strong popular resentment in the 1980s since many
quite personal questions were asked. Some
campaigned for a boycott. In the end the
Constitutional Court stopped the census in 1980
and 1983. The last census was in 1987. Germany
has since used population samples in combination
with statistical methods, in place of a full census.
Greece
Census takes place every 10 years and
is carried out by the National Statistical Service
of Greece. Last census was in 2001.
Guatemala
Modern population censuses have been
taken in Guatemala in 1930, 1950, 1964, 1973,
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Orissa Review (Census Special)
1981, 1994 and in 2002. Controversial cenuses
include those in 1950 and 1964 (misclassification
of the Maya population) and 1994 (generally
questioned). About 14,000,000 people live in
Guatemala as of July 2009.
Hong Kong
Census takes place every 10 years and
by-census between two censuses by the Census
and Statistics Department of Hong Kong. The
last census was conducted in 2001 and the last
by-census was taken in 2006.
Hungary
Official decennial censuses have been
taken in Hungary since 1870; the latest one – in
line with the recommendations of the United
Nations and the Statistical Office of the European
Union – was carried out in 2001. Starting from
1880 the Hungarian census system was based
on native language (the language spoken at home
in the early life of the person and at the time of the
survey), vulgar language (the most frequently used
language in the family), and other spoken
languages.
Iceland
The first Icelandic census took place in
1703, following upon the first Danish census of
1700–1701. Further censuses were carried out
in 1801, 1845 and 1865. The 1703 exercise was
the first ever census to cover all inhabitants of an
entire country, mentioning the name, age and social
position of each individual. All of the information
still exists. The setting up, in 1952, of the National
Registry (Þjóðskrá) eliminated the need for
censuses. All those born in Iceland, and all new
residents, are automatically registered. Individuals
are identified in the registry by means of a national
identification number (the so-called kennitala),
a number composed of the date of birth in the
format ddmmyy and four additional digits, the
third of which is a control digit, and the last of
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Orissa Review (Census Special)
which indicates the century in which the person
was born (9 for the 1900s and 0 for the
2000s).The National Registry doubles as an
electoral register. Likewise, all bank accounts are
linked to the national identification of the owner
(companies and institutions all have their own
identification numbers).
India
The decennial census of India is the
primary source of information about the
demographic characteristics of the population of
India. The 2011 census will be the largest census
in the history of mankind. The first census in India
in modern times was conducted in 1872. First
regular census was started in 1881 by Lord
Rippon.Since then, a population census has been
carried out every 10 years. The latest census
commenced on 1 May, 2010. It will create a
National Population Register with photographs
and fingerprints of every resident. All usual
residents of India will also be provided with their
Unique ID numbers and National Identity Cards.
The census is carried out by the office of the
Registrar General and Census Commissioner of
India, Delhi, an office in the Ministry of Home
Affairs, Government of India, under the 1948
Census of India Act.
Indonesia
The first population census was done
during the colonial era, 1930. Before that, a non-
overall census was already conducted in 1920.
After that census was done irregularly. The first
census after independence was 1961, followed
by 1971. Since 1980 it is conducted regularly
every 10 years. In between, there is also
economical census (every 10 years, five years
after population census) and agricultural census
(three years after population census).
Iran
The Statistical Centre of Iran carries out
nationwide population and housing censuses every
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10 years, the last of which occurred in 2006 (1385
AP). In the Islamic Republic of Iran, based on
Article 4 of the Act of the Statistical Centre of
Iran (SCI), the census shall be implemented once
every 10 years according to the Presidential
decree. So far there have been 6 incidences of
population census in Iran in the years 1956, 1966,
1976, 1986, 1996, and 2006; all taken in
accordance with scientific methods.
Ireland
The census in Ireland is carried out by
the Central Statistics Office. The census is carried
out every five years, with more detailed
information collected in years ending in 1 and less
in the years ending in 6. The 1976 census was
cancelled as a cost-saving measure, but a
supplementary census was held in 1979 after. It
became apparent that the 1970s had seen major
demographic changes. The census scheduled for
2001 was postponed until 2002 due to the
outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.
The most recent census took place on
23 April 2006. Data from the 1911 Census for
the island of Ireland was made publicly available
in 1961, and are being published online.
Subsequent census records will be made publicly
available 100 years after collection. In June 2010,
the 1901 census of Ireland became available on
the internet.
Israel
The first census in the state of Israel was
held in November 1948, six months after its
creation, to establish the population registry.
Subsequent censuses were conducted by the
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS) in
1961, 1972, 1983 and 1995. In these, 20% of
households completed a detailed survey and the
remainder a shorter questionnaire. There is no
legal requirement to hold a census within a given
interval; in practice, the ICBS requests and the
December - 2010

government decides. The next Census to be held
was postponed from 2006 to late 2008/early
2009. Only the detailed survey of 20% will be
carried out, as a cost-saving measure.
Italy
The census in Italy is carried out by ISTAT
every 10 years. The last four were in 1971, 1981,
1991, 2001.
Japan
Japan collects census information every
five years. The last one is that of the 2005 census.
The form solicits information on name, sex,
relationship to head of household, year and month
of birth, marital status, nationality, number of
members of household, type and nature of
dwelling, floor area of dwelling, number of hours
worked during the week prior to October 1,
employment status, name of employer and type
of business, and kind of work.
Jordan
The first population census after the
independence in 1946 was taken in 1952. It did
only count the number of people in the households
and could therefore be considered only to be a
housing census. The first real complete census was
taken in 1961. The censuses have been taken in
1979, 1994 and 2004.
Kenya
Census in Kenya was first held in 1948,
when Kenya was still a Colony administrated by
the British. Since 1969 census has been taken
every ten years. The last census to date was in
2009.
Kosovo
Kosovo, administrated by the UN since
1999, declared independence in 2008. Kosovo
government is planning a general population
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Orissa Review (Census Special)
census for 2011. The first census was conducted
in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in
1921.
Latvia
The most recent census in Latvia was in
2000. Before that, it was about 6 censuses, most
part of these previous censuses was undertaken
during Soviet (USSR) control. The census in
Latvia is carried out by Centrâlâ Statistikas
Pârvalde (Central Statistical Bureau).
Lebanon
No census has been conducted in
Lebanon since 1932. It indicated a population of
861,399 Lebanese.] Various estimates of the
population have been taken since; in 1956 it was
estimated a population of 1,411,416, with 54%
Christian and 44% Muslim. Conducting a census
since then has been complicated by various
conflicts in the 1970s and 1980s.
Malaysia
The census in Malaysia is carried out
every 10 years, like many nations, since 1960
(with the exception of the fourth census, which
was carried out in 1991). The Census was again
scheduled to be carried out in between July 6 to
August 22, 2010, the most recent was in 2000.
Macedonia
The foundation of the Republic of
Macedonia followed the break up of the former
Yugoslav Republic in 1991. The first population
and housing census was taken in the summer
1994. The second census was taken in the autumn
2002.
Mauritius
Population and housing censuses for
Mauritius was collected in 1972, 1983, and 2000;
although respondents were asked to identify their
race/ethnic origin in the 1972 census, this question
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Orissa Review (Census Special)
was dropped from the following censuses because
“the government felt that it was a divisive
question”.The Statistics Act of 2000 directed that
all official censuses be conducted by the Central
Statistics Office of Mauritius, as well as serve as
the central depository for this information.
Mexico
Population censuses are taken every 10th
year in Mexico. The latest have been in 1960,
1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 (the 12th census).
After 1990 the Mexican census has been taken
every 5 years.
Mozambique
The first census was taken in 1980 and
the second in 1997. The third was taken 1–14
August 2007.
Netherlands
The first census in the Netherlands was
conducted in 1795, and the last in 1971. A law
was produced on April 22, 1879, ordering a
census to be conducted every ten years.The
census that was planned for 1981 was postponed
and later cancelled. A call for privacy was
responsible for the cancellation of any further
census since 1991. Censuses are being
conducted by the Centraal Bureau voor de
Statistiek since 1899.
New Zealand
The census in New Zealand is carried out
by Statistics New Zealand (Tatauranga
Aotearoa), every five years. The last was on 7
March 2006. For the 2006 Census of New
Zealand, respondents could choose to complete
their census questionnaire online.
Nepal
Population censuses are taken every 10th
year in Nepal. The latest were in 1981, 1991 and
2001 (the 6th census.)
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Nigeria
Population censuses have been taken in
Nigeria during colonial time in 1866, 1871, 1896,
1901, 1911, 1921 and 1952. The1952 census
was conducted country wide, and the censuses
before 1921 were based on administrative
estimates rather than on an actual enumeration.
Censuses during the independence were taken
1963, 1973, 1991 and 2006.
Norway
The two first male censuses was
conducted during the 1660s and 1701. Later
statistical censuses were held in 1769, 1815,
1835, 1845, and 1855. Norway’s first
nominative, complete census was taken in 1801,
when Norway still was ruled by the Oldenburg
dynasty of Denmark-Norway. The scope of the
census followed the de jure principle, so military
persons should be included as well as foreigners
if they were residents. The 1865, 1875 and 1900
censuses are digitized, and are made searchable
on the internet. The census records are made
public available when 100 years have passed.
Since 1900, a census has been conducted every
ten years. (However, the 1940 census was
postponed to 1946.) Since 2001 the population
census has been combined with the housing
statistics.
Oman
Censuses have been taken in the Sultanate
of Oman in 1993 and 2003.
Pakistan
The first Pakistan Census after the
proclamation of independence of Pakistan was
conducted in 1951. It was decreed that censuses
have to be carried out once in 10 years. The
second census was conducted in 1961. However
the third one was conducted in 1972 because of
war with India. The fourth census was held in
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1981.The fifth census was delayed in March
1998. The sixth census of Pakistan was planned
for October 2008.
Peru
The first census in Peru was carried out
in 1836. The eleventh and latest one was the 2007
Census and was carried out by Instituto Nacional
de Estadística e Informática in August 2007.
Philippines
The census of the Philippines is
enumerated every 5 years (beginning in 1960,
except in 2005 where it was moved to 2007 due
to budgetary constraints). The census is
performed by the National Statistics Office. The
first official census in the Philippines was carried
out by the Spanish government pursuant to a royal
decree calling for the counting of persons living
as of the midnight of December 31, 1877. The
first door-to-door census was conducted in 1903
to fulfill Public Act 467 which was approved by
the U.S. Congress in July 1902. The last national
census was held in 2007 and the next census is
scheduled for 2010.
Poland
The census in Poland is carried out by
GUS every circa 10 years. The last one occurred
in 2002 between May 21 and June 8. During the
national census in 2002 the following censuses
were conducted at the same time: National
Population and Housing Census and National
Agricultural Census.
Portugal
The first census in Portugal was carried
out in 1864. The census in Portugal is carried out
by Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) every
10 years. The last one occurred in 2001.
Romania
The first census in Romania was carried
out in 1859. It is now carried out every ten years
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Orissa Review (Census Special)
by the Institutul Naþional de Statisticã (INSSE).
The last census was in 2002; the next one will be
in 2011.
Russia and USSR
In Russia, the first census of the tax-
payers was made in 1722-23 by the order of Peter
the Great (only men were counted), and was
ordered to be repeated every 20 years. The only
complete Russian Empire Census was carried out
in 1897. All-Union Population Censuses were
carried out in the USSR (which included RSFSR
and the other republics) in 1920 (urban only),
1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989.
The first post-Soviet Russian Census was carried
out in 2002. The next census is tentatively planned
for 2010. Currently, the census is the responsibility
of the Federal State Statistics Service.
Saudi Arabia
Population censuses have been taken in
Saudi Arabia in 1962/63 (incomplete), 1974
(complete but not reliable), 1992 and 2004. An
agriculture census was taken in 1999.
Serbia
The census takes place every 10 years.
The last census was in 2002 (although having been
planned for 2001), the previous one was in 1991
and the next is planned for 2011.
Slovenia
The first census of modern Slovenia was
carried in 1991, after independence had been
declared. The Statistical Office of the Republic
of Slovenia (Statistièni urad Republike
Slovenije) conducted the second census in 2002.
Further censuses are planned for every 10 years.
South Africa
The first census of South Africa was taken
in 1911. Several enumerations have occurred
since then, with the most recent two being carried
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Orissa Review (Census Special)
out by Statistics South Africa in 1996 and 2001.
The next South African census is planned for
2011.
Spain
The census in Spain is carried out by INE
every 10 years. Although there has been an old
tradition and like for making census in Spain, the
oldest ones dating back to the 12th century (by
Alfonso VII of the Kingdom of Castile), the first
modern census was carried out in 1768 by Conde
de Aranda, under the reign of Carlos III. The last
four were in 1971, 1981, 1991, and 2001.
Sri Lanka
The census in Sri Lanka is carried out by
the Department of Census and Statistics every
10 years, with the next one being planned for
2011, the 2011 one being the first post-war census
in three decades. The census will cover all Grama
Niladhari (GN) divisions of the country.The first
scientific census in Sri Lanka was conducted on
27th March 1871. The last four were in 1963,
1971, 1981 and 2001 with a census estimate in
1989. The 2001 census was only carried out in
18 Districts due to the Sri Lankan Civil War.
Sudan
Population censuses have been carried
out in Sudan in 1955/56, 1973 (national), 1983
(national) and 1993 (only north). A census was
conduced in April 2008. Some areas were difficult
to measure (e.g. Darfur, Juba and Malakal)
Sweden
The first population census in Sweden
was carried out in 1749. The last population and
housing census was carried out in 1990. It is
planned to conduct population and housing
censuses based on registers in the future.
Switzerland
In Switzerland, the Federal Population
Census, has been carried out every 10 years
starting in 1850. The census was initiated by
34
Federal Councillor Stefano Franscini, who
evaluated the data of the first census all by himself
after Parliament failed to provide the necessary
funds. The census is now being conducted by the
Swiss Federal Statistical Office.Participation is
compulsory and reached 99.87% of the
population in 2000. Starting in 2010, the census
will cease to be conducted through written
questionnaires distributed nationwide. Instead,
data in existing population registers will be used.
That data will be supplemented with a biannual
questionnaire sample of 200,000 people as well
as regular microcensuses.
Syria
The first population census in Syria was
taken by the French Mandatory Regime in 1921-
22. This is however not considered reliable.
Censuses during independence have been taken
in 1947, 1960 (the first comprehensive
demographic investigation), 1970, 1976 (a sample
census), 1981, 1994 and 2004.
Taiwan
The first census in Taiwan was conducted
in 1905, while Taiwan was under Japanese rule.
Turkey
The Turkish census is run by the Turkish
Statistical Institute. The first census in Turkey
was conducted in 1927. After 1935, it took place
every 5 years until 1990. Now, the census takes
place every 10 years. The last census was in
2000. The 15th census based on improved
geographical information systems is planned for
2010.
Uganda
The first censuses in Uganda were taken
in 1911, 1921 and 1931. It was done in a rather
primitive way. Enumeration unit was ‘huts’ and
not individuals. More scientific censuses were
taken 1948 and 1959 where the enumeration unit
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was persons. The census was however divided
into two separate enumerations, one for Africans,
and one for the non-African population. The
censuses during independence 1969, 1980, 1991
were taken jointly for all races. The last census
was conducted in 2002.
Ukraine
The first post-Soviet Ukrainian Census
was carried out by State Statistics Committee of
Ukraine in 2001, twelve years after the last All-
Union census in 1989.
United Kingdom
Following the influence of Malthus and
concerns stemming from his An Essay On The
Principle Of Population the UK census as we
know it today started in 1801. The census has
been conducted every ten years since 1801 and
most recently in 2001. The first four censuses
(1801–1831) were mainly headcounts and
contained little personal information. The Next
census is planned for 2011.
United States
The first U.S. Census was conducted in
1790 by Federal Marshals. From 1950 onward,
census forms were mailed to every address on
record with the United States Post Office,
including the Armed Services Postal System, in
an effort to enhance completeness of the data
collected. Beginning in 1970, it was made illegal
to fail to return a completed census form, which
many were discovered to have done in the
previous two decades’ censuses.
December - 2010
Orissa Review (Census Special)
Different countries conduct censuses in
different ways, in accordance with the size and
social behaviour of their populations. In most
countries, population censuses are conducted
once every 10 years. In some countries such as
Japan, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and
Canada, censuses are conducted more often,
every 5 years.
Notwithstanding differences between
countries with regard to the frequency of censuses
and techniques used in different countries, the
information collected ultimately relates to similar
issues. Thus, it is possible to conduct international
comparisons afterwards. Typically, census data
is processed to obscure individual information to
ensure confidentiality.
In recent years, the use of administrative
data and other official statistics has intensified. This
is largely due to technological changes, especially
in the areas of computerization, and the expansion
of administrative databases. These processes
have opened new options for collection, analysis,
and storage of data in addition to improving data
accessibility. Moreover, the need to meet
standards of diversity and expansion of the
statistical products in developed and developing
economies, as well as the need to reduce the
response burden on participants involved in data
collection, and the need to reduce the costs of
producing statistical data, have all led to the
conclusion that it is possible and desirable to make
more efficient use of data found in administrative
sources. These trends are also evident in
population Census.
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